5 Honorable Mention American Presidents
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This document provides brief biographies of 5 honorable mention American presidents: William Clinton, Lyndon Johnson, John F. Kennedy, Dwight Eisenhower, and Richard Nixon. It outlines their political careers, accomplishments in office, and circumstances surrounding their presidencies. Key events covered include Clinton's impeachment, Johnson's Great Society programs, Kennedy's assassination, Eisenhower's military career and highway system, and Nixon's resignation due to the Watergate scandal.
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Harry Truman became president in 1945 after FDR died. He oversaw the end of WWII and began several domestic programs. However, he faced opposition to much of his "Fair Deal" agenda and ended his presidency very unpopular with only a 22% approval rating. Dwight Eisenhower succeeded him as a Republican. He continued Truman's Cold War containment policy and helped establish several defense pacts. John F. Kennedy was elected in 1960 and proposed an ambitious "New Frontier" agenda, but was assassinated in 1963.
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The document provides biographical information and accomplishments of U.S. presidents Harry Truman through Richard Nixon. It notes that Truman took over after FDR's death and dealt with the transition to peacetime economy after WWII. His accomplishments included the Marshall Plan and recognizing Israel. John F. Kennedy served as president from 1961-1963 until his assassination, focusing on space exploration and civil rights. Lyndon Johnson passed major civil rights legislation and launched the Great Society program. Richard Nixon ended U.S. involvement in Vietnam and established the EPA while also resigning due to the Watergate scandal.
Truman Powerpoint
Harry Truman served as President from 1945 to 1953. He took office after FDR's death and faced many challenges both domestic and foreign. Domestically, he worked to transition the economy from wartime to peacetime and passed policies like the GI Bill and civil rights initiatives. Internationally, his administration dropped atomic bombs on Japan, established the UN and NATO, pursued containment of communism through the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan, and engaged in the Korean War.
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Harry S. Truman was the 33rd president of the United States. He took office in 1945 after Franklin Roosevelt died. As president, Truman faced major decisions including dropping the atomic bombs on Japan to end WWII, starting NATO and the Marshall Plan to rebuild Europe, and fighting communism through policies like the Truman Doctrine. He won an unlikely reelection victory in 1948. During his second term, Truman sent troops to Korea and fired General MacArthur, faced accusations of communism from Senator McCarthy, and oversaw the rebuilding of the White House. After leaving office in 1953, Truman worked to establish his presidential library and later died in 1972.
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Truman pursued an ambitious domestic agenda after WWII known as the Fair Deal, which extended New Deal programs. He struggled to manage reconversion to a peacetime economy and passed the Taft-Hartley Act to regulate labor. Truman surprisingly won reelection in 1948 against Republican Thomas Dewey. Eisenhower favored a philosophy of modern Republicanism focused on fiscal conservatism. As president, he pursued deficit reduction and tax cuts but also expanded programs like Social Security. In response to Sputnik, Eisenhower signed acts creating NASA and the National Defense Education Act.
Past Republican Presidents of the Last Fifty Years
Richard Nixon served as president from 1969 to 1974 and ended US involvement in Vietnam. Gerald Ford succeeded Nixon and aimed to restore trust in government after Watergate. Ronald Reagan served two terms from 1981 to 1989 and presided over a period of economic growth and prosperity. George H.W. Bush served as vice president under Reagan and president from 1989 to 1993, focusing on foreign policy challenges like the Gulf War. George W. Bush served from 2001 to 2009 in response to 9/11, forming the Department of Homeland Security and sending troops to Afghanistan.
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Harry Truman served as President from 1945 to 1953. He took office after FDR's death and faced many challenges both domestic and foreign. Domestically, he worked to transition the economy from wartime to peacetime and passed policies like the GI Bill and civil rights initiatives. Internationally, his administration dropped atomic bombs on Japan, established the UN and NATO, pursued containment of communism through the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan, and engaged in the Korean War.
