R. Klingbeil, 2014. Managed Aquifer Recharge - Aquifer Storage and Recovery: Regional Experiences and Needs for Further Cooperation and Knowledge Exchanges.
Klingbeil, R., 2014. Managed Aquifer Recharge - Aquifer Storage and Recovery: Regional Experiences and Needs for Further Cooperation and Knowledge Exchanges. Presentation at the 41st Congress of the International Association of Hydrgeologists (IAH) “Groundwater: Challenges and Strategies”, Marrakesh, Morocco, 15-19 Sep 2014.
Villholth, K., Klingbeil, R., Ruz Vargas, C., et al., 2020. Assessing Groundwater Quality: A Global Perspective. Importance, methods and potential data sources. Presentation at the SADC 3rd Groundwater Conference, 24-26 Nov 2020.
Klingbeil, R., et al., 2021. Assessing Groundwater Quality: A Global Perspective. Importance, methods and potential data sources. Presentation at the UN Environment World Water Quality Alliance (WWQA), 2nd Annual Global Meeting, 27-28 Jan 2021.
Klingbeil, R., Gröschke, M., 2019. Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) in Coastal Aquifers, in Brackish and Saline Groundwater. Presentation at the WSTA 13th Gulf Water Conference, Kuwait, 12-14 Mar 2019.
Klingbeil., R., 2017. Water Resources in the Middle East and North Africa – Challenges and Way Forward. Presentation in the Seminar "International Water Issues", Master Program Hydro Science & Engineering, TU Dresden, 18 Apr 2017.
Klingbeil, R., 2016. Dialogue between Science and Policy: Water in the MENA Region. Presentation at Colloquium of the UFZ IP Water Scarcity, Leipzig, Germany, 20 May 2016.
Klingbeil, R., 2017. Wasserressourcen und Wassermanagement in Verbindung zu Sicherheitsfragen in der MENA Region [Water Ressources and Water Management in Relation to Security Questions in the MENA Region]. Presentation at the Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy, Hamburg, 25 Jan 2017.
Klingbeil, R., 2017. Groundwater Management in the MENA Region: Challenges and Opportunities for the Future. Presentation at the WSTA 12th Gulf Water Conference, Bahrain, 28-30 Mar 2017.
Klingbeil, R., 2016. Groundwater for Sustainable Development in the MENA Region. Presentation at the 43rd Congress of the International Association of Hydrogeologists (IAH) “Groundwater and society: 60 years of IAH”, Montpellier, France, 25-28 Sep 2016.
Villholth, K., Klingbeil, R., Ruz Vargas, C., et al., 2020. Assessing Groundwater Quality: A Global Perspective. Importance, methods and potential data sources. Presentation at the SADC 3rd Groundwater Conference, 24-26 Nov 2020.
Klingbeil, R., et al., 2021. Assessing Groundwater Quality: A Global Perspective. Importance, methods and potential data sources. Presentation at the UN Environment World Water Quality Alliance (WWQA), 2nd Annual Global Meeting, 27-28 Jan 2021.
Klingbeil, R., Gröschke, M., 2019. Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) in Coastal Aquifers, in Brackish and Saline Groundwater. Presentation at the WSTA 13th Gulf Water Conference, Kuwait, 12-14 Mar 2019.
Klingbeil., R., 2017. Water Resources in the Middle East and North Africa – Challenges and Way Forward. Presentation in the Seminar "International Water Issues", Master Program Hydro Science & Engineering, TU Dresden, 18 Apr 2017.
Klingbeil, R., 2016. Dialogue between Science and Policy: Water in the MENA Region. Presentation at Colloquium of the UFZ IP Water Scarcity, Leipzig, Germany, 20 May 2016.
Klingbeil, R., 2017. Wasserressourcen und Wassermanagement in Verbindung zu Sicherheitsfragen in der MENA Region [Water Ressources and Water Management in Relation to Security Questions in the MENA Region]. Presentation at the Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy, Hamburg, 25 Jan 2017.
Klingbeil, R., 2017. Groundwater Management in the MENA Region: Challenges and Opportunities for the Future. Presentation at the WSTA 12th Gulf Water Conference, Bahrain, 28-30 Mar 2017.
