1. This document discusses electrostatic potential energy and electric potential. It defines electric potential energy as the minimum work needed to bring a charge to a point from infinity without acceleration in an electric field.
2. Electric potential (also called voltage) is defined as the work required to move a unit positive charge from a reference point to a specific point in an electric field. The electric potential at a point depends only on the position of that point and is independent of the path taken.
3. Equipotential surfaces are surfaces where the electric potential is constant at every point. Electric field lines are always perpendicular to equipotential surfaces.
1. This document discusses electrostatic potential energy and electric potential. It defines electric potential energy as the minimum work needed to bring a charge to a point from infinity without acceleration in an electric field.
2. Electric potential (also called voltage) is defined as the work required to move a unit positive charge from a reference point to a specific point in an electric field. The electric potential at a point depends only on the position of that point and is independent of the path taken.
3. Equipotential surfaces are surfaces where the electric potential is constant at every point. Electric field lines are always perpendicular to equipotential surfaces.
Quantum theory describes the behavior of matter and energy at the microscopic scale. Some key ideas are:
- Light and matter can behave as both particles and waves (wave-particle duality).
- Planck's constant relates the energy of a system to its frequency or wavelength.
- Einstein's photon model explained the photoelectric effect.
- The Heisenberg uncertainty principle limits the precision with which certain pairs of physical properties can be known.
- Schrödinger's equation describes how quantum systems evolve over time.
Fleming's right hand rule describes how to determine the direction of induced current in a conductor moving through a magnetic field. It involves positioning the fingers and thumb of the right hand perpendicular to each other, with the thumb pointing in the direction of motion, forefinger pointing in the direction of the magnetic field, and middle finger then pointing in the direction of induced current. Fleming's left hand rule operates similarly but relates the thumb, forefinger and middle finger to the direction of force, magnetic field, and current respectively. A rotating magnetic field is produced when a three-phase winding is energized, with the field poles shifting positions continuously around the stator rather than remaining fixed.
The document discusses Sommerfeld's free electron model of metallic conduction. It explains that in this model, each free electron inside a metal experiences both an attractive electrostatic force from the positive ions and a repulsive force from other electrons. The model also assumes the positive ion lattice produces a uniform attractive potential field for electrons. The potential field must be periodic to match the crystal structure of the solid metal. The model provides explanations for electrical conductivity, heat capacity, and thermal conductivity of metals but fails to account for differences between conductor and insulator behaviors.
The document discusses the photoelectric effect and its applications. It begins by explaining Einstein's theory that light consists of quantized packets of energy called photons and how this explains the photoelectric effect. It then discusses how the kinetic energy of emitted electrons increases with higher frequency light. The document also provides a simple diagram of a photoelectric experiment and describes some common applications of the effect, including night vision devices, cameras, and smoke detectors. It ends by showing an image and further explaining how photoelectric smoke detectors work by detecting light scattered by smoke particles.
This document discusses various techniques for measuring the Hall effect in organic semiconductors. It begins with background on the Hall effect and how charge traps can disrupt measurements. It then reviews methods that attempt to account for or avoid traps, such as adding inert polymer layers or using microwave frequencies. Finally, it discusses quantized Hall effects seen in graphene and other materials, as well as the anomalous Hall effect. It concludes by proposing ways to improve Hall effect measurements in organics, such as investigating quantization and better addressing structural flaws.
This document discusses Ampere's law and how it can be used to determine magnetic fields. It explains that Ampere's law relates the curl of the magnetic field to the current enclosed by an imaginary surface. The document provides examples of using Ampere's law to calculate magnetic fields inside and outside long straight wires, inside solenoids and toroids, and inside a long cylinder of current. Diagrams are included to illustrate solenoids and the magnetic field lines produced.
these slides are the dedicated to the circuit analysis theory with solved example of independent sources.
For better experience don't forget the use of navigations.
Don't forget to leave your valuable comments
Thank you!
