1) The document discusses the historical role and power of nation-states in international politics and foreign policy. It argues that the power of nation-states, especially the United States, is eroding due to forces of globalization and the rise of non-state actors.
2) It analyzes factors that historically contributed to US power such as its military capabilities and geopolitical advantages. However, it asserts that organizations like NGOs and IGOs are now undermining state sovereignty and US hegemony through shared decision-making and increasing economic interdependence between states.
3) The rise of transnational threats like terrorism exemplify how non-state groups can challenge states, and globalization is enhancing the
American Government - Chapter 16 - Foreign Policycyruskarimian
The document discusses the historical evolution of US foreign and defense policy from the Monroe Doctrine to modern day. Key policies and doctrines mentioned include the Monroe Doctrine, Open Door Policy, Roosevelt Corollary, Truman Doctrine, containment during the Cold War, and the Bush Doctrine. It also examines tools of foreign policy like diplomacy and military aid. Current threats discussed are terrorism, nuclear proliferation, and regional conflicts.
Liberalism in the American Foreign PolicyIssa Adeli
Liberalism is the buzzword for foreign policy practitioners in the US. Patrick Kallahan, in his book, "Logics of American Foreign Policy, Theories of America’s World Role", explains why.
Liberalism internationalism in the American Foreign PolicyIssa Adeli
Liberalism internationalism is similar to liberalism in the US foreign policy. So, it is important to understand nuances. Patrick Callahan's book, "Logics of American Foreign Policy, Theories of America’s World Role" is helpful in this regard.
Hegemonism in the American Foreign PolicyIssa Adeli
Hegemonism is the first logic that Patrick Callahan explains about it in his book, "Logics of American Foreign Policy, Theories of America’s World Role"
The document summarizes the key tenets of realism in US foreign policy according to Patrick Kallahan's book "Logics of American Foreign Policy". The main points of realism are that international relations is inherently a competition for power, military power is essential for national security, and foreign policy should maintain the balance of power. Realism also holds that morality has no place in foreign relations and states primarily act in their own self-interest. The document then discusses different branches and strategies of realism, such as internal balancing and external balancing, and provides examples of how realism has influenced US foreign policy throughout history.
American Government - Chapter 16 - Foreign Policycyruskarimian
The document discusses the historical evolution of US foreign and defense policy from the Monroe Doctrine to modern day. Key policies and doctrines mentioned include the Monroe Doctrine, Open Door Policy, Roosevelt Corollary, Truman Doctrine, containment during the Cold War, and the Bush Doctrine. It also examines tools of foreign policy like diplomacy and military aid. Current threats discussed are terrorism, nuclear proliferation, and regional conflicts.
Liberalism in the American Foreign PolicyIssa Adeli
Liberalism is the buzzword for foreign policy practitioners in the US. Patrick Kallahan, in his book, "Logics of American Foreign Policy, Theories of America’s World Role", explains why.
Liberalism internationalism in the American Foreign PolicyIssa Adeli
Liberalism internationalism is similar to liberalism in the US foreign policy. So, it is important to understand nuances. Patrick Callahan's book, "Logics of American Foreign Policy, Theories of America’s World Role" is helpful in this regard.
Hegemonism in the American Foreign PolicyIssa Adeli
Hegemonism is the first logic that Patrick Callahan explains about it in his book, "Logics of American Foreign Policy, Theories of America’s World Role"
The document summarizes the key tenets of realism in US foreign policy according to Patrick Kallahan's book "Logics of American Foreign Policy". The main points of realism are that international relations is inherently a competition for power, military power is essential for national security, and foreign policy should maintain the balance of power. Realism also holds that morality has no place in foreign relations and states primarily act in their own self-interest. The document then discusses different branches and strategies of realism, such as internal balancing and external balancing, and provides examples of how realism has influenced US foreign policy throughout history.
The document provides an introduction to the study of U.S. foreign policy. It distinguishes foreign policy from international relations by noting foreign policy focuses specifically on a single state within the international system. The document then covers key factors in U.S. foreign policy like the international system and distribution of power as well as U.S. politics and society. It concludes by giving a brief historical overview of early American foreign policy including independence, exceptionalism, and economic interests.
The document discusses the key factors that influence the formulation of US foreign policy:
1) Institutions such as the executive branch, Congress, and various government agencies and bureaucracies play a role in both creating and implementing foreign policy. This process can involve struggles between the branches.
2) Ideas like moralism, realism, and neo-realism shape how decision-makers view America's role in the world and its national interests.
3) Domestic and foreign interests, including defense contractors, also exert influence through lobbying and advocacy. Of these factors, institutions have the greatest role in actually creating foreign policy.