Klingbeil, R., 2016. Groundwater for Sustainable Development in the MENA Region. Presentation at the 43rd Congress of the International Association of Hydrogeologists (IAH) “Groundwater and society: 60 years of IAH”, Montpellier, France, 25-28 Sep 2016.
Klingbeil, R., Al-Hamdi, M. & Majdalani, R., 2014. Water and Inter-generational Justice in the Arab Region. Presentation at the Conference on Social Water Studies in the MENA Region: State of the Art and Perspectives, German Jordanian University (GJU), Madaba, Jordan, 28-29 Sep 2014.
Aquifers in the sustainability of Small Island Developing StatesShammy Puri
In in depth review of the views of experts for enhancing the management of aquifers in SIDS, the capacity building needs, management of saline intrusion,
Presented by IWMI's Paul Pavelic at the 3rd International COnference on the Status of Future of the World's Large Rivers, April 18 - 21, 2017, New Dheli, India.
Presented by IWMI's David Wiberg (Theme Leader – Water Futures) to a group of European Union (EU) delegations in Asia at a discussion on 'Using research on agriculture climate and water to support sustainable food systems', held at IWMI Headquarters in Colombo, Sri Lanka, on June 8, 2016.
Presented by IWMI's Alan Nicol at the Regional Conference on Risks and Solutions: Adaptation Frameworks for Water Resources Planning, Development and Management in South Asia, on July 12, 2016, at Hilton, Colombo, Sri Lanka
Presented by IWMI's Lal Muthuwatta at the 3rd International Conference on the Status of Future of the World's Large Rivers, April 18 - 21, 2017, New Dheli, India.
Tools and Technologies for Water Resources Planning and Climate Change Adapta...Vitor Vieira Vasconcelos
Objectives:
- To achieve basic understanding on steps in water resources planning
- To have better understanding on tool/technology that can be used for water resource planning and climate change adaptation
- To jointly assess the impacts of climate changes on water resources in Nepal
- To brainstorm the options to address the identified issues for planning processes
Contents:
Section 1 : Introduction to Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) and decision support tools
Section 2 : Tools and Techniques for IWRM
Section 3 : Group works
Karkheh Basin Focal Project: Synthesis of approach, findings and lessons. Poolad Karimi on behalf of the BFP1 team 2nd International Forum on Water & Food Addis Ababa, Ethiopia November 2008
Klingbeil, R., 2014. Managed Aquifer Recharge – Aquifer Storage and Recovery: Regional Experiences and Needs for Further Cooperation and Knowledge Exchanges in the Arab Region. Presentation at the Water Science and Technology (WSTA), 11th Gulf Water Conference (GWC), Muscat, Oman, 20-22 Oct 2014.
Klingbeil, R., 2014. The Inventory of Shared Water Resources in Western Asia and UN ESCWA Contributions to Improved Transboundary Cooperation on Groundwater and Aquifers. Presentation at the 41st Congress of the International Association of Hydrgeologists (IAH) “Groundwater: Challenges and Strategies”, Marrakesh, Morocco, 15-19 Sep 2014.
Klingbeil, R., Al-Hamdi, M. & Majdalani, R., 2014. Water and Inter-generational Justice in the Arab Region. Presentation at the Conference on Social Water Studies in the MENA Region: State of the Art and Perspectives, German Jordanian University (GJU), Madaba, Jordan, 28-29 Sep 2014.
Aquifers in the sustainability of Small Island Developing StatesShammy Puri
In in depth review of the views of experts for enhancing the management of aquifers in SIDS, the capacity building needs, management of saline intrusion,
Presented by IWMI's Paul Pavelic at the 3rd International COnference on the Status of Future of the World's Large Rivers, April 18 - 21, 2017, New Dheli, India.
Presented by IWMI's David Wiberg (Theme Leader – Water Futures) to a group of European Union (EU) delegations in Asia at a discussion on 'Using research on agriculture climate and water to support sustainable food systems', held at IWMI Headquarters in Colombo, Sri Lanka, on June 8, 2016.
Presented by IWMI's Alan Nicol at the Regional Conference on Risks and Solutions: Adaptation Frameworks for Water Resources Planning, Development and Management in South Asia, on July 12, 2016, at Hilton, Colombo, Sri Lanka
Presented by IWMI's Lal Muthuwatta at the 3rd International Conference on the Status of Future of the World's Large Rivers, April 18 - 21, 2017, New Dheli, India.
