This document discusses speech acts and their components. It describes speech acts as having three components: the locutionary act, which is the literal utterance; the illocutionary act, which is the intended meaning or force behind the utterance; and the perlocutionary act, which is the effect on or intended response from the listener. An example of requesting someone to close the door is used to illustrate how it can function on these three levels. The document also discusses challenges in interpreting speech acts, such as implicit vs explicit meaning, the influence of context and culture, and how misunderstandings can occur.
Subject: Oral Communication
Unit II - "Strategies in Various Speech Situation"
This unit focuses on the various ways and situations in which people communicate. It discusses how a communicator's style of speaking changes according to the context and how statements elicit various responses from listeners
This is a material intended to address the basic sight vocabulary deficit and how vocabulary is to be enhanced. Also in this material is the ways on how knowledge on sound-symbol correspondence will be corrected.
It presents Speech Acts based on the Levinson - Pragmatics Book.
Direct and Indirect Speech Acts, Locutinary and Ilocutinary. examples: Journal Articles.
Pragmatics and Discourse , context & speech actsNaeemIqbal88
Pragmatics and Discourse
What is pragmatics?
An approach within DA which concentrates on the way language
acquires meaning in use. It has developed from the tradition of the
philosophy of language known as pragmatics.
Focus: The study of contextualised meaning and is concerned with
describing the principles that underlie how we interpret the meaning
behind words: how we get from what we say to what we mean.
Pragmatic approaches tend to be interested in the 'big picture': trying
to formulate generalisable principles about how people produce and
interpret discourse (eg’ the use of humour in business meetings’).
Context
Context is an important concept in DA. Language does not take place in a vacuum and we
need to consider the context in which it occurs in order to understand it.
However, this seemingly unproblematic statement masks the issues and debates that are
ongoing in discourse analysis around the concept of context and its significance.
Two types of context
The 'intrinsic' or 'linguistic' context which refers to information that can be found
within the text that surrounds the language that is being analysed at a particular
moment. It is generally agreed that this type of context is not only useful but essential.
The more problematic type of context lies outside the actual text: what is sometimes
called 'extrinsic' (Schegloff 1997) or 'experiential' context.
This refers to all sorts of information about setting, situation, social circumstances of the
participants such as age, gender, ethnicity and possibly also about the shared
background knowledge and assumptions of the participants.
So, in the example:
'Later, an item about vasectomy and the results of the do-it-yourself competition'
(from Cameron 2001:12)
 The issue with extrinsic context is moving from description to interpretation in
research. Along with describing 'what' is happening in the discourse , it is also
important to interpret 'why' it is happening.
 Extrinsic contextual evidence can be potentially very useful in discussing why
participants say a particular thing in a particular way at a particular time,
however, there is also a danger of 'reading too much into the text' and of
judging which out of many possible interpretations is the 'right' one.
For instance, if the analyst is aware of gender, age or ethic difference among
discourse participants, these variables may well appear to influence the
discourse but how do we know which of these particular variables are
important to the participants in an particular communicative event.
 This is not to say that we should ignore extrinsic context but to suggest that we
need to be cautious about what we select as significant and rigorous about how
we incorporate it into our analyses. Schegloff (1997) advises that the best
option is to use only what can be shown to be relevant to participants.
 Can you imagine a meaningful context for this text?
a. Which of you was the prawns?
Subject: Oral Communication
Unit II - "Strategies in Various Speech Situation"
This unit focuses on the various ways and situations in which people communicate. It discusses how a communicator's style of speaking changes according to the context and how statements elicit various responses from listeners
This is a material intended to address the basic sight vocabulary deficit and how vocabulary is to be enhanced. Also in this material is the ways on how knowledge on sound-symbol correspondence will be corrected.
It presents Speech Acts based on the Levinson - Pragmatics Book.
Direct and Indirect Speech Acts, Locutinary and Ilocutinary. examples: Journal Articles.
Pragmatics and Discourse , context & speech actsNaeemIqbal88
Pragmatics and Discourse
What is pragmatics?
An approach within DA which concentrates on the way language
acquires meaning in use. It has developed from the tradition of the
philosophy of language known as pragmatics.
Focus: The study of contextualised meaning and is concerned with
describing the principles that underlie how we interpret the meaning
behind words: how we get from what we say to what we mean.
Pragmatic approaches tend to be interested in the 'big picture': trying
to formulate generalisable principles about how people produce and
interpret discourse (eg’ the use of humour in business meetings’).
Context
Context is an important concept in DA. Language does not take place in a vacuum and we
need to consider the context in which it occurs in order to understand it.
However, this seemingly unproblematic statement masks the issues and debates that are
ongoing in discourse analysis around the concept of context and its significance.
Two types of context
The 'intrinsic' or 'linguistic' context which refers to information that can be found
within the text that surrounds the language that is being analysed at a particular
moment. It is generally agreed that this type of context is not only useful but essential.