Reagan's 1980 election resulted from a dramatic conservative shift to the right in American politics, including a loss of confidence in liberal, New Deal, and Great Society programs and priorities that had dominated the national agenda since the 1930s.
Domestically, the Reagan administration enacted a major tax cut, sought to cut non-military spending, and eliminated federal regulations. The administration's economic policies, known as "Reaganomics", were inspired by supply-side economics. The combination of tax cuts and an increase in defense spending led to budget deficits, and the federal debt increased significantly during Reagan's tenure. Reagan signed the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (which simplified the tax code by reducing rates and removing several tax breaks) and the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986. Reagan also appointed more federal judges than any other president, including four Supreme Court Justices.
Reagan's foreign policy stance was resolutely anti-communist; its plan of action, known as the Reagan Doctrine, sought to roll back the global influence of the Soviet Union in an attempt to end the Cold War. Under this doctrine, the Reagan administration initiated a massive buildup of the United States military; promoted new technologies such as missile defense systems; and, in 1983, undertook an invasion of Grenada, the first major overseas action by U.S. troops since the end of the Vietnam War. The administration also created controversy by granting aid to paramilitary forces seeking to overthrow leftist governments, particularly in war-torn Central America and Afghanistan. Specifically, the Reagan administration engaged in covert arms sales to Iran to fund Contra rebels in Nicaragua that were fighting to overthrow their nation's socialist government; the resulting scandal led to the conviction or resignation of several administration officials. During Reagan's second term, he sought closer relations with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, and the two leaders signed a major arms control agreement known as the INF Treaty.
This document provides a summary of topics covered in a lecture on Western political thought, including:
- Biographies of writers Meridel Le Sueur and photographers Agee & Evans
- An overview of FDR's "Four Freedoms" speech and policies leading up to WWII
- Discussion of post-WWII America's economic prosperity and rise of the Cold War
- Synopses of books by Betty Friedan on women's roles and W.H. Whyte on "Organization Men"
- Mention of the Beat Generation writer J.C. Holmes and rebellion against 1950s conformity
The document summarizes different types of international conflicts:
- Contemporary wars are occurring in the global South, particularly in Iraq, Western Sudan, and Afghanistan. Most peace agreements in postwar zones are holding.
- Types of war include hegemonic war, total war, limited war, civil war, and guerrilla war. The largest drivers of conflict are ethnic, religious, ideological, territorial, governmental, and economic. Nationalism has also been a major force shaping conflicts over the past two centuries.
This document summarizes the key topics covered in a lecture on Western political thought. The lecture discusses various political and international relations theories such as realism, liberalism, constructivism, and feminism. It also covers related concepts like taxes, manifest destiny, collective security, and the declining prevalence of war. The summaries briefly outline the core ideas and assumptions of each theory or concept addressed in the lecture.
This document outlines different types of conflicts including hegemonic war, total war, limited war, civil war, and guerilla war. It then discusses various levels of analyzing conflict from the individual, domestic, interstate, and global levels. Six main types of conflicts are identified: ethnic, religious, ideological, territorial, governmental, and economic. Causes of conflicts such as nationalism, ethnic tensions, religious fundamentalism, territorial disputes, and proliferation of weapons are also examined.
The document discusses several aspects of globalization including:
1) The economic manifestations include increasing international trade and finance through open doors to free trade and multinational corporations.
2) The political manifestations include globalization questioning the state-centric conception of world politics and increasing interdependence removing borders.
3) The social and cultural manifestations include increasing communication, shared experiences, and the globalization of popular culture through migration and the spread of Western media.
01 basic concepts in international relationsfatima d
This document provides an overview of the key concepts in international relations. It discusses the main actors that conduct international relations, including states, intergovernmental organizations, multinational corporations, non-governmental organizations, and terrorist groups. It also covers concepts like sovereignty, limits to sovereignty, failed states, and different models of polarity in the international system.
The document discusses several topics related to the presidency and US foreign policy. It outlines the duties and qualifications of the President, as well as compensation and terms of office. It then covers the history of US foreign policy from isolationism to becoming a global superpower after WWII. A major theme was the Cold War competition with the Soviet Union and containment policy. Key events like the Berlin airlift, Cuban missile crisis, and Reagan's military buildup are summarized.
This chapter discusses different types of international conflicts including wars, disputes, and ideological clashes. It examines theories for what causes conflicts on individual, domestic, and global levels. Nationalism and ethnicity are identified as major forces that influence international relations and often lead to conflicts when groups demand statehood or adjusted borders. Ethnic conflicts sometimes involve ethnic cleansing or genocide. While religion and ideology can exacerbate tensions, they usually do not directly cause conflicts, which tend to have more underlying political or economic drivers.
International conflicts can take several forms:
1) Interstate conflicts occur between two or more governments, such as the World Wars.