Tools and Technologies for Water Resources Planning and Climate Change Adapta...Vitor Vieira Vasconcelos
Objectives:
- To achieve basic understanding on steps in water resources planning
- To have better understanding on tool/technology that can be used for water resource planning and climate change adaptation
- To jointly assess the impacts of climate changes on water resources in Nepal
- To brainstorm the options to address the identified issues for planning processes
Contents:
Section 1 : Introduction to Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) and decision support tools
Section 2 : Tools and Techniques for IWRM
Section 3 : Group works
Karkheh Basin Focal Project: Synthesis of approach, findings and lessons. Poolad Karimi on behalf of the BFP1 team 2nd International Forum on Water & Food Addis Ababa, Ethiopia November 2008
Similar to R. Klingbeil, 2014. Managed Aquifer Recharge - Aquifer Storage and Recovery: Regional Experiences and Needs for Further Cooperation and Knowledge Exchanges.
Klingbeil, R., 2014. Managed Aquifer Recharge – Aquifer Storage and Recovery: Regional Experiences and Needs for Further Cooperation and Knowledge Exchanges in the Arab Region. Presentation at the Water Science and Technology (WSTA), 11th Gulf Water Conference (GWC), Muscat, Oman, 20-22 Oct 2014.
Klingbeil, R., 2014. The Inventory of Shared Water Resources in Western Asia and UN ESCWA Contributions to Improved Transboundary Cooperation on Groundwater and Aquifers. Presentation at the 41st Congress of the International Association of Hydrgeologists (IAH) “Groundwater: Challenges and Strategies”, Marrakesh, Morocco, 15-19 Sep 2014.
Klingbeil, R., 2013. Regional Experiences in Managed Aquifer Recharge and Aquifer Storage and Recovery: An Opportunity also for Oman? Presentation at the 3rd Oman Power and Water Summit 2013, Muscat, Oman, 06 May 2013.
Klingbeil, R. & El Khawand, M., 2014. Treated Wastewater as an Unconventional Water Resource: Examples from MENA Region. Presentation at the International Seminar “Use of Unconventional Water in Urban Water Management”, Ministry of Regional Municipalities and Water Resources (MRMWR), Oman, UNESCO Regional Centre on Urban on Water Management (RCUWM), Muscat, Oman, 24-26 Feb 2014.
Klingbeil, R., 2014. Recent Developments at Global and Regional Level on Shared Groundwater Aquifers with a Focus on Arab Gulf Countries. Presentation at the KISR/ESCWA Workshop on Shared Groundwater Aquifers in GCC Countries, 01 Apr 2014.
Klingbeil, R., 2013. Managed Aquifer Recharge - MAR and Aquifer Storage Recovery - ASR with Examples from the Region. Presentation at the KISR workshop on ASR. KISR, Kuwait, 02 Apr 2013.
Presented by IWMI's Luna Bharati, Senior Researcher-Hydrology Water Resources, at a high level policy dialog held in Kathmandu, Nepal, on April 27, 2016.
Similar to R. Klingbeil, 2014. Managed Aquifer Recharge - Aquifer Storage and Recovery: Regional Experiences and Needs for Further Cooperation and Knowledge Exchanges. (20)
Klingbeil, R. & Buss, S., 2002. Groundwater Protection in the Time of Foot and Mouth Disease. Hydrogeological Risk Assessment at Proposed “Burn and Bury” Sites. Presentation and Abstract, Biannual Meeting of the Fachsektion Hydrogeologie der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft (FH-DGG) [Section Hydrogeology of the German Geological Society], 09-11 May 2002, Greifswald, Germany. In: Schafmeister, M.-T. & Meyer, T. [Editors], Grundwasserressourcen im Spannungsfeld zwischen Erschließung und Naturschutz [Groundwater Resources in the Stress Field Between Exploration and Nature Conservation], Abstracts, Publication of the German Geological Society, 19, p. 44.
Klingbeil, R., Gröschke, M., 2019. Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) in Coastal Aquifers, in Brackish and Saline Groundwater. Presentation at the International Symposium on Managed Aquifer Recharge, ISMAR10, Madrid, 20-24 May 2019.