1. Cells connected in series have their emfs add up but their currents remain equal. Cells in parallel have the same emf but their currents divide.
2. The internal resistance of cells in series adds up while the reciprocal of the internal resistance adds up for parallel cells.
3. A mixed grouping of cells has some cells in series forming rows, and the rows in parallel. The total resistance is minimized when the rows' resistance equals the series resistance within rows.
i am student of M.Sc (Physics) in university of sindh. it is my first book on high energy physics and i will also upload the new version of this book soon. so please read this book and give me feed back on my email address.
1. A solenoid is a coil of wire wrapped around a cylindrical core that produces a magnetic field when electric current passes through it.
2. The magnetic field pattern of a solenoid resembles that of a bar magnet, with north and south poles at opposite ends.
3. Different core materials, such as iron, steel, nickel, or cobalt, placed inside the solenoid influence the strength of the magnetic field produced.
This document discusses the resonant frequency of a tank circuit and how it varies with changes in inductance and capacitance. A tank circuit consists of an inductor and capacitor. The resonant frequency occurs when the inductive and capacitive reactances are equal. The formula for calculating the resonant frequency is given as f = 1/2π√(LC). The document outlines applications of tank circuits such as in amplifiers, oscillators, filters, tuners, and mixers.
2. Steady state analysis of R, L and C circuits.pptxssuser61c1531
1) The document is a lecture on steady state analysis of R, L, and C circuits by I V VEERANJANEYULU of the Electrical & Electronics Engineering department at Aditya Engineering College.
2) It introduces phasor diagrams and explains that resistors have voltage and current phasors in phase, inductors have voltage leading current by 90 degrees, and capacitors have current leading voltage by 90 degrees.
3) It then provides the steady state analysis of RL and RC series circuits using phasor diagrams and expressions for impedance, conductance, susceptance, and admittance.
This document provides an overview of magnetostatics and key concepts related to magnetism. It begins with a top ten list of magnetism principles. It then discusses the properties of magnetic poles, fields, and materials. Key points made include that every magnet has both a north and south pole, magnetic fields are generated by moving charges, and materials can be classified based on their magnetic permeability. The document also introduces critical magnetism concepts such as the Biot-Savart law, Ampere's law, magnetic dipoles, and the forces and energy associated with magnetic fields.
Introduction to operational Amplifier. For A2 level physics (CIE). Discusses characteristics of op amp, inverting and non inverting amplifier, and voltage follower, and transfer characetristics, virtual earth , etc
Magnetostatic fields are produced when charges are moving with constant velocity, such as in a current-carrying wire. Biot-Savart's law states that the magnetic field produced by a current element is proportional to the current and inversely proportional to the distance from the element. Ampere's law, the integral form of which relates the line integral of magnetic field around a closed path to the current through the enclosed surface, can be used to determine the magnetic field produced by symmetric current distributions.
This presentation covered most of topics related to the superconductor like properties of superconductors, the meissner effect, type 1 and type 2 superconductors their properties and diagram difference between type 1 and type 2 superconductors, Penetration depth,Josephson effect and it's applications, BCS theory, cooper pairs, flux quantization, Effect of current etc...
This document discusses semiconductor physics concepts including:
1. Semiconductors have long-range symmetry of atomic arrangement and are mostly crystalline materials. They have a moderate bandgap (1-2 eV) compared to insulators (6 eV).
2. Semiconductors have a valence band and conduction band separated by an energy gap. At higher temperatures, electrons can gain enough energy to cross this gap and contribute to conductivity.
3. Semiconductors are classified as intrinsic or extrinsic. Extrinsic semiconductors have impurities added which create majority carriers, making them either n-type or p-type.