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Harry S. Truman was the 33rd president of the United States. He took office in 1945 after Franklin Roosevelt died. As president, Truman faced major decisions including dropping the atomic bombs on Japan to end WWII, starting NATO and the Marshall Plan to rebuild Europe, and fighting communism through policies like the Truman Doctrine. He won an unlikely reelection victory in 1948. During his second term, Truman sent troops to Korea and fired General MacArthur, faced accusations of communism from Senator McCarthy, and oversaw the rebuilding of the White House. After leaving office in 1953, Truman worked to establish his presidential library and later died in 1972.
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Truman pursued an ambitious domestic agenda after WWII known as the Fair Deal, which extended New Deal programs. He struggled to manage reconversion to a peacetime economy and passed the Taft-Hartley Act to regulate labor. Truman surprisingly won reelection in 1948 against Republican Thomas Dewey. Eisenhower favored a philosophy of modern Republicanism focused on fiscal conservatism. As president, he pursued deficit reduction and tax cuts but also expanded programs like Social Security. In response to Sputnik, Eisenhower signed acts creating NASA and the National Defense Education Act.
Past Republican Presidents of the Last Fifty Years
Richard Nixon served as president from 1969 to 1974 and ended US involvement in Vietnam. Gerald Ford succeeded Nixon and aimed to restore trust in government after Watergate. Ronald Reagan served two terms from 1981 to 1989 and presided over a period of economic growth and prosperity. George H.W. Bush served as vice president under Reagan and president from 1989 to 1993, focusing on foreign policy challenges like the Gulf War. George W. Bush served from 2001 to 2009 in response to 9/11, forming the Department of Homeland Security and sending troops to Afghanistan.
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2. After the French defeat at Dien Bien Phu in 1954, Vietnam was divided and elections were to reunite the country but the US feared communism would spread so they increased support for South Vietnam.
3. US involvement escalated throughout the 1960s despite growing opposition until all US troops left Vietnam in 1973 after failed policy of Vietnamization showed South Vietnam could not stand on its own against the North.
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Truman faced many domestic and foreign policy challenges during his presidency including fear of communism at home and abroad, a divided Democratic party, and Republican control of Congress. Internationally, the Cold War intensified as the Soviet Union expanded its influence over Eastern Europe and China became communist. Truman responded with policies like the Truman Doctrine to contain communism, the Marshall Plan to rebuild Europe, and the establishment of NATO to counter the Soviet military threat. At home, Truman pushed for civil rights reforms and his Fair Deal social programs, but met resistance from Republicans and Southern Democrats.
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The Vietnam War began as a conflict between France and Vietnam in the 1950s, resulting in France withdrawing from Vietnam in 1954. This split Vietnam into communist North Vietnam, backed by the Soviet Union and China, and non-communist South Vietnam, backed by the United States. The US grew increasingly involved in the war to prevent the spread of communism in Southeast Asia. Despite massive US bombing campaigns and troop deployment, North Vietnam and the Viet Cong defeated South Vietnam and unified the country under communist rule in 1975. The Vietnam War was highly controversial in the US and resulted in over 58,000 American deaths.
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The document provides an overview of the Cold War period between the United States and USSR from 1945-1991. It discusses key events including the dropping of nuclear bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, which marked the start of the nuclear age. It also describes the ideological battle between capitalism in the West led by the US and communism in the East led by the USSR. The arms race and space race between the two superpowers is examined. Finally, the document outlines Gorbachev's reforms of perestroika and glasnost in the USSR, which ultimately led to the collapse of Soviet communism.
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This document provides a profile and overview of President Dwight D. Eisenhower. It discusses his background growing up poor in Texas and joining the military. Eisenhower had a long military career, rising to Supreme Commander of NATO and helping to liberate Europe in WWII. The document outlines his 1952 election as president as a Republican, defeating Adlai Stevenson. As president, Eisenhower supported the Brown v. Board of Education decision and civil rights acts, initiated the interstate highway system, and continued New Deal programs while opposing McCarthyism. His legacy includes the Eisenhower Doctrine on combating communism and rankings among top ten presidents.