Gröschke, M., Klingbeil., R. & Raat, K., 2018. SUBSOL Potential Cooperation with GCC Countries Oman, Bahrain and UAE. Presentation at Concluding SUBSOL Seminar on Coastal Water Supply and Water Reuse, Brussels, 29 Aug 2018. http://www.subsol.org
Klingbeil, R., 2016. Wasser im Nahen und Mittleren Osten: Verfügbarkeit, Nutzungen, Herausforderungen unter Bezugnahme auf das UN ESCWA BGR Inventory of Shared Water Resources in Western Asia [Water in the Near and Middle East: Availability, Uses, Challenges with Reference to the UN ESCWA BGR Inventory of Shared Water Resources in Western Asia]. Presentation at Fachgespräch "Wasseressourcen im Nahen Osten" [Expert Discussion "Water Resources in the Middle East"], Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), Bonn, Germany, 08 Dec. 2016.
Klingbeil, R., 2016. Wasser für die MENA Region - Bedeutung von Zusammenarbeit und Netzwerken [Water for the MENA Region - Importance of Cooperation and Networking]. Presentation at Seminar "Preparedness - Prepare Companies for Future Change", VDMA discussion group "Corporate Foresight", Frankfurt, Germany, 12 May 2016.
Klingbeil, R., 2016. No Sustainable Development Without Water: Challenges and Ways Forward for Water Management in the Region. Presentation at International Water Conference 2016 "Water Resource in Arid areas: The Way Forward", Sultan-Qaboos-University, Muscat, Oman, 13-16 March 2016.
Klingbeil, R. 2016. Water Challenges in the Arab Region: How did we get where we are? And where do we go from here? Presentation at the Seminar of the Water Resources Department. AUT, Halat, Lebanon, 19 Jan 2016.
Klingbeil, R., 2015. Water, Water Scarcity and Sustainable Development. Presentation at UNESCO-RFH Conference “Coping with Water Scarcity”, Beirut, Lebanon, 14-16 Dec 2015.
Klingbeil, R., 2015. Governance of Groundwater: Linking Global Processes and Regional Needs. Presentation at IUCN-ROWA Regional Conference “Water and Nature Knowledge Sharing Forum”, Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt, 12-14 May 2015.
Klingbeil, R., 2015. AWARENET, the Arab Integrated Water Resources Management Network. Presentation at the regional Training Course on Water Footprint Assessments, Manama, Bahrain, 20-22 Apr 2015.
Klingbeil, R., 2015. Water for Sustainable Development - Water for the Future We Want. Presentation at the SQU-MRMWR-Workshop on Water & Sustainable Development, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman, 18 Mar 2015.
Klingbeil, R., 2014. State of Water, Resources and Use, Trust Building and Dialogues as Basis for Enhancing Cooperation. Presentation at the LAS, AWC, CEDARE, UN ESCWA Workshop “Advancing Hydro-Diplomacy Skills for Shared Water Resources Negotiations”, 3rd Arab Water Forum, Cairo, Egypt, 12 Dec 2014.
Klingbeil, R., 2014. Water Within Currently Proposed Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Presentation at the Water Science and Technology (WSTA), 11th Gulf Water Conference (GWC), Muscat, Oman, 20-22 Oct 2014.
Klingbeil, R., 2014. AWARENET, the Arab Integrated Water Resources Management Network. Presentation at the Water Science and Technology (WSTA), 11th Gulf Water Conference (GWC), Muscat, Oman, 20-22 Oct 2014.
Momjian, N. & Klingbeil R., 2014. Legal Issues and the ESCWA-BGR Inventory on Shared Water Resources in Western Asia as a Knowledge Base for Transboundary Cooperation. Presentation at UNESCO-IHP, ICARDA, IFAD Workshop "Scaling-up Integrated Natural Resource Management, Furthering Knowledge on Groundwater Resources Management and Strengthening Monitoring and Evaluation Systems in the GEF MENARID Program", 16-18 June 2014, Beirut, Lebanon.
Klingbeil R. & Majdalani, R., 2014. Recent Developments: Groundwater at National Level and Shared Aquifers Between Countries in Middle East and North Africa. Presentation at Meeting of the German Association for Hydrogeology, 28-31 May 2014, Bayreuth, Germany.