2) Intrastate conflicts are between a government and non-governmental party, like civil wars.
3) Intrastate conflicts with foreign involvement have one or both sides receiving support from other governments, as seen in the Spanish and Angolan civil wars.
4) Extra-systemic conflicts are between a state and non-state group outside its territory, such as colonial wars of independence.
Foreign policy of the united states of americaSamSnipes
This document discusses several aspects of US foreign policy, including how the president and congress establish policy, examples like the Truman Doctrine and involvement in NATO, and support for organizations like the UN and World Hunger Organization. The Truman Doctrine established US policy to provide military and economic support to Greece and Turkey in response to Soviet actions. Through NATO, the US commits to political and military support of other member nations in return for their defense of the US. The UN and World Hunger Organization receive US funding and support to promote peace, development, and end hunger globally.
The document discusses several topics related to war and global insecurity including definitions of terrorism, measuring terrorism in the US, origins of terrorist groups, effects of terrorism and war, theories on the causes of war, and policies aimed at reducing conflict and violence. Terrorism involves using violence for political goals, and can include state terrorism against citizens. War has led to millions of deaths as well as economic, cultural, and psychological impacts. Theories explore genetic and social factors in human aggression and the role of political and economic institutions in driving warfare. Arms control and counterterrorism policies seek to enhance global security.
The document discusses key aspects of foreign policy in the United States. It outlines that the president and Congress both play roles in establishing foreign policy, with the president able to independently respond to events and negotiate agreements while Congress can support or oppose policies through legislation and funding. It also summarizes the positive impact of the Marshall Plan in rebuilding European economies after World War 2. Current events discussed include calls for increased defense cooperation at NATO and UN appeals for support to aid survivors of Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines.
The document discusses different types and definitions of terrorism. It notes that terrorism involves acts of violence to achieve political change, but definitions depend on views of the legitimacy of causes. Terrorist groups include left-wing, right-wing, ethno-nationalist/separatist, and religious groups. While most terrorist groups achieve little, some like the PLO negotiated gains after entering politics. The document traces the history of terrorism and its evolution, including the rise of al-Qaeda and its influential 9/11 attacks, which dramatically impacted subsequent international relations events like the US "War on Terror".
The document discusses several key events and documents in early American political history, including the Declaration of Independence, Articles of Confederation, Northwest Ordinance, US Constitution, Bill of Rights, and writings by Thomas Paine. It also covers classical political thought by Aristotle and modern political thought centered around John Locke. Finally, it discusses the organic roots of the US government and how founding fathers drew from European political philosophers like Locke regarding natural rights and government.
1) The document discusses the concepts of hard power and soft power in international relations. Hard power refers to military and economic coercion, while soft power involves diplomacy and cultural influence to gain consent without imposition.
2) It provides examples of the limitations of hard power, like the US facing challenges in Vietnam and Iraq, despite overwhelming military strength. Overreliance on hard power can reduce a nation's influence and breed opposition.
3) Soft power involves cooperation and appealing to other nations through cultural and ideological attraction rather than threats. The US emerged as a global hegemon after WWII by employing soft power through initiatives like the Marshall Plan to counter Soviet influence and promote democracy and American values abroad.
This document discusses U.S. support for development and family planning programs in Egypt from 1954 to 1988. It provides context on how U.S. development aid aims to promote stability and spread democratic ideals globally for national security reasons. While rhetoric focuses on general development goals, Egypt is used as an example where the U.S. also sought political influence through aid. However, a special relationship did not emerge as Egypt wanted autonomy while accepting funds, and the U.S. faced difficulties using aid for leverage over Egypt's behavior.
The document provides an introduction to the study of U.S. foreign policy. It distinguishes foreign policy from international relations by noting foreign policy focuses specifically on a single state within the international system. The document then covers key factors in U.S. foreign policy like the international system and distribution of power as well as U.S. politics and society. It concludes by giving a brief historical overview of early American foreign policy including independence, exceptionalism, and economic interests.
The document discusses the key factors that influence the formulation of US foreign policy:
1) Institutions such as the executive branch, Congress, and various government agencies and bureaucracies play a role in both creating and implementing foreign policy. This process can involve struggles between the branches.
2) Ideas like moralism, realism, and neo-realism shape how decision-makers view America's role in the world and its national interests.
3) Domestic and foreign interests, including defense contractors, also exert influence through lobbying and advocacy. Of these factors, institutions have the greatest role in actually creating foreign policy.
Reagan's 1980 election resulted from a dramatic conservative shift to the right in American politics, including a loss of confidence in liberal, New Deal, and Great Society programs and priorities that had dominated the national agenda since the 1930s.