4. The position of the Fermi energy level depends on whether
This document discusses evidence for both the wave and particle nature of light. For the wave nature, it mentions phenomena like reflection, refraction, diffraction, and interference that were observed in experiments. For the particle nature, it discusses observations that supported Planck's quantization of energy and Einstein's model of light as discrete photon particles, including the photoelectric effect, atomic spectra, and blackbody radiation. The photoelectric effect in particular provided strong evidence that light behaves as a particle by instantaneously ejecting electrons from metals above a threshold frequency, rather than depending on intensity as waves were thought to. This helped establish the dual wave-particle nature of light.
Quantum theory describes the behavior of matter and energy at the microscopic scale. Some key ideas are:
- Light and matter can behave as both particles and waves (wave-particle duality).
- Planck's constant relates the energy of a system to its frequency or wavelength.
- Einstein's photon model explained the photoelectric effect.
- The Heisenberg uncertainty principle limits the precision with which certain pairs of physical properties can be known.
- Schrödinger's equation describes how quantum systems evolve over time.
Fleming's right hand rule describes how to determine the direction of induced current in a conductor moving through a magnetic field. It involves positioning the fingers and thumb of the right hand perpendicular to each other, with the thumb pointing in the direction of motion, forefinger pointing in the direction of the magnetic field, and middle finger then pointing in the direction of induced current. Fleming's left hand rule operates similarly but relates the thumb, forefinger and middle finger to the direction of force, magnetic field, and current respectively. A rotating magnetic field is produced when a three-phase winding is energized, with the field poles shifting positions continuously around the stator rather than remaining fixed.
The document discusses Sommerfeld's free electron model of metallic conduction. It explains that in this model, each free electron inside a metal experiences both an attractive electrostatic force from the positive ions and a repulsive force from other electrons. The model also assumes the positive ion lattice produces a uniform attractive potential field for electrons. The potential field must be periodic to match the crystal structure of the solid metal. The model provides explanations for electrical conductivity, heat capacity, and thermal conductivity of metals but fails to account for differences between conductor and insulator behaviors.
The document discusses the photoelectric effect and its applications. It begins by explaining Einstein's theory that light consists of quantized packets of energy called photons and how this explains the photoelectric effect. It then discusses how the kinetic energy of emitted electrons increases with higher frequency light. The document also provides a simple diagram of a photoelectric experiment and describes some common applications of the effect, including night vision devices, cameras, and smoke detectors. It ends by showing an image and further explaining how photoelectric smoke detectors work by detecting light scattered by smoke particles.
This document discusses various techniques for measuring the Hall effect in organic semiconductors. It begins with background on the Hall effect and how charge traps can disrupt measurements. It then reviews methods that attempt to account for or avoid traps, such as adding inert polymer layers or using microwave frequencies. Finally, it discusses quantized Hall effects seen in graphene and other materials, as well as the anomalous Hall effect. It concludes by proposing ways to improve Hall effect measurements in organics, such as investigating quantization and better addressing structural flaws.
This document discusses Ampere's law and how it can be used to determine magnetic fields. It explains that Ampere's law relates the curl of the magnetic field to the current enclosed by an imaginary surface. The document provides examples of using Ampere's law to calculate magnetic fields inside and outside long straight wires, inside solenoids and toroids, and inside a long cylinder of current. Diagrams are included to illustrate solenoids and the magnetic field lines produced.
these slides are the dedicated to the circuit analysis theory with solved example of independent sources.
For better experience don't forget the use of navigations.
Don't forget to leave your valuable comments
Thank you!
1. Cells connected in series have their emfs add up but their currents remain equal. Cells in parallel have the same emf but their currents divide.
2. The internal resistance of cells in series adds up while the reciprocal of the internal resistance adds up for parallel cells.
3. A mixed grouping of cells has some cells in series forming rows, and the rows in parallel. The total resistance is minimized when the rows' resistance equals the series resistance within rows.
i am student of M.Sc (Physics) in university of sindh. it is my first book on high energy physics and i will also upload the new version of this book soon. so please read this book and give me feed back on my email address.
1. A solenoid is a coil of wire wrapped around a cylindrical core that produces a magnetic field when electric current passes through it.