More from BGR - Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, Germany (18)
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
IPCC Vice Chair Ladislaus Change Central Asia Climate Change Conference 27 Ma...
R. Klingbeil, 2014. Managed Aquifer Recharge - Aquifer Storage and Recovery: Regional Experiences and Needs for Further Cooperation and Knowledge Exchanges.
1. United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia
Regional Advisor Environment and Water
MANAGED AQUIFER RECHARGE – AQUIFER STORAGE AND RECOVERY: REGIONAL EXPERIENCES AND NEEDS FOR FURTHER COOPERATION AND KNOWLEDGE EXCHANGES
Ralf Klingbeil
International Association of Hydrgeologists (IAH), 41st International Congress, “Groundwater: Challenges and Strategies”, Marrakech, Morocco, 15-19 Sep 2014
2. Page 2
Outline
•Managed Aquifer Recharge / Aquifer Storage and Recovery:
•Why?
•How?
•Examples from the Arab Region
•Conclusions and Recommendations
International Association of Hydrgeologists (IAH), 41st International Congress, “Groundwater: Challenges and Strategies”, Marrakech, Morocco, 15-19 Sep 2014
3. Page 3
Managed Aquifer Recharge – Aquifer Storage and Recovery
Reasons for Managed Aquifer Recharge
•Strategic water reserve for emergency situations
•Short-term or seasonal peak demands
•Reducing runoff losses
•Preparation for drought periods / dry years
•Vulnerability of desalination to pollution / algae
•Constant desalination production vs. variable demands
•Recharging / improving brackish groundwater
•Preventing / reversing saltwater intrusion / controlling salinity upconing
•Injection / infiltration of excess rain / flood waters
•Intermediate storage of Treated Sewage Effluent (TSE) mainly for agriculture or industrial uses
•Avoiding potential evaporation losses from dams
International Association of Hydrgeologists (IAH), 41st International Congress, “Groundwater: Challenges and Strategies”, Marrakech, Morocco, 15-19 Sep 2014
4. Page 4
Managed Aquifer Recharge – Aquifer Storage and Recovery
Another Attempt for a Definition
International Association of Hydrgeologists (IAH), 41st International Congress, “Groundwater: Challenges and Strategies”, Marrakech, Morocco, 15-19 Sep 2014
Human enhanced and managed groundwater recharge
[with the purpose of later abstraction or use either as a fresh groundwater resource or as hydraulic barrier against other threats such as seawater or saline water intrusion].
5. Page 5
Managed Aquifer Recharge – Aquifer Storage and Recovery
Using the Groundwater Buffer Wisely: Overview
International Association of Hydrgeologists (IAH), 41st International Congress, “Groundwater: Challenges and Strategies”, Marrakech, Morocco, 15-19 Sep 2014
UNESCO, 2005.
6. Page 6
Managed Aquifer Recharge – Aquifer Storage and Recovery
What falls under Managed Aquifer Recharge?
International Association of Hydrgeologists (IAH), 41st International Congress, “Groundwater: Challenges and Strategies”, Marrakech, Morocco, 15-19 Sep 2014
International Groundwater Resources Assessment Centre, 2007, www.un-igrac.org
Technology AS(TR) ASRSpreading methodsinfiltration ponds & basinsfloodingditch, furrow, drainsirrigationsand damschannel spreading Induced bank infiltrationWell, shaft and borehole rechargedeep well injectionshallow well/ shaft/ pit infiltrationSub type Runoff harvestingbarriers and bundstrenches Techniques referring primarily to getting water infiltratedTechniques referring primarily to intercepting the water In-channel modificationsrecharge dams sub surface dams
7. Page 7
Managed Aquifer Recharge – Aquifer Storage and Recovery
What includes Managed Aquifer Recharge?
•Aquifer Storage Recovery (ASR): “well/borehole is used for both injection and recovery, costs are minimised and clogging is removed during the recovery cycle.”
•Aquifer Storage Transfer and Recovery (ASTR): “Water can be injected into a borehole and recovered from another, some distance away, to increase travel time and benefit from water treatment capacity of the aquifer”
International Association of Hydrgeologists (IAH), 41st International Congress, “Groundwater: Challenges and Strategies”, Marrakech, Morocco, 15-19 Sep 2014
UNESCO, 2005.