Domestically, the Reagan administration enacted a major tax cut, sought to cut non-military spending, and eliminated federal regulations. The administration's economic policies, known as "Reaganomics", were inspired by supply-side economics. The combination of tax cuts and an increase in defense spending led to budget deficits, and the federal debt increased significantly during Reagan's tenure. Reagan signed the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (which simplified the tax code by reducing rates and removing several tax breaks) and the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986. Reagan also appointed more federal judges than any other president, including four Supreme Court Justices.
Reagan's foreign policy stance was resolutely anti-communist; its plan of action, known as the Reagan Doctrine, sought to roll back the global influence of the Soviet Union in an attempt to end the Cold War. Under this doctrine, the Reagan administration initiated a massive buildup of the United States military; promoted new technologies such as missile defense systems; and, in 1983, undertook an invasion of Grenada, the first major overseas action by U.S. troops since the end of the Vietnam War. The administration also created controversy by granting aid to paramilitary forces seeking to overthrow leftist governments, particularly in war-torn Central America and Afghanistan. Specifically, the Reagan administration engaged in covert arms sales to Iran to fund Contra rebels in Nicaragua that were fighting to overthrow their nation's socialist government; the resulting scandal led to the conviction or resignation of several administration officials. During Reagan's second term, he sought closer relations with Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, and the two leaders signed a major arms control agreement known as the INF Treaty.
This document provides a summary of topics covered in a lecture on Western political thought, including:
- Biographies of writers Meridel Le Sueur and photographers Agee & Evans
- An overview of FDR's "Four Freedoms" speech and policies leading up to WWII
- Discussion of post-WWII America's economic prosperity and rise of the Cold War
- Synopses of books by Betty Friedan on women's roles and W.H. Whyte on "Organization Men"
- Mention of the Beat Generation writer J.C. Holmes and rebellion against 1950s conformity
The document summarizes different types of international conflicts:
- Contemporary wars are occurring in the global South, particularly in Iraq, Western Sudan, and Afghanistan. Most peace agreements in postwar zones are holding.
- Types of war include hegemonic war, total war, limited war, civil war, and guerrilla war. The largest drivers of conflict are ethnic, religious, ideological, territorial, governmental, and economic. Nationalism has also been a major force shaping conflicts over the past two centuries.
This document summarizes the key topics covered in a lecture on Western political thought. The lecture discusses various political and international relations theories such as realism, liberalism, constructivism, and feminism. It also covers related concepts like taxes, manifest destiny, collective security, and the declining prevalence of war. The summaries briefly outline the core ideas and assumptions of each theory or concept addressed in the lecture.
This document outlines different types of conflicts including hegemonic war, total war, limited war, civil war, and guerilla war. It then discusses various levels of analyzing conflict from the individual, domestic, interstate, and global levels. Six main types of conflicts are identified: ethnic, religious, ideological, territorial, governmental, and economic. Causes of conflicts such as nationalism, ethnic tensions, religious fundamentalism, territorial disputes, and proliferation of weapons are also examined.
The document discusses several aspects of globalization including:
1) The economic manifestations include increasing international trade and finance through open doors to free trade and multinational corporations.
2) The political manifestations include globalization questioning the state-centric conception of world politics and increasing interdependence removing borders.
3) The social and cultural manifestations include increasing communication, shared experiences, and the globalization of popular culture through migration and the spread of Western media.
01 basic concepts in international relationsfatima d
This document provides an overview of the key concepts in international relations. It discusses the main actors that conduct international relations, including states, intergovernmental organizations, multinational corporations, non-governmental organizations, and terrorist groups. It also covers concepts like sovereignty, limits to sovereignty, failed states, and different models of polarity in the international system.
The document discusses several topics related to the presidency and US foreign policy. It outlines the duties and qualifications of the President, as well as compensation and terms of office. It then covers the history of US foreign policy from isolationism to becoming a global superpower after WWII. A major theme was the Cold War competition with the Soviet Union and containment policy. Key events like the Berlin airlift, Cuban missile crisis, and Reagan's military buildup are summarized.
This chapter discusses different types of international conflicts including wars, disputes, and ideological clashes. It examines theories for what causes conflicts on individual, domestic, and global levels. Nationalism and ethnicity are identified as major forces that influence international relations and often lead to conflicts when groups demand statehood or adjusted borders. Ethnic conflicts sometimes involve ethnic cleansing or genocide. While religion and ideology can exacerbate tensions, they usually do not directly cause conflicts, which tend to have more underlying political or economic drivers.
International conflicts can take several forms:
1) Interstate conflicts occur between two or more governments, such as the World Wars.
2) Intrastate conflicts are between a government and non-governmental party, like civil wars.
3) Intrastate conflicts with foreign involvement have one or both sides receiving support from other governments, as seen in the Spanish and Angolan civil wars.
4) Extra-systemic conflicts are between a state and non-state group outside its territory, such as colonial wars of independence.
