Civil War thru World War One

3. 1. Commercial/Business1. Commercial/Business
InterestsInterests
U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908

4. American Foreign Trade:
1870-1914
1. Commercial/Business1. Commercial/Business
InterestsInterests

5. 2. Military/Strategic Interests2. Military/Strategic Interests
Alfred T. Mahan  The Influence of Sea
Power on History: 1660-1783

6. 3. Social Darwinist Thinking3. Social Darwinist Thinking
The White Man’s
BurdenThe Hierarchy
of Race

8. 4. Religious/Missionary Interests4. Religious/Missionary Interests
American
Missionaries
in China, 1905

9. 5. Closing the American Frontier5. Closing the American Frontier

11. U. S. Missionaries in HawaiiU. S. Missionaries in Hawaii
Imiola Church – first built in the late 1820s

12. U. S. View of HawaiiansU. S. View of Hawaiians
Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849
by virtue of economic treaties.

13. Hawaiian Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Queen Liliuokalani
Hawaii for the
Hawaiians!

14. U. S. Business Interests In HawaiiU. S. Business Interests In Hawaii
1875 –1875 – ReciprocityReciprocity
TreatyTreaty
1890 –1890 – McKinley TariffMcKinley Tariff
1893 – AmericanAmerican
businessmen backed anbusinessmen backed an
uprising against Queenuprising against Queen
Liliuokalani.Liliuokalani.
Sanford Ballard DoleSanford Ballard Dole
proclaims the Republicproclaims the Republic
of Hawaii in 1894.of Hawaii in 1894.

15. To The Victor Belongs the SpoilsTo The Victor Belongs the Spoils
Hawaiian
Annexation
Ceremony, 1898

18. Commodore Matthew PerryCommodore Matthew Perry
Opens Up Japan: 1853Opens Up Japan: 1853
The Japanese View
of Commodore
Perry

19. Treaty of Kanagawa: 1854Treaty of Kanagawa: 1854

20. GentlemanGentleman’s Agreement: 1908’s Agreement: 1908
A Japanese note agreeingA Japanese note agreeing
to deny passports toto deny passports to
laborers entering the U.S.laborers entering the U.S.
Japan recognized the U.S.Japan recognized the U.S.
right to exclude Japaneseright to exclude Japanese
immigrants holding passportsimmigrants holding passports
issued by other countries.issued by other countries.
The U.S. government got theThe U.S. government got the
school board of San Franciscoschool board of San Francisco
to rescind their order toto rescind their order to
segregate Asians in separatesegregate Asians in separate
schools.schools.19081908  Root-Takahira AgreementRoot-Takahira Agreement..

21. Lodge Corollary to the MonroeLodge Corollary to the Monroe
Doctrine: 1912Doctrine: 1912
Senator Henry CabotSenator Henry Cabot
Lodge, Sr. (R-MA)Lodge, Sr. (R-MA)
Non-European powers,Non-European powers,
like Japan, would belike Japan, would be
excluded from owningexcluded from owning
territory in theterritory in the
WesternWestern
Hemisphere.Hemisphere.

23. ““Seward’s Folly”: 1867Seward’s Folly”: 1867
$7.2 million

24. ““Seward’s Icebox”: 1867Seward’s Icebox”: 1867

26. The Imperialist TaylorThe Imperialist Taylor

27. Spanish Misrule in CubaSpanish Misrule in Cuba

28. Valeriano WeylerValeriano Weyler’s’s
“Reconcentration” Policy“Reconcentration” Policy

29. ““Yellow Journalism” & JingoismYellow Journalism” & Jingoism
Joseph Pulitzer
William Randolph Hearst
Hearst to Frederick Remington:Hearst to Frederick Remington:
You furnish the pictures, andYou furnish the pictures, and
II’ll furnish the war!’ll furnish the war!

30. De Lôme LetterDe Lôme Letter
Dupuy de Lôme, SpanishDupuy de Lôme, Spanish
Ambassador to the U.S.Ambassador to the U.S.
Criticized PresidentCriticized President
McKinley asMcKinley as weak and aweak and a
bidder for the admirationbidder for the admiration
of the crowd, besidesof the crowd, besides
being a would-be politicianbeing a would-be politician
who tries to leave a doorwho tries to leave a door
open behind himself whileopen behind himself while
keeping on good termskeeping on good terms
with the jingoes of hiswith the jingoes of his
party.party.

31. Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt
Assistant SecretaryAssistant Secretary
of the Navy in theof the Navy in the
McKinleyMcKinley
administration.administration.
Imperialist andImperialist and
American nationalist.American nationalist.
Criticized PresidentCriticized President
McKinley asMcKinley as havinghaving
the backbone of athe backbone of a
chocolate éclair!chocolate éclair!
Resigns his position toResigns his position to
fight in Cuba.fight in Cuba.

32. TheThe
“Rough“Rough
Riders”Riders”

33. Remember the MaineRemember the Maine
and to Hell with Spain!and to Hell with Spain!
Funeral for Maine
victims in Havana

34. The Spanish-American War (1898):The Spanish-American War (1898):
“That Splendid Little War”“That Splendid Little War”
How prepared was the US for war?

36. The Spanish-American War (1898):The Spanish-American War (1898):
“That Splendid Little War”“That Splendid Little War”

37. Dewey Captures Manila!Dewey Captures Manila!

38. Is He To Be a Despot?Is He To Be a Despot?

39. Emilio AguinaldoEmilio Aguinaldo
LLeader of the Filipinoeader of the Filipino
Uprising.Uprising.
July 4, 1946:July 4, 1946:
Philippine independencePhilippine independence

40. William H. Taft, 1stWilliam H. Taft, 1st
Gov.-General of the PhilippinesGov.-General of the Philippines
Great administrator.Great administrator.

42. OurOur “Sphere of Influence”“Sphere of Influence”

43. The Treaty of Paris: 1898The Treaty of Paris: 1898
Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.
Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island ofSpain gave up Puerto Rico and the island of
Guam.Guam.
The U. S. paid SpainThe U. S. paid Spain
$20 mil. for the$20 mil. for the
Philippines.Philippines.
The U. S. becomesThe U. S. becomes
an imperial power!an imperial power!

44. The American Anti-ImperialistThe American Anti-Imperialist
LeagueLeagueFounded in 1899.Founded in 1899.
Mark Twain, AndrewMark Twain, Andrew
Carnegie, WilliamCarnegie, William
James, and WilliamJames, and William
Jennings Bryan amongJennings Bryan among
the leaders.the leaders.
Campaigned againstCampaigned against
the annexation of thethe annexation of the
Philippines and otherPhilippines and other
acts of imperialism.acts of imperialism.

45. Teller AmendmentTeller Amendment (1898)(1898)
Platt AmendmentPlatt Amendment (1903)(1903)
1.1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreignCuba was not to enter into any agreements with foreign
powers that would endanger its independence.powers that would endanger its independence.
2.2. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessaryThe U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary
to maintain an efficient, independent govt.to maintain an efficient, independent govt.
3.3. Cuba must leaseCuba must lease Guantanamo BayGuantanamo Bay to the U.S. for navalto the U.S. for naval
and coaling station.and coaling station.
4.4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.
Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?
Senator
Orville Platt

47. Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 1898
1900 - Foraker ActForaker Act..
 PR became anPR became an “unincorporated territory.”“unincorporated territory.”
 Citizens of PR, not of the US.Citizens of PR, not of the US.
 Import duties on PR goodsImport duties on PR goods
1901-19031901-1903  thethe Insular CasesInsular Cases..
 Constitutional rights were not automaticallyConstitutional rights were not automatically
extended to territorial possessions.extended to territorial possessions.
 Congress had the power to decide these rights.Congress had the power to decide these rights.
 Import duties laid down by the Foraker ActImport duties laid down by the Foraker Act
were legal!were legal!

48. Puerto Rico: 1898Puerto Rico: 1898
1917 –1917 – Jones ActJones Act..
 Gave full territorial status to PR.Gave full territorial status to PR.
 Removed tariff duties on PR goods comingRemoved tariff duties on PR goods coming
into the US.into the US.
 PRs elected theirPRs elected their
own legislators &own legislators &
governor to enforcegovernor to enforce
local laws.local laws.
 PRs could NOT votePRs could NOT vote
in US presidentialin US presidential
elections.elections.
 A resident commissioner was sent toA resident commissioner was sent to
Washington to vote for PR in the House.Washington to vote for PR in the House.