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This document provides an overview of the origins of the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union following World War II. It discusses the wartime alliance between the US, Britain, and Soviet Union which was pragmatic but lacked trust. At conferences like Tehran, Yalta, and Potsdam, the Allied leaders were unable to resolve disagreements over the post-war structure of Europe. As the Soviets exerted control over Eastern Europe, tensions rose further and the Cold War began, marked by the Iron Curtain speech in 1946 and the formation of opposing military alliances like NATO.
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This document provides an overview of the domestic policies and agenda of Harry S. Truman during his presidency from 1945-1953. It highlights Truman's "Fair Deal" domestic agenda which aimed for full employment, tax cuts, and national health insurance. It discusses some of the successes of his agenda such as desegregating the military and increases to Social Security benefits. However, it also notes that many of Truman's programs struggled due to opposition in Congress and his focus shifting to foreign policy challenges in the Cold War.
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The document summarizes events at the end of World War II and the beginning of the Cold War. It discusses how tensions between the US and Soviet Union led to the Iron Curtain dividing Europe. It also describes the US policy of containment to resist Soviet expansion, the Truman Doctrine to provide aid to Greece and Turkey, and the Marshall Plan to rebuild Western Europe's economies. Finally, it summarizes the crisis in Berlin where the Soviets blocked land access to the city, requiring the Berlin Airlift to supply it by air until the blockade ended in 1949.
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The document summarizes the involvement of 5 US Presidents in the Vietnam War from 1953-1975. It discusses how President Eisenhower initially provided support to South Vietnam to stop the spread of communism. Presidents Kennedy and Johnson escalated US involvement by increasing troops and bombing campaigns. President Nixon pursued a policy of "Vietnamization" to gradually withdraw US troops while strengthening South Vietnam's forces. Finally, the document outlines the fall of Saigon in 1975 after the US withdrawal and the Paris Peace Accords, marking the end of the war.
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The document provides background information on the Vietnam War. It discusses:
- The war lasted from 1955 to 1975 between North Vietnam and the US-backed South Vietnamese government.
- Over 58,000 US troops and millions of Vietnamese civilians and soldiers were killed. The war cost the US $168-200 billion.
- The war escalated under presidents Kennedy and Johnson as the US increased support to South Vietnam against the North Vietnamese-backed Viet Cong. Heavy US bombing began in 1965 and US troop levels rose to over 500,000.
- Despite massive US military involvement, North Vietnam was able to withstand the attacks and launch the devastating Tet Offensive in 1968, weakening US public support for the war. Peace talks
The cold war 1945 1990
The Cold War was a decades-long ideological and geopolitical struggle between the United States and the Soviet Union that began following World War II. Key events that deepened tensions included Stalin reneging on allowing free elections in Eastern Europe, the Berlin Blockade, McCarthyism in the US, and the space race highlighted by the launch of Sputnik. Major crises like the Cuban Missile Crisis brought the two superpowers to the brink of nuclear war. Throughout the Cold War both sides sought to spread their influence and contain the other through military alliances like NATO and the Warsaw Pact as well as policies like containment and détente.
Vietnam guide
1. The United States initially got involved in Vietnam to contain the spread of communism according to the Domino Theory and policy of containment. They supported France in fighting the Viet Minh and later the South Vietnamese government against the Viet Cong.
2. After the French defeat at Dien Bien Phu in 1954, Vietnam was divided and elections were to reunite the country but the US feared communism would spread so they increased support for South Vietnam.
3. US involvement escalated throughout the 1960s despite growing opposition until all US troops left Vietnam in 1973 after failed policy of Vietnamization showed South Vietnam could not stand on its own against the North.