The more problematic type of context lies outside the actual text: what is sometimes
called 'extrinsic' (Schegloff 1997) or 'experiential' context.
This refers to all sorts of information about setting, situation, social circumstances of the
participants such as age, gender, ethnicity and possibly also about the shared
background knowledge and assumptions of the participants.
So, in the example:
'Later, an item about vasectomy and the results of the do-it-yourself competition'
(from Cameron 2001:12)
 The issue with extrinsic context is moving from description to interpretation in
research. Along with describing 'what' is happening in the discourse , it is also
important to interpret 'why' it is happening.
 Extrinsic contextual evidence can be potentially very useful in discussing why
participants say a particular thing in a particular way at a particular time,
however, there is also a danger of 'reading too much into the text' and of
judging which out of many possible interpretations is the 'right' one.
For instance, if the analyst is aware of gender, age or ethic difference among
discourse participants, these variables may well appear to influence the
discourse but how do we know which of these particular variables are
important to the participants in an particular communicative event.
 This is not to say that we should ignore extrinsic context but to suggest that we
need to be cautious about what we select as significant and rigorous about how
we incorporate it into our analyses. Schegloff (1997) advises that the best
option is to use only what can be shown to be relevant to participants.
 Can you imagine a meaningful context for this text?
a. Which of you was the prawns?
Introduction to Discourse Analysis is a tool used to analyze and synthesize different types of discourses whether oral or written that can be used in social, governmental and public setting. This will help you to be the best in everything that you do that you do not need any more books to identify a language discourse .
It also gives you an overall and birds eye view of what you should do in order for you to do your best.
I need a 7 pg research essay on the following Select a real o.docxeugeniadean34240
I need a 7 pg research essay on the following:
Select a real or hypothetical crisis, such as a natural disaster (hurricane, tornado, flooding, or earthquake), a catastrophic building failure, or an act of terrorism.
Discuss resource management based on ethical approaches used during crisis management.
Consider issues such as patient triage or current as well as incoming patients, supply, and personnel availability.
Discuss and develop an authoritative chain of command for crisis management.
Include such responsibilities as Incident Commander, Communications Officer, and other members of the chain of command for the incident.
Discuss the importance and implementation of community communication, involvement, and coordination.
Discuss the necessary policies for personnel management and safety.
Include provisions for lock-down status and family communication abilities.
Outline the steps for supply chain management, both for personnel and the supplies needed to provide care.
.
I need a 4-5 APA formatted paper with references that is clearly wri.docxeugeniadean34240
I need a 4-5 APA formatted paper with references that is clearly written and includes the following:
The attendance of an AA meeting. Describe the meeting's atmosphere, the participants and their appearances, details on the group discussion, engagement, timeframe, the pros and cons of the meeting, and other helpful information.
.
I need a 3 page research paper on Title Addictive being youn.docxeugeniadean34240
I need a 3 page research paper on
Title:
Addictive being young and older on Social Media, why activities outdoors can prevent addiction
In the attached zip file, I have provided 10 journals that you need to use for this research paper.
In the word doc, I have shared the topic and sub-topics that you have to use. And it also has guidelines from the teacher for this paper.
Due on Saturday, 13th March 4PM PST
.
I need a 3 page double-spaced 12-point paper on Immunotherapy. the i.docxeugeniadean34240
I need a 3 page double-spaced 12-point paper on Immunotherapy. the information must be obtained from at least three original research articles, not from blogs news, etc.. must have work cited page. should include Introductory, Body(divided into smaller sections), Summary or Conclusion, followed by the references. I need this done by April 30, 2021 10:30pm Eastern Daylight Time
.
I need a 2500 word essay on the 1st Battalion 7th Cavalry Regiment. .docxeugeniadean34240
I need a 2500 word essay on the 1st Battalion 7th Cavalry Regiment. The paper needs to start with training the unit before deploying to Vietnam. How they perfected thier new traininf with helicopters. It needs to talk about both LTC Hal Moore and CSM Basil Plumbly. It needs to talk about how the unit remained resilient and how they over came racism and the battle in Vietnam.
.
I need a 200-word paper that answers the following questions:D.docxeugeniadean34240
I need a 200-word paper that answers the following questions:
Describe the term Enterprise Architecture (EA), what it means, how it can be used, and the core elements on EA. What are the core elements within EA.?
Now compare EA to Information Systems – are there any similarities, any differences?
.
i need a 2 page essay on LA crimes as it pertains to Rape you will h.docxeugeniadean34240
i need a 2 page essay on LA crimes as it pertains to Rape you will have to response to the data regarding observed disparities in offenders vs. incarcertaion of Rape offense in Louisiana. also you will have to included a critical and well reasoned to the incarceration rate in Louisiana as a whole vs. the US.
.
I need a 1 page professional bio. My cover letter and resume i.docxeugeniadean34240
I need a 1 page professional bio.