Foreign policy of the united states of americaSamSnipes
This document discusses several aspects of US foreign policy, including how the president and congress establish policy, examples like the Truman Doctrine and involvement in NATO, and support for organizations like the UN and World Hunger Organization. The Truman Doctrine established US policy to provide military and economic support to Greece and Turkey in response to Soviet actions. Through NATO, the US commits to political and military support of other member nations in return for their defense of the US. The UN and World Hunger Organization receive US funding and support to promote peace, development, and end hunger globally.
The document discusses several topics related to war and global insecurity including definitions of terrorism, measuring terrorism in the US, origins of terrorist groups, effects of terrorism and war, theories on the causes of war, and policies aimed at reducing conflict and violence. Terrorism involves using violence for political goals, and can include state terrorism against citizens. War has led to millions of deaths as well as economic, cultural, and psychological impacts. Theories explore genetic and social factors in human aggression and the role of political and economic institutions in driving warfare. Arms control and counterterrorism policies seek to enhance global security.
The document discusses key aspects of foreign policy in the United States. It outlines that the president and Congress both play roles in establishing foreign policy, with the president able to independently respond to events and negotiate agreements while Congress can support or oppose policies through legislation and funding. It also summarizes the positive impact of the Marshall Plan in rebuilding European economies after World War 2. Current events discussed include calls for increased defense cooperation at NATO and UN appeals for support to aid survivors of Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines.
The document discusses different types and definitions of terrorism. It notes that terrorism involves acts of violence to achieve political change, but definitions depend on views of the legitimacy of causes. Terrorist groups include left-wing, right-wing, ethno-nationalist/separatist, and religious groups. While most terrorist groups achieve little, some like the PLO negotiated gains after entering politics. The document traces the history of terrorism and its evolution, including the rise of al-Qaeda and its influential 9/11 attacks, which dramatically impacted subsequent international relations events like the US "War on Terror".
The document discusses several key events and documents in early American political history, including the Declaration of Independence, Articles of Confederation, Northwest Ordinance, US Constitution, Bill of Rights, and writings by Thomas Paine. It also covers classical political thought by Aristotle and modern political thought centered around John Locke. Finally, it discusses the organic roots of the US government and how founding fathers drew from European political philosophers like Locke regarding natural rights and government.
1) The document discusses the concepts of hard power and soft power in international relations. Hard power refers to military and economic coercion, while soft power involves diplomacy and cultural influence to gain consent without imposition.
2) It provides examples of the limitations of hard power, like the US facing challenges in Vietnam and Iraq, despite overwhelming military strength. Overreliance on hard power can reduce a nation's influence and breed opposition.
3) Soft power involves cooperation and appealing to other nations through cultural and ideological attraction rather than threats. The US emerged as a global hegemon after WWII by employing soft power through initiatives like the Marshall Plan to counter Soviet influence and promote democracy and American values abroad.
This document discusses U.S. support for development and family planning programs in Egypt from 1954 to 1988. It provides context on how U.S. development aid aims to promote stability and spread democratic ideals globally for national security reasons. While rhetoric focuses on general development goals, Egypt is used as an example where the U.S. also sought political influence through aid. However, a special relationship did not emerge as Egypt wanted autonomy while accepting funds, and the U.S. faced difficulties using aid for leverage over Egypt's behavior.
Chapter 1 Global Issues Challenges of GlobalizationA GROWING .docxtiffanyd4
Chapter 1 Global Issues: Challenges of Globalization
A GROWING WORLDWIDE CONNECTEDNESS IN THE AGE OF GLOBALIZATION HAS GIVEN CITIZENS MORE OF A VOICE TO EXPRESS THEIR DISSATISFACTION. In Brazil, Protestors calling for a wide range of reforms marched toward the soccer stadium where a match would be played between Brazil and Uruguay.
Learning Objectives
1. 1.1Identify important terms in international relations
2. 1.2Report the need to adopt an interdisciplinary approach in understanding the impact of new world events
3. 1.3Examine the formation of the modern states with respect to the thirty years’ war in 1618
4. 1.4Recall the challenges to the four types of sovereignty
5. 1.5Report that the European Union was created by redefining the sovereignty of its nations for lasting peace and security
6. 1.6Recall the influence exerted by the Catholic church, transnational companies, and other NGOs in dictating world events
7. 1.7Examine how globalization has brought about greater interdependence between states
8. 1.8Record the major causes of globalization
9. 1.9Review the most important forms of globalization
10. 1.10Recount the five waves of globalization
11. 1.11Recognize reasons as to why France and the US resist globalization
12. 1.12Examine the three dominant views of the extent to which globalization exists
Revolutions in technology, finance, transportation, and communications and different ways of thinking that characterize interdependence and globalization have eroded the power and significance of nation-states and profoundly altered international relations. Countries share power with nonstate actors that have proliferated as states have failed to deal effectively with major global problems.