Eisenhower
Dwight D. Eisenhower served as President from 1953 to 1961. He had a long career in the military, rising to the rank of Five-Star General and serving as Supreme Commander of NATO before entering politics. As President, Eisenhower continued many New Deal programs and pushed for civil rights reforms. However, he was criticized by some as a "do-nothing" President. Eisenhower's legacy includes economic prosperity during his term, the interstate highway system, and establishing himself as a respected leader who helped guide the country during the Cold War era.
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George W. Bush was the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009. Before that, he was the 46th Governor of Texas, having served from 1995 to 2000. As president, he took action against those that attacked the U.S. on 9/11, invaded Iraq on the basis they had WMDs, and cut taxes across the board while raising education standards.
Richard M. Nixon
Richard Nixon was born in 1913 in California. He had a career in politics before becoming president, including serving as vice president under Eisenhower from 1953-1961. Nixon was elected president in 1968 and re-elected in 1972. However, the Watergate scandal, involving a break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters and Nixon's subsequent cover-up, led to his resignation in 1974, making him the only U.S. president to resign from office. After resigning, Nixon withdrew from public life for some time before traveling, giving advice, and writing about foreign policy and his encounters until his death in 1994.
10 Worst American Presidents
This document provides brief biographies of 10 US presidents: Warren G. Harding, James Buchanan, Franklin Pierce, Millard Fillmore, Andrew Johnson, Ulysses S. Grant, John Tyler, Zachary Taylor, Herbert Hoover, and John Calvin Coolidge. It lists their terms in office, key political roles, major policies and accomplishments, and how historians have assessed their presidencies, with several noted as among the worst.
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This document provides biographical information and accomplishments of US Presidents Harry Truman through Gerald Ford. It details Truman taking over after FDR's death and decisions around WWII and establishing international organizations. Eisenhower's presidency focused on containment of communism. Kennedy established the Peace Corps and increased Vietnam involvement. Johnson passed Great Society programs and escalated Vietnam War. Nixon ended Vietnam War but resigned due to Watergate scandal. Ford pardoned Nixon and continued détente policies.
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10 Best American Presidents
This document lists the top 10 American presidents according to Benedict S. Gombocz. Abraham Lincoln is ranked number one for leading the country through the Civil War and being regarded as the greatest president by historians. Franklin D. Roosevelt is ranked second for leading the US through the Great Depression and World War II as well as instituting the New Deal. George Washington is ranked third as the first president who warned against political parties and led the country in the Revolutionary War.
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John F. Kennedy was the 35th president of the United States, serving from 1961 until his assassination in 1963. He represented Massachusetts in the U.S. House and Senate and defeated Richard Nixon in the 1960 presidential election. As president, Kennedy oversaw events like the Bay of Pigs invasion and Cuban Missile Crisis. He was assassinated in Dallas, Texas in 1963 by Lee Harvey Oswald.
The 60s american politics turbulent decade
A look at the political history of the USA spanning the decade of the 1960s.
This covers events such as the Bay of Pigs, Cuban Missile Crisis, Vietnam, Civil Rights Movement and the Space Race as well as the Cold War.
2The Civil Rights Efforts of John F. KennedyKevin J. Doherty.docx
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The Civil Rights Efforts of John F. Kennedy
Kevin J. Doherty 4013232
HIST102 – American History since 1877
Professor Carl Bradshaw
January 4, 2011
President John F. Kennedy is mostly remembered because of his assassination. However, events that occurred during his time in office were quite important to the history of the United States. Although it may not have been viewed as such at the time, the civil rights movement was possibly the most important issue and the president’s efforts toward solving the matter may have been his greatest accomplishments. President Kennedy was juggling, as most presidents do, quite a few pressing issues at the same time. The civil rights movement was not his priority, but it played an important role in the way he ran the country. The president made some very impressive headway in the fight for true equality in the United States and abroad.