My cover letter and resume is attached.
As an experienced and motivated professional with exceptional leadership and interpersonal abilities, I am prepared to significantly contribute to your organization’s goals in this role.
My background lies in workforce and economic development, managing operations, teams, conflict resolution, and processes to propel revenue increases while realizing enhanced corporate success and productivity. From establishing and implementing visionary business strategies to driving employees to achieve peak performance levels, I excel at directing strategic enhancements to outperform open objectives while communicating openly and effectively with staff and management teams.
Highlights of my experience include the following:
Ø Excelling as the Manager of the workforce development team with the Shelby County Alternative Schools for the past 10 years, federal grant management, identifying employment opportunities for youth and adult offenders, educating and supporting clients through vocational training initiatives, evaluating client work interests and aptitudes, and connecting clients with eligible and appropriate employment programs.
Ø Assisting program participants in identifying anger, recognizing aggressive behavior triggers, and learning tension and anger management techniques.
Ø Coaching and mentoring staff to ensure outstanding job performances and maximum program effectiveness. (virtual and face-to-face)
Ø Scheduling and coordinating opportunities for training, recreation, and leisure activities tailored to participants ‘preferences and age-appropriateness
Ø Encouraging an atmosphere supportive of constructive feedback and performance evaluation/improvement
Ø Adept at establishing goals and driving achievement through education, training, communication, and resource utilization
Ø Maintaining detailed records and reports to document participant progress and status
Ø Demonstrating solid time management, interpersonal, and organizational skills, as well as Microsoft Office proficiency.
Ø Compiling and analyzing client data obtained through records, tests, interviews, and other professional sources, determining clients’ suitability for various job opportunities and vocational training programs
Ø Facilitating and leading both individual and group orientation sessions and educating participants on requirements for participation in agency- sponsored programs
Ø Establishing solid and trusting relationships through exceptional relationship-building skills; utilizing solid communication and interpersonal abilities to secure employer and client trust
My proven dedication to optimizing workforce development and employment success through my expert knowledge of learning, development, and conflict resolution strategies will contribute immensely to the success of your-team.
.
I need 100 words response for this two discussion forum1 discu.docxeugeniadean34240
I need 100 words response for this two discussion forum
1 discussion
Colin Kaepernick comes to mind as I speak of racial differences, principles and morals. Colin Kaepernick, when he chose to go beyond the usual practice, effectively gave up his dream. Colin Kaepernick, the American football player who started the National Anthem "take knee" campaign against racial violence against African American and other races. Business ethics is the study of what constitutes right or wrong, good or bad human conduct in a business environment. The introduction of universal ethical principles to particular practical problems in the modern environment, such as dishonesty in ads, bullying, etc., is intended to assess what is "valid" behavior; i.e. what is considered appropriate or "right" conduct in line with universal ethical values (Christie et al, 2003).
I served with a social-service organization in 2013. Within this unique setting, I have been forced to interact alongside a variety of communities and faiths. Each of the SNAP entitlements (Food stamps) is dependent on family revenue and wealth. There was, however, a misconception and theory circulated inside the department that African American culture is lazy and that many of them do not want to function and want to rely on the government for assistance. I know that the theory and the story arose from the deep-rooted fear of the Slavery. Under which racial violence persists and so other groups are still competing and killing each other.
At another agency I worked for I worked with youth directly in a foster care setting. I am African American, and the rest of the children I represent are Hispanic / Latino. I note that when I'm out in the city with my Hispanic / Latino clientele, I typically get a number of stares from various cultures. One of my four-year-old children sometimes holds a temper tantrum to get what she needs from her mother. She decided to have one of these tantrums with me when we were in the grocery shop. I dismissed her actions, and there was a Hispanic lady who came up to me with a really unpleasant attitude, telling me to know what I was doing to the girl. I dismissed her and proceeded to focus on the actions of my client. I assume that she just got embroiled in this scenario because I mistreated this Hispanic child in her opinion, even though I gave her my badge for work. Anything I did with the child was in compliance with the Agency's rules and practices, even when I was being confronted by a consumer in the shop. It's really difficult to deal with babies, youth and even the elderly, so you also have to make sure that you perform it according to policies and procedures. Mandatory ethics was enforced to safeguard the employees who work for the specific organization and even the clients. Professionals are required to recognize and live by their Code of Ethics. Practitioners will need to demonstrate awareness regarding the adaptation of their codes to different cultures (Weber 20004).
I need 200 words response for each discussion post.Guided Respon.docxeugeniadean34240
I need 200 words response for each discussion post.
Guided Response: Respond to at least two of your classmates’ postings. Support your initial and subsequent posts by citing at least two scholarly and peer-reviewed sources in addition to the course text. The Scholarly, Peer-Reviewed, and Other Credible Sources (Links to an external site.) table offers additional guidance on appropriate source types.