Many governments have subcontracted several traditional responsibilities to private companies and have created public-private partnerships in some areas. This is exemplified by the hundreds of special economic zones in China, Dubai, and elsewhere. Contracting out traditional functions of government, combined with the centralization of massive amounts of data, facilitated Edward Snowden’s ability to leak what seems to be an almost unlimited amount of information on America’s spying activities.
The connections between states and citizens, a cornerstone of international relations, have been weakened partly by global communications and migration. Social media enable people around the world to challenge governments and to participate in global governance. The prevalence of mass protests globally demonstrates growing frustration with governments’ inability to meet the demands of the people, especially the global middle class.
The growth of multiple national identities, citizenships, and passports challenges traditional international relations. States that played dominant roles in international affairs must now deal with their declining power as global power is more diffused with the rise of China, India, Brazil, and other emerging market countries. States are i.
This Time Is Different: Why U.S. Foreign Policy Will Never RecoverSahilKemkar
This article discusses how the current state of U.S. foreign policy is different from past periods of concern and uncertainty. While worries about threats to the international order have come and gone, the author argues this time is unique because the pillars supporting American power are weakening as political divisions have undermined the bipartisan consensus around foreign policy. Future presidents may aim to restore past approaches, but the liberal international order built by the U.S. is increasingly unstable and its collapse is a real possibility.
The document provides sample responses to exam questions on various topics in international relations:
1. It summarizes the timeline of the Cold War and notes that while there was no direct fighting between the US and Soviet Union, there was ideological conflict between the two superpowers.
2. It compares the main features of realism, liberalism, and idealism in international relations studies, noting their different perspectives on achieving international compatibility.
3. It states that leading scholars correctly predicted the formation of a new world order following the Cold War that would establish common identification criteria and increase international agreements between nations.
This document is a strategy research project analyzing key international relations concepts and the Bush Doctrine. It provides historical context on the evolution of US foreign policy from 1776 through the post-9/11 era. It discusses concepts like exceptionalism, unilateralism, preemption, and hegemonic stability. It examines how US strategy shifted from isolationism to engagement following World War II and the Cold War. It analyzes how the Bush Doctrine articulated in the 2002 National Security Strategy expanded the use of preemption in response to new threats like terrorism.
The document discusses the implications of developing a theory of foreign policy. It explains that developing a theory allows foreign policy to be explained and predicted, helping policymakers make better decisions. The document outlines the evolution of foreign policy analysis from its early foundations created in the 1950s-1970s to new developments in the 1970s-1990s. It discusses how early scholars like James Rosenau and Harold and Margaret Sprout contributed different perspectives that helped build the theoretical foundations of foreign policy analysis.
The document discusses issues relating to national security versus international security from the perspective of a potential National Security Advisor. It addresses topics like alliance-building, arms control, and international law. The main points are:
1) As National Security Advisor, the author would need to conduct thorough analysis of global issues and weigh national interests, while also accommodating changes to maintain good global relations.
2) Alliance-building can both benefit and harm national security, so the U.S. should take a realist approach and only form alliances to deal with direct threats.
3) Arms control agreements can stabilize relations but nations are reluctant to give up defenses, so the U.S. must prepare militarily
The document discusses the purpose of US foreign policy. It states that the main purpose is to solve international problems and prevent military action as much as possible. Initially, the purpose was to protect commercial interests when the US military was weak. After WWI, the US helped financially struggling countries. This prepared the US for WWII. The 20th century saw the US defeat enemies and increase its international reputation by siding with Allied powers in two world wars. The US then followed an independent course in foreign policy.
The document discusses the international security environment and proposes a grand strategy for a new US administration. It identifies key threats such as weapons proliferation, terrorism, transnational crime, and economic and geopolitical challenges. It argues that while no threats currently jeopardize US supremacy, failing to address issues could undermine it long-term. The document proposes adopting a cooperative security strategy to deal flexibly with state and non-state actors in an interconnected world. This strategy would entail sharing burdens with partners through investment rather than military intervention alone. Transitioning to this strategy would require compromise but pay dividends over the long-run.
This document discusses whether international organizations like the United Nations could take on the role of global stability traditionally filled by a hegemonic power. It first reviews the hegemonic stability theory and how the declining influence of the US has left a power vacuum. It then analyzes the multi-polar political landscape with no single dominant power. Finally, it evaluates the UN's ability to address global challenges and provide stability based on its effectiveness, principles of fairness and integrity, and capacity for "great swordsmanship" or strong leadership. While the UN has had some successes, the document questions whether it can truly fill the hegemon role in today's complex geopolitical environment.