Civil rights never seemed to be at the top of President Kennedy’s priority list, but there is no doubt that he was more sympathetic to the issue and movement than previous presidents. In fact, Steven Lawson quotes Dr. Martin Luther King as saying that Kennedy had “schizophrenic tendencies” when dealing with the civil rights movement. He continues to explain that the president came from an upper class background in Boston and he had no personal understanding of the inequality that African-Americans dealt with in the south.
However, theology expert Mark Massa points out that he was the first Catholic to be elected president and, because he was Catholic, he had to deal with a lot of discrimination during his campaign.
While he never dealt with anything like African-Americans in the Jim Crow south, this may have given him some personal insight and reason to sympathize.
Although President Kennedy may have been sympathetic toward the civil rights activists, he always seemed to be reactionary in nature as opposed to proactive. Thomas Borstelmann, expert in modern history, explains that the racial struggle, at the time, was mostly fought between Democrats. The president “felt he had to work both sides of the street”.
Angering the southern Democrats could bring repercussions concerning other legislation that Kennedy wanted to pass. Maybe this could explain the “schizophrenia” Dr. King noticed.
Foreign policy (mostly concerning the Cold War) was always the President’s top priority. He was working toward bettering the civil liberties of oppressed people in Africa at the time and trying to win them over to democracy in a sort of turf war with the Soviet Union. However, any instances of unrest surrounding civil rights in the United States the president considered to be embarrassing on the international front. Borstelmann explains that Kennedy worked with civil rights activist groups such as the Congress on Racial Equality (CORE) and Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) to try and keep demonstrations peaceful.
How, after all, could the United State.
Landon jfk
John F. Kennedy was born in 1917 and served in the U.S. Navy during WWII. He later represented Massachusetts in the U.S. House and Senate as a Democrat before being elected as the 35th U.S. President in 1960 at the age of 43, making him the youngest man elected to the office. However, his presidency was cut short when he was assassinated in Dallas, Texas in 1963.
History of famous debates
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- The 1940 Roosevelt-Willkie debate saw President Roosevelt break tradition by running for an unprecedented third term against Republican Wendell Willkie over issues of the Depression and foreign policy.
- The 1960 Kennedy-Nixon debates were the first televised presidential debates and featured John F. Kennedy against Vice President Richard Nixon.
The Cold war
By Mohamed Amine Ben Aicha
And
Job Eloka Lenaie
Topics
- Timeline
- Global view
- Important peoples
- Nikita Kruschev
- John F. Kennedy
- Ronald Reagan
- Mikhail Gorbachev
- Primary source
The Timeline:
August 6th 1945-United States dropped bomb on Hiroshima
August 14, 1945- End of the WW II
June 24, 1948- The Berlin blockade begins
April 4, 1949- NATO is formed
May 12,1949- Berlin blockade ends
June 1950-July 1953- Korean war begins and endsThe Cold War
May 1955- Warsaw Pact formed
May 1960- U.S. spy plane was shot down over Soviet territory
November 1960- John Kennedy became president
April 1961- Bay of Pigs
August 13,17- The border or Berlin is closed off;construction begins of the Berlin Wall
October 1962- Cuban Missile Crisis
November 1963- President Kennedy assassinated
July 20, 1969- Apollo 11 wins space race by landing on the moon
November 1989- Fall of the Berlin Wall
August 1991- End of the Cold War
Globale view:
The Cold War began to form after World War II. The disagreements started between 1947-1951. The world split into two large organizations NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) and the Warsaw pact. Many people believed at that time that a nuclear war would start. The main tensions were between The Soviet Union (Russia) and The United States. Both sides and their allies were building up their weapons but did not use them. It was a fight between political systems for power.