Forum 1)One psychosocial issue that could cause a serious issue in the school setting to me would be Bullying. Bullying can scare a person’s ability to feel be ant to bully and be mean to someone because they may act different or look different to them, beautiful, safe, and secure about who they are, and be lasting ongoing issue that will last forever by making them feel insecure, and not wanted along while feeling like no one cares about them. Bullying is a form of abuse, aggressiveness, coercion, force. There are other things that bullies do to feel like they are important or better than everyone else, like be dominated, intimidating, or threatening. “Bullying in schools, particularly bias-based bullying, is an important issue for many reasons, but chief among them include evidence that victims being bullied experience both short and long term consequences, including poor school performance, depression, and increased health problems” (Martin, M. E. (2018).
I believe that the services of all three would be required because the bully would be evaluated three different times on his behavior and other things that no one may know about. Each of them has their own specialty that would fit working with the bully and being able to determine what is the issue or problem that makes the bully act out of character the way he or she does.
“An analysis of this phenomenon in schools, according to different authors [1,7.8, reveals that children involved in bullying behavior can play different roles; (a) aggressors/intimidators; (b) victim; (c) aggressors who are also victims and (d) passive observers. These observers are neither directly involved as aggressors nor as victims. As such, they can play a number of different roles: they can defend the victims, thus reducing this type of behavior; they can support the aggressors, actively reinforcing intimidation; children who merely observe are neutral or indifferent”. (www.ncbi.nim.nih.gov) (Links to an external site.) . There should something put into place that will stop individuals with aggressive behavior to stop bullying other individuals who just want to be themselves and live their lives. It leads to most children feeling depressed and wanting to end their lives because of it, and it happens in our society today children ending their lives because they are being targeted by bullies. Rules should also be put into place for the bullies to let them know what will happen if they continue to bully others.
REFERENCES:
Martin, M. E. (2018). Introduction to human services: Through the eyes of practice settings .
I need 3 pages discussion for an intersection (Attached image).docxeugeniadean34240
I need 3 pages discussion for an intersection (Attached image)
North Harbor Drive and Harbor Island Drive intersection, San Diego CA 92111 US
Please address the following:
a. Right of Way Issues
b. Utility Relocation
c. Air Quality Conformity
d. Title VI Considerations
e. Visual / Landscape Considerations
f. Required Permits
g. Stormwater Management
h. Cultural Resources
i. Risk Management Plan
j. Transportation Management Plan (TMP)
k. Transit Services
If you think any other better ideas, please address them as well.
University Level
Please no plagiarism
I also attached an example, you can follow it to get ideas to write about
.
I need 1page write up on Hypothesis & Methods Proposal,Due on .docxeugeniadean34240
I need 1page write up on Hypothesis & Methods Proposal,
Due on 3rd Feb 7PM PST
Please see attached doc for details on title, notes and questions to be answered.
Please cite everything, You might need the previous APA paper (attached image), but not sure. so please review
.
I need 2-3 pages written about the sieve of Eratosthenes. Starti.docxeugeniadean34240
I need 2-3 pages written about the sieve of Eratosthenes. Starting from the Eratosthenes-legendre sieve going to Eratosthenes general sieve, while giving some detailed formulas and explanations for each, using some lemma and examples. And finishing with some applications.
The work has to be authentic and original (not copied), with the references stated where its used on the paper and at the end
.
I need 120 words for each question. Please ensure to post individual.docxeugeniadean34240
I need 120 words for each question. Please ensure to post individual reference with each question
Unit 1
Q 1;
Identify two organizational structures used in health care. What are the central characteristics of each? To what extent is bureaucracy necessary in health care organizations? Explain.
Q 2;
How does a doctorally prepared nurse work across and between levels of an organization? What are the challenges and/or rewards to be gained? Does one outweigh the other?
Resources
Delmatoff, J., & Lazarus, I. R. (2014). The most effective leadership style for the new landscape of healthcare.
Journal of Healthcare Management, 59
(4), 245-249. URL:
https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=97206195&site=ehost-live&scope=site
Arbab Kash, B., Spaulding, A., Johnson, C. E., & Gamm, L. (2014). Success factors for strategic change initiatives: A qualitative study of healthcare administrators' perspectives.
Journal of Healthcare Management, 59
(1), 65-81. URL:
https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=94059299&site=ehost-live&scope=site
Kritsonis, A. (2004/2005). Comparison of change theories.
International Journal of Scholarly Academic Intellectual Diversity, 8
(1) 1-7. URL:
http://qiroadmap.org/?wpfb_dl=12
Suter, E., Goldman, J., Martimianakis, T., Chatalalsingh, C., Dematteo, D. J., & Reeves, S. (2013). The use of systems and organizational theories in the interprofessional field: Findings from a scoping review.
Journal of Interprofessional Care, 27
(1), 57-64. doi:10.3109/13561820.2012.739670 URL:
https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=84423842&site=ehost-live&scope=site
Narayana, E. A. (1992). Bureaucratization of non-governmental organizations: An analysis of employees' perceptions and attitudes.