This document provides an overview of lecture material on modern world governments and political science. It covers several topics discussed in the lectures, including state interdependence, the impact of foreign policy on domestic politics, European integration, reasons some countries do not embrace democracy, Woodrow Wilson's 14 Points and the establishment of the United Nations. The document outlines key concepts and ideas within each of these topics over multiple pages in bullet point format.
Political Science 7 – International Relations - Power Point #11John Paul Tabakian
This document provides an overview of key topics covered in Dr. Tabakian's Political Science 7 course on modern world governments. Some of the main topics discussed include: state interdependence and how domestic politics can be impacted by foreign policy; the development of international organizations and European integration; reasons why some countries do not embrace democracy; the evolution of Wilson's 14 Points into the United Nations; how military institutions have remained strong post-Cold War; the rise of human rights as a component of foreign policy; different types of conventional and unconventional forces; evolving military technologies including terrorism; weapons of mass destruction like nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons; and the geopolitical challenges of proliferation.
The document discusses the concept of American isolationism and argues that it is an oversimplified and inaccurate term to describe U.S. foreign policy. While isolationism implies a complete separation from other nations, the U.S. has been engaged commercially, culturally, and ideologically with other countries since its founding. Applying realist, liberal, and identity perspectives shows that the U.S. has never fully withdrawn from global affairs due to economic interdependence, alliances, and a sense of mission to spread democratic values. The term isolationism fails to encompass the multi-faceted nature of America's international role and needs to be redefined or replaced to more accurately capture U.S. foreign relations.
This document provides lecture highlights and summaries from Dr. Tabakian's Political Science 7 course on Modern World Governments. It covers several topics related to spheres of influence, communication between spheres, state interdependency, unilateralism vs multilateralism, transnational communication, rules-based regimes and organizations, types of wars, and causes of war. The document is divided into multiple sections with headings and bullet points summarizing key concepts for each topic.
1. The document discusses how globalization has changed the nature of international security threats. Whereas states were previously the main security threats, new threats have emerged from global criminal networks and failed states.
2. It argues that the future of international security will be a "consociational" system with a bipolar structure dominated by the US and China as emerging hegemonic powers. States will align with Western or Eastern societies but there will be no single global identity.
3. Accepting conflicting ideologies through open trade, addressing the root causes that enable threats like terrorism, and developing a shared understanding of threats will be key to providing security within this new global structure.
1. 1
Kristina Console
Politics -120 Midterm
Professor Ahmed
The political world stage today is comprised of a multitude of diverse actors
competing for “center stage.”1 In the foreground of this struggle is the nation-state and its
place within the international order. The state stands out as being the sole possessor of
economic and militaristic power within the international sphere. The realization of this
state system employs the concept of legal rights, which includes the idea of “state
sovereignty, that no other actor is above the state.”2 Through the process of analyzing the
role of the state, both domestically and internationally throughout history, it becomes
apparent that this power may slowly fade away due to outside forces. By examining the
states’ history, foreign policy, non-state actors, and power plays, we are more adept at
finding validity to this argument. In terms of the United States itself, it becomes
increasingly more evident that globalization and global interdependence are eroding the
nation-state power.
States take many ideas and influences into consideration when forming their
foreign policy. Whether it is geographical location, economic issues, military prowess,
form of government etc.3, the countless factors that come into play in relation to
international policies shape the positioning of that state within the global community. One
advantage for the United States in terms of international relations, among many others, is
the geopolitical aspect of its location. The United States is incredibly fortunate to have
oceans on either side which provides a significant barrier from foreign intrusion.4 In
2. 2
addition, the neighbors the United States does have are not militarily capable of posing any
threat, which has contributed to its increasingly developed power. Another advantage the
United States experiences on the international front is its military capabilities, which
ultimately guide the U.S. in their priorities. The threat of U.S. force alone, as seen during
many confrontations in the past, is enough to foster collaboration from other countries;
although this collaboration comes from an intrinsic fear of a U.S. attack versus true
cooperation. Nevertheless, the military serves its purpose as an international tool.
Alongside of military considerations are the economic conditions of the state, which are
usually interrelated. Generally speaking, the wealthier states have
more of a participatory role in the “global political economy”5, for various reasons. The
United States’ high ranking within the numerous IGO’s is a product of their economic
wealth and strength; which “enables the United States to practice unrestrained globalism”.6
The type of government used, the leaders of the state, and international trade, also
contribute to foreign policy decisions. The combination of these internal and external
forces as a whole establishes a state’s policy, which is usually dependent on the leader of
the time. A state’s leader, in effect, is a “decisive determinant of foreign policies,”7 simply
because many policy decisions rest solely on that of a leader. As Americans, we put most
of the praise or blame on our leaders, and as such, we ultimately hold them responsible for
unwise foreign policy choices.