51. Panama: The KingPanama: The King’s Crown’s Crown
18501850  Clayton-BulwerClayton-Bulwer
TreatyTreaty..
19011901  Hay-PaunceforteHay-Paunceforte
TreatyTreaty..
Philippe Bunau-Varilla,Philippe Bunau-Varilla,
agent provocateur.agent provocateur.
Dr. Walter Reed.Dr. Walter Reed.
Colonel W. Goethals.Colonel W. Goethals.
19031903  Hay-Bunau-Hay-Bunau-
Varilla TreatyVarilla Treaty..

52. Panama CanalPanama Canal
TR in Panama
(Construction begins in
1904)

53. The Roosevelt Corollary to theThe Roosevelt Corollary to the
Monroe Doctrine: 1905Monroe Doctrine: 1905
Chronic wrongdoing… mayChronic wrongdoing… may
in America, as elsewhere,in America, as elsewhere,
ultimately requireultimately require
intervention by someintervention by some
civilized nation, and in thecivilized nation, and in the
Western Hemisphere theWestern Hemisphere the
adherence of the Unitedadherence of the United
States to the MonroeStates to the Monroe
Doctrine may force theDoctrine may force the
United States, howeverUnited States, however
reluctantly, in flagrantreluctantly, in flagrant
cases of suchcases of such wrongdoingwrongdoing
or impotence, to theor impotence, to the
exercise of anexercise of an
international police powerinternational police power .

54. Speak Softly,Speak Softly,
But Carry a Big Stick!But Carry a Big Stick!

56. Stereotypes of the ChineseStereotypes of the Chinese
ImmigrantImmigrant
Oriental [Chinese]
Exclusion Act,
1887

57. The Boxer Rebellion: 1900The Boxer Rebellion: 1900
The Peaceful Harmonious Fists.The Peaceful Harmonious Fists.
““55 Days at Peking.”55 Days at Peking.”

58. The Open Door PolicyThe Open Door Policy
SecretarySecretary John HayJohn Hay..
Give all nations equalGive all nations equal
access to trade in China.access to trade in China.
Guaranteed that China would NOT be takenGuaranteed that China would NOT be taken
over by any one foreign power.over by any one foreign power.

59. TheThe
Open DoorOpen Door
PolicyPolicy

60. America as a Pacific PowerAmerica as a Pacific Power

62. The Cares of a Growing FamilyThe Cares of a Growing Family

63. Constable of the WorldConstable of the World

64. Treaty of Portsmouth: 1905Treaty of Portsmouth: 1905
Nobel Peace Prize for Teddy

65. The Great White Fleet: 1907The Great White Fleet: 1907

66. TaftTaft’s “Dollar’s “Dollar
Diplomacy”Diplomacy”
Improve financialImprove financial
opportunities foropportunities for
American businesses.American businesses.
Use private capital toUse private capital to
further U. S. interestsfurther U. S. interests
overseas.overseas.
Therefore, the U.S.Therefore, the U.S.
should create stabilityshould create stability
and order abroad thatand order abroad that
would best promotewould best promote
AmericaAmerica’s commercial’s commercial
interests.interests.

68. The Mexican Revolution: 1910sThe Mexican Revolution: 1910s
Victoriano Huerta seizes control of MexicoVictoriano Huerta seizes control of Mexico
and puts Madero in prison where he wasand puts Madero in prison where he was
murdered.murdered.
Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, EmilianoVenustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Emiliano
Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon foughtZapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought
against Huerta.against Huerta.
The U.S. also got involved by occupyingThe U.S. also got involved by occupying
Veracruz and Huerta fled the country.Veracruz and Huerta fled the country.
Eventually Carranza would gain power inEventually Carranza would gain power in

69. The Mexican Revolution: 1910sThe Mexican Revolution: 1910s
Emiliano Zapata
Francisco I
Madero
Venustiano Carranza
Porfirio
Diaz
Pancho Villa

70. WilsonWilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”’s “Moral Diplomacy”
The U. S. shouldThe U. S. should
be the consciencebe the conscience
of the world.of the world.
Spread democracy.Spread democracy.
Promote peace.Promote peace.
Condemn colonialism.Condemn colonialism.

71. Searching forSearching for BanditosBanditos
General John J. PershingGeneral John J. Pershing withwith PanchoPancho
VillaVilla in 1914.in 1914.

72. U. S. Global Investments &U. S. Global Investments &
Investments in Latin America, 1914Investments in Latin America, 1914

73. U. S. Interventions inU. S. Interventions in
Latin America: 1898-1920sLatin America: 1898-1920s

74. Uncle Sam: One of theUncle Sam: One of the “Boys?”“Boys?”