Public Administration and Development, 12
(2), 123-137. URL:
https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.proquest.com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/docview/194674953?accountid=7374
Klemsdal, L. (2013). From bureaucracy to learning organization: Critical minimum specification design as space for sensemaking.
Systemic Practice & Action Research
,
26
(1), 39-52. doi:10.1007/s11213-012-9267-3 URL:
https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=bth&AN=84739308&site=ehost-live&scope=site
Unit 2
Q 1:
What are three payment structures used in the health care industry across the care continuum? How are they similar? How are they different? Is there a single problem that transverses all three of the identified payment structures? Explain.
Q 2:
Identify a significant problem with one of the three payment structures used in the health care industry across the care continuum (from DQ 1) and propose a solution from one of the other two payment structures.
Resources
.
I need 10-12 slides Presentation with detailed speaker notes. Instru.docxeugeniadean34240
I need 10-12 slides Presentation with detailed speaker notes. Instruction is given below. It is a Religion Class. No Plagiarism Please. Due in 24 hours.
Wk 3 - Christianity Presentation
Create
a 10- to 12-slide presentation comparing
2
of the following branches of Christianity:
Catholic
Orthodox
Protestant
Include
a brief history of the 2 religious traditions and a comparison of their approaches to the Bible. Some concepts to include are:
Examples of art
Central symbols of the faith
Rituals and core beliefs
Ethics role in the faith
You might consider visiting one or more of these churches in person or exploring church websites to add to your own experiences.
.
I N N O V A T I O N N E T W O R K , I N C . www.innone.docxeugeniadean34240
I N N O V A T I O N N E T W O R K , I N C .
www.innonet.org • [email protected]
L o g i c M o d e l W o r k b o o k
I N N O V A T I O N N E T W O R K , I N C .
www.innonet.org • [email protected]
L o g i c M o d e l W o r k b o o k
T a b l e o f C o n t e n t s
P a g e
Introduction - How to Use this Workbook .....................................................................2
Before You Begin .................................................................................................................3
Developing a Logic Model .................................................................................................4
Purposes of a Logic Model ............................................................................................... 5
The Logic Model’s Role in Evaluation ............................................................................ 6
Logic Model Components – Step by Step ....................................................................... 6
Problem Statement: What problem does your program address? ......................... 6
Goal: What is the overall purpose of your program? .............................................. 7
Rationale and Assumptions: What are some implicit underlying dynamics? ....8
Resources: What do you have to work with? ......................................................... 9
Activities: What will you do with your resources? ................................................ 11
Outputs: What are the tangible products of your activities? ................................. 13
Outcomes: What changes do you expect to occur as a result of your work?.......... 14
Outcomes Chain ....................................................................................... 16
Outcomes vs. Outputs ............................................................................. 17
Logic Model Review ...........................................................................................................18
Appendix A: Logic Model Template
Appendix B: Worksheet: Developing an Outcomes Chain
Logic Model Workbook
Page 2
I N N O V A T I O N N E T W O R K , I N C .
www.innonet.org • [email protected]
I n t r o d u c t i o n - H o w t o U s e t h i s W o r k b o o k
Welcome to Innovation Network’s Logic Model Workbook. A logic model is a commonly-used
tool to clarify and depict a program within an organization. You may have heard it described as
a logical framework, theory of change, or program matrix—but the purpose is usually the same:
to graphically depict your program, initiative, project or even the sum total of all of your
organization’s work. It also serves as a
foundation for program planning and
evaluation.
This workbook is a do-it-yourself guide to
the concepts and use of the logic model. It
describes the steps necessary for you to
create logic models fo.
I like to tie my learning to Biblical Principles. On Virtuous Le.docxeugeniadean34240
I like to tie my learning to Biblical Principles. On Virtuous Leadership, I think about what leader in the Bible do I know that stands out as a virtuous leader. Although there are many, one that stands out to me is Nehemiah. Nehemiah's brother and others said that they had been to Jerusalem and the Wall has been broken down, and the gates were burned. Nehemiah listened and took this news personally as if he was the wounded party. In other words, it broke his heart to hear this news.
He then took personal responsibility, prayed, and asked God to forgive him and his people for not obeying his commands. Then he took personal action, and at great danger to himself, he appeared before the King sad - remember that no King wants a sad cupbearer. When the King saw how sad Nehemiah was, he asked him why, and Nehemiah explained the state of his city walls and asked permission to go and fix them. He went and fixed the walls. He got involved in the work as a servant leader and getting the people what they needed. They had a city again with walls and a gate, and most importantly, they had protection!
We can see in this story that a servant leader is someone who takes personal responsibility for what has gone wrong and sets out to fix it, but not only does he/she fix the problem, the servant leader gets involved in the work and works alongside his workers to get the job done right. By doing so, the servant leader demonstrates his care for his workers and organization.