Important people:
Nikita Kruschev (1894->1971)
John F. Kennedy (1917->1963)
Ronald Reagan(1911->2004)
Mikhail Gorbachev(1931-> )
Nikita Kruschev (1894-1971)
Nikita Kruschev was born on April 17, 1894 and died on September 11, 1971. After Joseph Stalin died Nikita Khrushchev became chief director of the Soviet Union. He was a strong believer in the communist party, and he became the First Secretary from September 7, 1953 to October 14, 1964. Khrushchev was Premier of the Soviet Union from March 27, 1958 to October 14, 1964. When he was 77 years old. He was notorious for his rudeness of interrupting speeches and removing his shoe to bang it on the podium during debates at the United Nations.
John F. Kennedy (1917-1963)
John F. Kennedy was the 35th President of the United States. He was in office from January 20, 1961 until November 22, 1963. Kennedy was the president during the Bay of Pigs, Cuban Missile Crisis, the building of the Berlin Wall, the Vietnam war and the American Civil rights movement. On November 22end ,1963 Kennedy was in Dallas, Texas and was assassinated.
Ronald Reagan(1911-2004)
Ronald Reagan became the 40th president of the United States on January 20, 1981 and left office on January 20, 1989. He was the governor of California from 1967 to 1975. Regan served two terms also partly during the cold war. He ordered a massive military buildup while racing against the Soviet Union. He later spoke with Mikhail Gorbachev and they shrunk the US and Russ
Presentation21
President Nixon pursued détente with the Soviet Union and China, normalizing relations with the latter through his historic 1972 trip. He also oversaw the beginnings of SALT talks and arrangements to end US involvement in Vietnam and achieve peace agreements in the Middle East. However, the Watergate scandal emerged and ultimately led to Nixon's resignation in 1974 due to his role in covering up the burglary of Democratic headquarters.
Presentation21
President Nixon pursued détente with the Soviet Union and China, normalizing relations with the latter through his historic 1972 trip. He also oversaw the beginnings of arms limitation talks with the USSR and a ceasefire in Vietnam. However, the Watergate scandal emerged involving Nixon's cover-up of the burglary of the Democratic National Committee headquarters, ultimately leading to his resignation in 1974.
Lbj
The document discusses highlights from Lyndon B. Johnson's presidency from 1963 to 1973. It describes how he was sworn in as president after JFK's assassination in 1963. It outlines his signing of the 1964 Civil Rights Act and 1965 Voting Rights Act, as well as his calls for reforms as part of his Great Society programs. The document also mentions LBJ signing Medicare into law in 1965 and calling for increased Vietnam War funding in 1966. It provides details on events like the assassinations of MLK Jr. and RFK in 1968 before concluding with LBJ's death in 1973.
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Vietnam cold war_conflicts
The document provides an overview of key events related to the Vietnam War including:
1) The origins of the Vietnam War in the defeat of French colonial forces by Vietnamese communists led by Ho Chi Minh in 1954 and the subsequent division of Vietnam along the 17th parallel.
2) Key figures and events in both North and South Vietnam including Ngo Dinh Diem's rule in the South and major military campaigns by both sides such as the Tet Offensive and fall of Saigon in 1975.
3) Contextual information on how the Vietnam War fit into broader Cold War conflicts between communist and capitalist blocs globally.
Presidential Project
Franklin D. Roosevelt was the 32nd president of the United States, serving an unprecedented four terms from 1933 to 1945. His presidency was dominated by the Great Depression and World War II. Roosevelt implemented extensive New Deal programs to provide relief, reform, and economic recovery. He led the country through World War II after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, forging an alliance with Churchill and Stalin. Roosevelt appointed many Supreme Court justices and helped establish America's role as a global leader. Harry S. Truman succeeded Roosevelt in 1945 after his death and also faced the end of World War II and beginning of the Cold War.
USA Presidents
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American Portraits Betty FriedanFred Pal.docx
*
American Portraits: Betty Friedan
Fred Palumbo, Betty Friedan, 1960.
Photograph. Library of Congress.
*
HIST 180 Survey of American History
Beuford Smith, Malcolm X, Harlem, 1964.