As illustrated, a states’ power is immense, especially that of the United States on
the world stage. Given all the previous examples of unsurpassed power, it’s no wonder the
United States has become a “hegemon”8 throughout world politics. According to
3. 3
the “hegemonic stability theory,”9 a stable world dominance must be established by one
state or leader in order to reprimand antagonists as well as inhibit the competition of
“enduring rivalries”10 for ultimate power, which could lead to a major war. After just
coming out of WWII, the United States, as well as other great nations, were looking for
peaceful understanding and cooperation. The formation of one important global
organization, the United Nations, seemed to be a step in the right direction toward global
partnership over competitive control. However, the problem that arose in the aftermath of
the war brought back the hegemonic stability theory in full force. The United States and the
Soviet Union were the only two great competing forces on the world stage during this time;
which eventually became known as the Cold War. It is believed that the root of U.S. and
Soviet tensions lay in their differing ideologies; then again, in accordance with the above
referenced hegemonic stability theory, it is very likely that the competition for world
domination was the true motive. Either way, the tensions remained high throughout the
terms of many U.S. presidents. Harry Truman’s presidency made an impact on U.S. foreign
policy concerning the Soviets that would stick throughout the Cold War. In the Truman
Doctrine, President Truman declared that the United States would intervene militarily in
support of its allies against communist suppression. This approach, dubbed
containment, was a tactic used to intimidate the Soviet Union in hopes of preventing
further Soviet expansion.11 Following the Truman Doctrine, President Nixon
developed a new approach to Soviet relations termed détente. The purpose of détente was
to ease the strain between the U.S. and the Soviets after the intense arms race that had
taken place. This period was effective in terms of policies enacted between the two nations
because it allowed them to cooperate in a more courteous manner. The Strategic Arms
4. 4
Limitation Talks followed, which sought to limit the nuclear missiles being frantically
produced by both nations. Through these civil agreements, a more cooperative attitude was
utilized; unfortunately, this was a short-lived stage.
Shortly after U.S. Soviet relations reached a cooling point, the turmoil began once
again. Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, during President Carter’s term, alerted the
U.S. powers that be to the renewed threat put forth by the Soviets.12 President Carter in
response, enacted the Carter Doctrine, which professed the United States’ readiness to use
military force to protect its oil interests in the Gulf.13 Following boldly along was the
Reagan Doctrine under President Ronald Reagan, which brought relation to a boiling point,
once again, with the use of anti-communist insurgents with the intention of bringing down
Soviet-backed regimes. Alongside of this policy was U.S. threats of nuclear warfare.
Interestingly, the reaction from the Soviets was not warfare, but rapprochement. The
individual leadership of Gorbachev at the time was just what the country needed. In
protecting the interests of his own country, Mr. Gorbachev backed down and ultimately
heightened the notion of U.S. hegemony throughout the world.
Although the United States remained the only dominant world power after the Cold
War , it would be presumptuous to assume that it will remain there. After the Cold War
ended, it was apparent that the previous isolationist attitude of the U.S. had dissolved; it
would now have to increasingly maintain relationships with other countries. The U.S.
remained on top, but new enemies would soon form behind the scenes that would pose a
threat to its position; A threat to the state system itself. Organizations such as IGO’s and
NGO’s began to emerge as a new force to be reckoned with. Since these organizations
aren’t contained within a border and maintain independent foreign policy, it’s a much more
5. 5
complicated stage than previously known in U.S. relations. The growth of these
organizations alone, not to mention how hard they are to identify, makes it increasingly
difficult for the United States to oversee all activity. Generally speaking, NGO’s are
viewed as beneficial and are actively involved in humanitarian efforts, such as ENGOs,
WILPF, and the WEC. Nevertheless, there are many groups that seek radical change that
can only harm the United States. Furthermore, organizations such as the United Nations
have many different states’ interests in mind, which makes it rather difficult for one nation
to rule; even if the U.S. is the largest financial contributor. Subsequently, organizations
such as the IMF have made a dramatic difference in the “global marketplace”14 which has
resulted in increased “economic interdependence”15 of states. Consequently, the foreign
policy of the United States must adapt, and adapt radically in order to maintain dominance,
if possible.
Ultimately, non-state actors such as non-state nations, religious movements, and
multinational corporations threaten the United States considerably. The War on Terror is a
textbook example of the strength an organized group without borders can have on the state.
Not to be outdone, many IGO’s are threatening U.S. power by their process of shared
bargaining and decision-making. The globalization that results from all of this interaction
and cooperation seems beneficial, yet it is actually increasing the influence of these
transnational institutions, thereby undermining the sovereignty of the U.S., which may
ultimately destroy its hegemony throughout the world.