Share a story of a servant leader either in the Bible or someone you know.
.
I just want one paragraph.!!C.W.Mills described ‘sociological im.docxeugeniadean34240
I just want one paragraph.!!
C.W.Mills described ‘sociological imagination’ as an ability to understand “the intersection of one's own biography and other biographies with history and the present social structure you find yourself and others in.” In short, it is the ability to understand the private in public terms. Essentially, Mills is describing an ability to discern patterns in social events and view personal experiences in light of those patterns. To highlight that, he uses two terms – “the personal troubles of milieu” and “the public issues of social structure.” ‘Troubles’ happen to us as individuals, and are a private matter of individual choices and biography. ‘Issues’ are public matters that transcend the individual, and have to do with societal structures and processes.
Here is the Question!!!
1- For this discussion, I want you to select one of the following health/medical issues, and offer a thoughtful reflection on it as both a hypothetical ‘personal trouble’ and a ‘public issue.’
- ADHD; obesity; eating disorder; infertility; Alzheimer’s disease; COVID.
.
i just need serious help answering the question. I have answered mos.docxeugeniadean34240
i just need serious help answering the question. I have answered most of them but the following posted questions are giving me problem.
# 1.1
(1 pts.) In the textbook case, what information led Dr. Tobin to conclude that Shaun Boyden's sexual attraction to children was not a passing fancy? '
A) the fact that he reported having the urges since adolescence
B) the fact that his wife was unaware of his problem
C) the fact that he was never caught in the past
D) the fact that he had a relatively normal sexual development
# 1.2
(1 pts.) Charlie has opted to have psychosurgery performed in order to change his pedophilic patterns. Which of the following procedures will Charlie have done?
A) prefrontal lobotomy
B) hypothalamotomy
C) castration
D) vasectomy
# 1.3
(1 pts.) Dr. Walters is instructing Harry to imagine that he has just "flashed" his genitals at an unsuspecting woman on the street. After the woman responds in horror, Harry is to imagine that all of his closest friends jump out of a nearby alley and start laughing at him. Dr. Walters is using the technique known as
A) systematic desensitization.
B) cognitive restructuring.
C) covert conditioning.
D) behavior modification.
# 1.4
(1 pts.) Who is most likely to be the target of a frotteurist's desires?
A) a person from work
B) a life-long friend
C) a shopper at the mall
D) a close relative
# 1.9
(1 pts.) Based on the information presented in the textbook case, Shaun Boyden might be considered a ______ since he had a normal history of sexual development and interests.
A) child rapist
B) preference molester
C) situational molester
D) generalized molester
# 1.12
(1 pts.) Joe becomes sexually aroused when he views sexually explicit photographs. He also gets really turned on when his lover undresses in front of him. Joe's behavior might be described as
A) fetishistic.
B) frotteuristic.
C) voyeuristic.
D) normal.
# 1.21
(1 pts.) John gets nauseous when he thinks about having sexual intercourse and he actively avoids the sexual advances of others. John might be diagnosed as having
A) male erectile disorder.
B) sexual aversion disorder.
C) dyspareunia.
D) inhibited male orgasm disorder.
# 1.27
(1 pts.) Five-year-old Timmy has older sisters who dress him up occasionally and call him "Timbelina" since they really wanted a little sister instead of a little brother. If this pattern continues it is possible that Tim might develop
A) sexual masochism.
B) sexual sadism.
C) pedophilia.
D) transvestic fetishism.
# 1.29
(1 pts.) Carol is extremely interested in sex but does not experience the vaginal changes that ordinarily precede sexual intercourse. Carol may have
A) sexual aversion disorder.
B) hypoactive sexual desire disorder.
C) inhibited female orgasm disorder.
D) female sexual arousal disorder.
# 1.32
(1 pts.) John is in a p.
I Headnotes and indexes are copyrighted and may not be duplica.docxeugeniadean34240
I Headnotes and indexes are copyrighted and may not be duplicated by photocopying, printing.
I or other means without the express permission of the publishers. 1 -800-351-0917
43 Fla. L. Weekly S512 SUPREME COURT OF FLORIDA
Committee later submitted a revised proposal in response to comments. While we
generally approve the Committee's revisions, the revised proposal would have allowed
twenty days[ ratherthan ten, to serve a reply brief. In order to maintain consistency with
otherprovisions in rule 9.146(g)(3)(B), we haverevised the Committee's proposal such
that parties are allowed twenty days to respond after the last initial brief, and ten days
to respond after the last answer brief.
3Wehave revised the Committee's proposal to refer specifically to requirements for
electronic service in Rule ofJudicial Administration 2.516(b).
"See CoastalDev. ofN. Fla.,Inc. v. City ofJacksonville Beach, 788 So. 2d 204,205
footnotes.
(a) Florida Supreme Court.