2. The magnetic field pattern of a solenoid resembles that of a bar magnet, with north and south poles at opposite ends.
3. Different core materials, such as iron, steel, nickel, or cobalt, placed inside the solenoid influence the strength of the magnetic field produced.
This document discusses the resonant frequency of a tank circuit and how it varies with changes in inductance and capacitance. A tank circuit consists of an inductor and capacitor. The resonant frequency occurs when the inductive and capacitive reactances are equal. The formula for calculating the resonant frequency is given as f = 1/2π√(LC). The document outlines applications of tank circuits such as in amplifiers, oscillators, filters, tuners, and mixers.
2. Steady state analysis of R, L and C circuits.pptxssuser61c1531
1) The document is a lecture on steady state analysis of R, L, and C circuits by I V VEERANJANEYULU of the Electrical & Electronics Engineering department at Aditya Engineering College.
2) It introduces phasor diagrams and explains that resistors have voltage and current phasors in phase, inductors have voltage leading current by 90 degrees, and capacitors have current leading voltage by 90 degrees.
3) It then provides the steady state analysis of RL and RC series circuits using phasor diagrams and expressions for impedance, conductance, susceptance, and admittance.
This document provides an overview of magnetostatics and key concepts related to magnetism. It begins with a top ten list of magnetism principles. It then discusses the properties of magnetic poles, fields, and materials. Key points made include that every magnet has both a north and south pole, magnetic fields are generated by moving charges, and materials can be classified based on their magnetic permeability. The document also introduces critical magnetism concepts such as the Biot-Savart law, Ampere's law, magnetic dipoles, and the forces and energy associated with magnetic fields.
Introduction to operational Amplifier. For A2 level physics (CIE). Discusses characteristics of op amp, inverting and non inverting amplifier, and voltage follower, and transfer characetristics, virtual earth , etc
Magnetostatic fields are produced when charges are moving with constant velocity, such as in a current-carrying wire. Biot-Savart's law states that the magnetic field produced by a current element is proportional to the current and inversely proportional to the distance from the element. Ampere's law, the integral form of which relates the line integral of magnetic field around a closed path to the current through the enclosed surface, can be used to determine the magnetic field produced by symmetric current distributions.
This presentation covered most of topics related to the superconductor like properties of superconductors, the meissner effect, type 1 and type 2 superconductors their properties and diagram difference between type 1 and type 2 superconductors, Penetration depth,Josephson effect and it's applications, BCS theory, cooper pairs, flux quantization, Effect of current etc...
This document discusses semiconductor physics concepts including:
1. Semiconductors have long-range symmetry of atomic arrangement and are mostly crystalline materials. They have a moderate bandgap (1-2 eV) compared to insulators (6 eV).
2. Semiconductors have a valence band and conduction band separated by an energy gap. At higher temperatures, electrons can gain enough energy to cross this gap and contribute to conductivity.
3. Semiconductors are classified as intrinsic or extrinsic. Extrinsic semiconductors have impurities added which create majority carriers, making them either n-type or p-type.
4. The position of the Fermi energy level depends on whether
This document discusses evidence for both the wave and particle nature of light. For the wave nature, it mentions phenomena like reflection, refraction, diffraction, and interference that were observed in experiments. For the particle nature, it discusses observations that supported Planck's quantization of energy and Einstein's model of light as discrete photon particles, including the photoelectric effect, atomic spectra, and blackbody radiation. The photoelectric effect in particular provided strong evidence that light behaves as a particle by instantaneously ejecting electrons from metals above a threshold frequency, rather than depending on intensity as waves were thought to. This helped establish the dual wave-particle nature of light.
18. 現在已知原子及原子核結構
18
A
Z X
質量數
原子序
粒子 符號 電量 靜止質量
核外 電子 e -1.6×10-19(C) 9.11×10-31(kg)
核內 質子 p 1.6×10-19(C) 1.673×10-27(kg)
中子 n 0 1.675×10-27(kg)
From Wiki,