8. Page 8
Managed Aquifer Recharge – Aquifer Storage and Recovery
Challenges: Technological, Scientific
•Groundwater level rise:
•risk of flooding, esp. in case of unconfined aquifers
•Hydrochemical mixing:
•risk of precipitation causing clogging of well screens or aquifer pore space
•risk of mineral dissolution causing mobilization of harmful substances or development of cavities
•System efficiencies:
•injected vs. recovered volumes
•Health risks:
•potential risks to human health when injecting / infiltrating treated sewage effluent, mobilizing minerals from the aquifer matrix
International Association of Hydrgeologists (IAH), 41st International Congress, “Groundwater: Challenges and Strategies”, Marrakech, Morocco, 15-19 Sep 2014
9. Page 9
Managed Aquifer Recharge – Aquifer Storage and Recovery
Challenges: Socio-Economic Viability
•Investigation of economic alternatives:
•cost of surface vs. groundwater storage
•direct use of TSE vs. intermediate storage
•infrastructure, access to injection / recovery sites
•compromise between deep groundwater table to prevent flooding and shallow to reduce energy costs for pumping
•alternative feasibility studies
•environmental costs – environmental impact assessments
•System efficiencies:
•injected vs. recovered volumes
•Social acceptance:
•health and environmental risk analysis
•awareness raising campaigns
International Association of Hydrgeologists (IAH), 41st International Congress, “Groundwater: Challenges and Strategies”, Marrakech, Morocco, 15-19 Sep 2014
10. Page 10
Managed Aquifer Recharge – Aquifer Storage and Recovery
Challenges: Governance, Regulations
•Are all necessary laws, regulations and guidelines in place and officially approved to ensure prevention of negative impacts on the groundwater, ecosystems, water users, the people?
•Accountable and transparent decision making … and tendering processes?
•Do we have mechanisms in place to allow for participation and constructive criticism?
•International / national advisory bodies with multi-sectoral experiences?
International Association of Hydrgeologists (IAH), 41st International Congress, “Groundwater: Challenges and Strategies”, Marrakech, Morocco, 15-19 Sep 2014
11. Page 11
Managed Aquifer Recharge – Aquifer Storage and Recovery
Examples from the Region
International Association of Hydrgeologists (IAH), 41st International Congress, “Groundwater: Challenges and Strategies”, Marrakech, Morocco, 15-19 Sep 2014
www.escwa.un.org
12. Page 12
Bahrain
Isa Town: Storm Water Runoff
•Unique gravity-fed aquifer recharge system:
•Gulleys, catch pits, delivery pipes, oil trap, filter chamber, and recharge well
•Direct urban storm water flows from suitable low points to targeted Khobar aquifer
•Estimated 1,389 m3 recharged
•Water level rise 0.6 m
•Reduced salinity
•Necessity for monitoring potentially harmful substances (esp. nickel, zinc, copper)
International Association of Hydrgeologists (IAH), 41st International Congress, “Groundwater: Challenges and Strategies”, Marrakech, Morocco, 15-19 Sep 2014
Al-Noaimi, 2010
13. Page 13
Bahrain
Potential Larger Scale ASR / ASTR
•1986: TSE recharge to Khobar aquifer
•2010: Dammam aquifer regional study
•2010: Feasibility of GW recharge with TSE
•2011: National approach to assessing reuse of TSE and MAR
•Future TSE production:
•2015: 390,000 m3/day
•2030: 500,000 m3/day
•Alternative uses:
•More direct TSE reuse in agriculture
•Potential target aquifers: Alat (A) and Khobar (B), both Dammam formations
•Expected total volume of TSE to be stored: 24 MCM
International Association of Hydrgeologists (IAH), 41st International Congress, “Groundwater: Challenges and Strategies”, Marrakech, Morocco, 15-19 Sep 2014
Al-Mannai, 2010, MoW, 2011
14. Page 14
Jordan
MAR: Infiltration of Floodwater
•2012: Cooperation JOR – GER
•Guideline for assessment and implementation of MAR in (semi-) arid regions