(111887-present: Fenelonv. State. 594 So. 2d 292 (Fla. 1992).
{211846-1886: Livingston v. L 'Engle, 22 Fla. 427 (1886).
J ±' C-fl&LL/fl 1
n.3(Fla.20CII); Fla. Power &Light Co. v.CityofDania,76l So.2d 1089,1094 (Fla.
2000) ("No statewide criterion exists at this time."); see also Broward Cty. v. G.B. V.
Intern., Ltd.
Anstead,J.)
, 787 So. 2d 838, 849-53 (Fla. 2001) (Pariente, J., dissenting, joined by
(LEWIS, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part.) I dissent
because there is no need to amend the rule with regard to joinder on
appeal. This amendment is likely to generate more confusion than
clarity. I concur with the remainder ofthe amendments.
! * * *
I ■
! ..■■■■
Rules of Appellate Procedure—Amendment—Uniform Citation
System
IN RE: AMENDMENTS TO FLORIDA RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE
9.800. Supreme Court of Florida. Case No. SC17-999. October 25,2018. Original
Proceeding—Florida Rules of Appellate Procedure. Counsel: Courtney Rebecca
Brewer, Ch lir, Appellate CourtRules Committee, Tallahassee, Kristin A. Norse, Past
Chair, App sllate Court Rules Committee, Tampa; and Joshua E. Doyle, Executive
Director, and Heather Savage Telfer, Staff Liaison, The Florida Bar, Tallahassee, for
Petitioner.
(PER CUjRIAM.) This matter is before the Court for consideration of
proposed, amendments to Florida Rule ofAppellate Procedure 9.800
(Uniforn
Fla. Cons t.
TheFlorida Bar's Appellate CourtRules Committee (Committee)
proposes
uniform
proposal
Citation System). We havejurisdiction. See art. V, § 2(a),
amendments to rule 9.800 to substantially update the
citation formats provided in that rule. The Committee's
to amend the rule was first presented to the Court in the
Commirt 5e' s regular-cycle report ofproposed rule amendments in In
re Amendments to the Florida Rules ofAppellate Procedure—2017
Regular-Cycle Report, No. SC17-152 (Fla. report filed Jan. 31,
2017).' The Court, on its own motion, entered an order directing that
the proposed amendments to rule 9.800 be .
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
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Digital Tools and AI for Teaching Learning and Research
2. The Locutionary, Illocutionary and Perlocutionary ActsThe loc.docx
1. 2. The Locutionary, Illocutionary and Perlocutionary Acts
The locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary acts are, in
fact, three basic components with the help of which a speech act
is formed. Leech (Leech, 1983: 199) briefly defines them like
this:
locutionary act: performing an act of saying something
illocutionary act: performing an act in saying something
perlocutionary act: performing an act by saying something
The locutionary act can be viewed as a mere uttering of some
words in certain language, while the illocutionary and
perlocutionary acts convey a more complicated message for the
hearer. An illocutionary act communicates the speaker’s
intentions behind the locution and a perlocutionary act reveals
the effect the speaker wants to exercise over the hearer.
This can be demonstrated on a simple example:
4. Would you close the door, please?
The surface form, and also the locutionary act, of this utterance
is a question with a clear content (Close the door.) The
illocutionary act conveys a request from the part of the speaker
and the perlocutionary act expresses the speaker’s desire that
the hearer should go and close the door.
But the individual elements cannot be always separated that
easily. Bach and Harnish say that they are intimately related in
a large measure (Bach and Harnish, 1979: 3). However, for
better understanding of their function within a speech act, I am
going to treat them individually first.
2.1. Locutionary Acts
2. This component of the speech act is probably the least
ambiguous. Bach and Harnish (Bach and Harnish 1979: 19),
commenting on Austin’s work, point out that Austin
distinguishes three aspects of the locutionary act.
Austin claims that to say anything is:
A. always to perform the act of uttering certain noises (a
phonetic act)
B. always to perform the act of uttering certain vocables or
words ( a phatic act)
C. generally to perform the act of using that [sentence] or its
constituents with a certain more or less definite ‘sense’ and a
more or less definite ‘reference’, which together are equivalent
to ‘meaning’ (rhetic act)
From this division it follows that the locutionary act comprises
other three “sub-acts”: phonetic, phatic and rhetic. This
distinction as well as the notion of locutionary act in general
was often criticized by Austin’s followers. Searle even
completely rejects Austin’s division and proposes his own
instead (Searle, 1968: 405). Searle (Searle, 1968: 412) warns
that Austin’s rhetic act is nothing else but a reformulated
description of the illocutionary act and he therefore suggests
another term, the so-called propositional act which expresses
the proposition (a neutral phrase without illocutionary force). In
other words, a proposition is the content of the utterance.
Wardhaugh offers this explanation. Propositional acts are those
matters having to do with referring and predicating: we use
language to refer to matters in the world and to make
predictions about such matters (Wardhaugh, 1992: 285).