Photograph. Keith de Lellis Gallery.
Benjamin Cawthra, Ph.D.
California State University, Fullerton
*
Republic in Turmoil: The Sixties
Timeline: The Sixties
The Freedom Movement
Black Power
The Great Society
The New Left and Free Speech
Beuford Smith, Boy and Doll, Lower East Side, NYC, 1966.
Photograph.
*
1. Timeline: Republic in Turmoil: The 1960s
1960 Democrat John F. Kennedy elected president, defeating Richard Nixon.
Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba fails.
Berlin Wall erected.
Cuban missile crisis.
Test Ban Treaty between United States and Soviet Union.
March on Washington for civil rights.
Kennedy assassinated; Lyndon B. Johnson becomes president.
Johnson announces War on Poverty.
Free speech movement at UC Berkeley.
Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Tonkin Gulf resolution; Johnson sends combat troops to Vietnam in coming year.
Johnson elected president.
Voting Rights Act.
Watts riots.
National Organization for Women (NOW) founded.
Tet Offensive. Martin Luther King Jr. and Sen. Robert Kennedy assassinated.
Richard M. Nixon elected president.
1969 United States puts first man on the moon.
Beuford Smith, Three Girls, Bronx, 1968.
Photograph.
*
2. The Freedom Movement
Dan Budnik, Selma to Montgomery March, 1965, Day 4, Will Henry “Do-Right” Rogers with his hand-mad flag and home-made pole, on the Rogert Gardner Farm Road, Lowndes County, 23 March 1965.
Photograph. Collier Gallery.
*
Attorneys George E.C. Hayes, Thurgood Marshall, and James M. Nabrit celebrate the Brown decision, May 17, 1954.
Photograph. Washington Post.
*
White protesters harass 15-year old Elizabeth Eckford on the first day of school, Central High, Little Rock, 1957.
*
Rosa Parks, 1954.
Photograph. Alabama Department of Archives and History.
Rosa Parks with Martin Luther King, Jr., 1955.
Photograph. Ebony Magazine/National Archives.
Martin Luther King Jr. gives a speech, c. 1963.
*
Martin Luther King Jr. mug shot, Birmingham, 1963.
*
College students “sitting in” at Greensboro lunch counter, 1960.
Julian Bond and the staff of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, 1963.
*
Freedom Riders with a burning bus at Anniston, Alabama, May 14, 1961.
Photograph. United Press International.
Bob Adelman, Birmingham Protesters,1963.
Photograph.
*
“We know through painful experience that freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor; it must be demanded by the oppressed. . . Perhaps it is easy for those who have never felt the stinging darts of segregation to say, 'Wait.'”
Martin Luther King, Jr., 1963.
Bruce Davidson, Arrest of Birmingham protester, 1963.
Photograph.
*
*
President John F. Kennedy’s televised civil rights address, 1963.
...
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5 Honorable Mention American Presidents
- 1. 5 Honorable Mention American Presidents Created by: Benedict S. Gombocz
- 2. #1. William Jefferson Clinton (Democratic) • Born August 19, 1946. • 42nd President (January 20, 1993-January 20, 2001). • 40th and 42nd Governor of Arkansas (January 9, 1979-January 19, 1981; January 11, 1983- December 12, 1992). • Third-youngest president inaugurated, at 46 (behind John Fitzgerald Kennedy, who was 43, and Ulysses Simpson Grant, who was also 46); described as New Democrat. • Led longest period of peacetime economic growth in American history; signed North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) into law and put Don’t ask, don’t tell into effect (which has since been repealed). • His re-election in 1996 made him first Democratic president since FDR to win a second term and passed welfare reform and State Children’s Health Insurance Program into law subsequently. • Was impeached for perjury and obstruction of justice in late 1998/early 1999, making him second president to be impeached; was acquitted of both charges and remained in office.