•Pre-feasibility study for infiltration of floodwater
•MAR potential map for water availability & site suitability for two surface water basins
•Limitations:
•Source water availability in regions with rainfall of less than 200 mm/a
•High sediment load of runoff waters
•Operation and maintenance
•Monitoring
•Assess actual effectiveness
•Involvement of local communities
International Association of Hydrgeologists (IAH), 41st International Congress, “Groundwater: Challenges and Strategies”, Marrakech, Morocco, 15-19 Sep 2014
Steinel / BGR, 2012
15. Page 15
Kuwait
Dammam, Kuwait Group
•1964: Raudhatain, passive infiltration in depression
•1972-1973: Raudhatain, injection of desalinated water
•1992: Sulaibiya, injection in Dammam limestone and Kuwait Group
•200,000 m3 injected desalinated water in two wells (18,000 and 180,000) over 30 days
•Dammam: Injection possible, rel. low system efficiency (10-20%)
•Kuwait Group: severe clogging of the injection well, due to suspended solids and dissolved air
•1994: Physical properties of Dammam formation in contact with fresh water
•1997: Compatibility of desalinated water with Dammam formation aquifer at pilot recharge site
International Association of Hydrgeologists (IAH), 41st International Congress, “Groundwater: Challenges and Strategies”, Marrakech, Morocco, 15-19 Sep 2014
Abdel-Jawad/KISR, 2008; Dawoud/EAD, 2005; Mukhopadhyay/KISR, 2010 and 2013
16. Page 16
Kuwait
Dammam, Kuwait Group
•2002: Numerical modeling of artificial recharge options for Dammam formation at pilot recharge site
•2004: Laboratory investigation compatibility of desalinated water, RO-treated wastewater with the Kuwait Group aquifer
•2010: Selection of suitable sites for artificial recharge
•Kuwait Group: Mutla, Sulaibiya, Raudhatain areas
•Dammam Formation: Kabd area
•2013: Start of KISR pilot project in Kabd, injecting RO-treated wastewater
International Association of Hydrgeologists (IAH), 41st International Congress, “Groundwater: Challenges and Strategies”, Marrakech, Morocco, 15-19 Sep 2014
Abdel-Jawad / KISR, 2008; Dawoud / EAD, 2005; Mukhopadhyay / KISR, 2010 and 2013
17. Page 17
Lebanon
ARAK: Aquifer Rechargeability Assessment in Karst
•Determine ability of karst aquifer to be artificially recharged & managed
•Best sites for implementing artificial recharge from surface
•Multi-criteria indexation analysis modeled on karst vulnerability assessment methods
•Four independent criteria, i.e. Epikarst, Rock, Infiltration and Karst
•Rechargeability index - product of two factors, intrinsic rechargeability and feasibility index
•Damour site: salinization and insufficiency of resource
International Association of Hydrgeologists (IAH), 41st International Congress, “Groundwater: Challenges and Strategies”, Marrakech, Morocco, 15-19 Sep 2014
Daher, 2011.
18. Page 18
Oman
Groundwater Recharge Dams
•> 30 groundwater recharge dams, intercepting wadi runoff, allowing for controlled recharge downstream of dam
•Managed to hold about 1064 MCM of flood waters until end of 2009
•Substantial experiences in siting and dimensioning of groundwater recharge dams
International Association of Hydrgeologists (IAH), 41st International Congress, “Groundwater: Challenges and Strategies”, Marrakech, Morocco, 15-19 Sep 2014
19. Page 19
Oman
TSE Reuse and MAR, Salalah
•Salalah Sanitary Drainage Services Co.: SSDS
•Ownership, management, O&M of current network for groundwater recharge and future expansions
•No legislation in Oman yet on TSE reuse for aquifer recharge
•Average quantity of treated water
•to recharge wells: 18,090 m3
•to SSDS clients/consumers: 2,680 m3
•48 recharge wells
International Association of Hydrgeologists (IAH), 41st International Congress, “Groundwater: Challenges and Strategies”, Marrakech, Morocco, 15-19 Sep 2014
AlQasmi, 2011; Shammas, 2007; Wahaibi, 2011.
Groundwater Levels
20. Page 20
Qatar
Northern Groundwater Basin, ASR
•1976: “Artificial recharge with desalted sea water to permit additional agricultural development appears technically feasible but its practicability needs to be examined further.” (Vecchioli)
•1992-1994: Feasibility study for injection of desalinated water in Rus and Umm er-Radhuma with positive results
•2012: QNFSP/KAHRAMAA: Northern groundwater basin, investigation of four sites to store 136 MCM for emergency (interruption of desalination)
•Tertiary WW Treatment imperative for utilities, i.e. TSE available for non-potable applications such as agricultural irrigation possibly with intermediate aquifer storage
International Association of Hydrgeologists (IAH), 41st International Congress, “Groundwater: Challenges and Strategies”, Marrakech, Morocco, 15-19 Sep 2014
Dawoud/EAD, 2009; MEED, 2012; Streetly, 1998; Vecchioli/USGS, 1976.
21. Page 21
•Hydraulic barrier against seawater intrusion
•Treated WW better suited for irrigation due to reduced need for fertilizers
•Ongoing: improvement to tertiary WW treatment
Salinity of groundwater prior to recharge
Groundwater Simulation
Salinity of groundwater after 3 years of recharge
Tunisia
Korba Aquifer Recharge
International Association of Hydrgeologists (IAH), 41st International Congress, “Groundwater: Challenges and Strategies”, Marrakech, Morocco, 15-19 Sep 2014
Cherif, S. et al., 2013, Gaaloul, N., 2014.
22. Page 22
United Arab Emirates - Sharjah
Nizwa: 1st Operational ASR
•To replace seasonal peak load capacity
•2001-2002 feasibility study
•2003-2004 pilot project
•Site characterization and evaluation, geophysics, trial boreholes, monitoring
•Hydrochemical modeling: Mixing of injected RO product (250 μS/cm) and native groundwater
•Cycles of injection - storage - recovery
•System efficiency: 95% recovery (4th) 24,700 m3 / 26 days injection, 30 days storage, 23,400 m3 / 19 days recovery
•Cost efficiency 10% of surface storage
•Planned for 1.8 MCM
International Association of Hydrgeologists (IAH), 41st International Congress, “Groundwater: Challenges and Strategies”, Marrakech, Morocco, 15-19 Sep 2014
Labaky, W. / SWS, 2013; SEWA, 2009.
23. Page 23
United Arab Emirates – Abu Dhabi
Liwa: Strategic Water Storage and Recovery Project (SWSR)
•2003-2005: Feasibility study
•2006-2009: Pilot project
•2010-2013: Construction
•Planned for 23 MCM of surplus desalinated seawater
•Emergency water supply for Abu Dhabi up to three months at 181,800 m3/d
•Extensive site characterisation, shallow aquifer system, semi-consolidated Aeolian dune sands
•When completed: Benchmark for water management in arid regions
International Association of Hydrgeologists (IAH), 41st International Congress, “Groundwater: Challenges and Strategies”, Marrakech, Morocco, 15-19 Sep 2014
Koziorowski, 2012 ; Wolke, 2011.
24. Page 24
Managed Aquifer Recharge – Aquifer Storage and Recovery
Conclusions and Recommendations
1.Technical and scientific issues:
•investing into hydrogeological science, research,
•open dialogues between scientists from different disciplines,
2.Socio-economic issues:
•cost-benefit analysis, assessment of alternative scenarios,
•optimize complex multi-faceted challenges,
•interaction b/w economists, engineers, social and natural scientists,
3.Legislative and regulatory issues:
•understanding legal frameworks, regulatory approaches and needs,
4.Regional knowledge exchanges:
•dedicated MAR / ASR research conferences,
•joint research programmes,
•technical exchange visits,
5.Mutli-sectoral advice to government authorities:
•adequate technical, scientific and socio-economic support,
•advisory bodies with senior experts from different disciplines.
International Association of Hydrgeologists (IAH), 41st International Congress, “Groundwater: Challenges and Strategies”, Marrakech, Morocco, 15-19 Sep 2014
25. United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia
Regional Advisor Environment and Water
MANAGED AQUIFER RECHARGE – AQUIFER STORAGE AND RECOVERY: REGIONAL EXPERIENCES AND NEEDS FOR FURTHER COOPERATION AND KNOWLEDGE EXCHANGES
Ralf Klingbeil
International Association of Hydrgeologists (IAH), 41st International Congress, “Groundwater: Challenges and Strategies”, Marrakech, Morocco, 15-19 Sep 2014