- 3. #2. Lyndon Baines Johnson (Democratic) • Born August 27, 1908. • Died January 22, 1973. • 36th President (November 22, 1963-January 20, 1969). • 37th Vice President (January 20, 1961-November 22, 1963). • U.S. Senator from Texas (January 3, 1949-January 3, 1961). • One of only four presidents (other three were John Tyler, Andrew Johnson, and Richard Milhous Nixon) who served in all four elected U.S. federal offices: Representative, Senator, VP, and President. • Unsuccessfully campaigned for Democratic nomination in 1960; was subsequently asked by JFK to be his running mate. • Ascended to presidency following Kennedy’s assassination on November 22, 1963; completed Kennedy’s term and won a full term in 1964. • Created “Great Society” legislation that included successful domestic laws upholding civil rights, public broadcasting, Medicare, Medicaid, environmental protection, aid to education, and “War on Poverty.” • These domestic policies have given him favorable rankings by some historians.
- 4. #3. John Fitzgerald Kennedy (Democratic) • Born May 29, 1917. • Died November 22, 1963. • 35th President (January 20, 1961-November 22, 1963). • U.S. Senator from Massachusetts (January 3, 1953-December 22, 1960). • Member of U.S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts’ 11th district (January 3, 1947- January 3, 1953). • Youngest president elected at 43, and second- youngest to assume the office (after TR, who was 42 when he assumed presidency following McKinley’s assassination). • Only Roman Catholic to serve as president, but second to run (Al Smith was the first in 1928); only president who was awarded a Pulitzer Prize. • Bay of Pigs Invasion, Cuban Missile Crisis, building of Berlin Wall, and Civil Rights Movement occurred during his administration. • Assassinated on November 22, 1963; fourth and, to date, last president to have been assassinated. • Remains at top of ranks among U.S. presidents.
- 5. #4. Dwight David Eisenhower (Republican) • Born October 14, 1890. • Died March 28, 1969. • 34th President (January 20, 1953-January 20, 1961). • 1st Supreme Allied Commander of Europe (April 2, 1951- May 30, 1952). • 16th Chief of Staff of the Army (November 19, 1945- February 6, 1948). • Served as Supreme Commander of Allied Forces during WWII, in Europe; planned and supervised invasion of North Africa in Operation Torch in 1942-43, via Western Front; became first supreme commander of NATO in 1951. • Ended Korean War of 1950-53; led overthrow of Iranian leader in 1953 Iranian coup d'état. • Made Israel, UK, and France put end to their invasion of Egypt during 1956 Suez Crisis; sent 15,000 U.S. soldiers to Lebanon in 1958 to stop fall of pro-West government to Nasser-influenced revolution. • Contributed to removal of Senator Joseph McCarthy from power, but usually left majority of political activity to VP Richard Nixon. • Moderate conservative; carried on New Deal agencies, extended Social Security, and created Interstate Highway System. • First president subject to term limits of 22nd Amendment.
- 6. #5. Richard Milhous Nixon (Republican) • Born January 9, 1913. • Died April 22, 1994. • 37th President (January 20, 1969-August 9, 1974). • 36th Vice President (January 20, 1953-January 20, 1961). • U.S. Senator from California (December 4, 1950- January 1, 1953). • After running unsuccessful presidential election in 1960 (he lost to JFK) and losing race for Governor of California in 1962, he ran for presidency again in 1968 and was elected over Hubert H. Humphrey and George Wallace. • Had many successes in foreign policy before and after his re-election in 1972- ended U.S. involvement in Vietnam, extended diplomatic recognition to the People’s Republic of China, and launched the era of détente and Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty with the one and only LEONID ILYICH BREZHNEV. • Second term was also marked by foreign and domestic problems: Arab oil embargo, resignation of first VP Spiro Theodore Agnew, and disclosures about Watergate scandal, which cost Nixon much of his support; resigned on August 9, 1974, to avoid impeachment, making him only president to have resigned.