Propositional acts cannot occur alone since the speech act
3. would not be complete. The proposition is thus expressed in the
performance of an illocutionary act. What is essential to note
here is that not all illocutionary acts must necessarily have a
proposition (utterances expressing states such as ‘Ouch!’ or
‘Damn!’ are “propositionless” as Searle observes (Searle
1976:30)). Having defined the proposition and propositional
acts, Searle modifies Austin’s ideas and states that there are
utterance acts (utterance acts are similar to Austin’s phonetic
and phatic “sub-acts”, Searle (1976:24) defines them as mere
uttering morphemes, words and sentences), propositional acts
and illocutionary acts.
Utterance acts together with propositional acts are an inherent
part of the theory of speech acts but what linguists concentrate
on the most is undoubtedly the issue of illocutionary acts.
2.2. Illocutionary Acts
Illocutionary acts are considered the core of the theory of
speech acts. As already suggested above, an illocutionary act is
the action performed by the speaker in producing a given
utterance. The illocutionary act is closely connected with
speaker’s intentions, e.g. stating, questioning, promising,
requesting, giving commands, threatening and many others. As
Yule (Yule, 1996: 48) claims, the illocutionary act is thus
performed via the communicative force of an utterance which is
also generally known as illocutionary force of the utterance.
Basically, the illocutionary act indicates how the whole
utterance is to be taken in the conversation.
Sometimes it is not easy to determine what kind of illocutionary
act the speaker performs. To hint his intentions and to show
how the proposition should be taken the speaker uses many
indications, ranging from the most obvious ones, such as
unambiguous performative verbs, to the more opaque ones,
among which mainly various paralinguistic features (stress,
timbre and intonation) and word order should be mentioned. All
4. these hints or let’s say factors influencing the meaning of the
utterance are called Illocutionary Force Indicating Devices, or
IFID as Yule, referring to previous Searle’ s work, calls them
(Yule, 1996: 49).
In order to correctly decode the illocutionary act performed by
the speaker, it is also necessary for the hearer to be acquainted
with the context the speech act occurs in. Mey (Mey, 1993: 139)
says that one should not believe a speech act to be taking place,
before one has considered, or possibly created, the appropriate
context.
Another important thing, which should not be forgotten while
encoding or decoding speech acts, is that certain speech acts can
be culture-specific and that is why they cannot be employed
universally. Mey shows this on French and American
conventions. He uses a French sentence to demonstrate the
cultural differences.
5. Mais vous ne comperenez pas! (literally, ‘But you don’t
understand!’)
While a Frenchman considers this sentence fully acceptable, an
American could be offended if addressed in similar way as he
could take it as a taunt aimed at the level of his comprehension
or intelligence (Mey, 1993: 133). The interpretation of speech
acts differs throughout the cultures and the illocutionary act
performed by the speaker can be easily misinterpreted by a
member of different cultural background.
From this it also follows that ‘the illocutionary speech act is
communicatively successful only if the speaker’s illocutionary
intention is recognized by the hearer. These intentions are
essentially communicative because the fulfillement of
illocutionary intentions consists in hearer’s understanding. Not
only are such intentions reflexive. Their fulfillment consists in
5. their recognition’(Bach and Harnish, 1979: 15).
Nevertheless, as already pointed out in the previous example,
there are cases when the hearer fails to recognize the speaker’s
intentions and he therefore wrongly interprets the speaker’s
utterance. This misunderstanding may lead to funny situations
and hence it is often an unfailing source for various jokes.
I have chosen one illustrative example to comment on a bit
more.
Figure 1.
This picture suggests that the speaker (the man in this case) has
uttered a question asking how the woman’s day was. The
context and other circumstances are not specified, but let’s
suppose that their conversation takes place somewhere in the
office and that they are colleagues. The man obviously meant
his question just as a polite conventional formula with a rather
phatic function, not wanting to know any other details. The
woman takes him aback a bit since she starts giving him a lot of
unsolicited information. She obviously did not catch the
intentions behind his words and therefore the man, surprised at
her extensive answer, carefully reminds her that she was only
supposed to say ‘Fine.’ The communication is uncomfortable
for him. The illocutionary act he uttered was not recognized by
the woman. The question we should logically ask is ‘Why?’.
Talbot (1998: 140) declares that men and women happen to have
different interactional styles and misunderstandings occur
because they are not aware of them. She even compares the
differences in the way men and women talk to already discussed
cross-cultural differences. And thus it is possible to see this
example as an analogy to that French-American interpretation of
the ‘Mais vous ne comperenez pas!’ case. The woman is as if
from different cultural milieu and she therefore misinterprets
6. the man’s question.
It should be clear by now that the issue of illocutionary acts is
sometimes quite complicated because one and the same
utterance can have more illocutionary forces (meanings)
depending on the IFIDs, the context, the conventions and other
factors.
6. The door is there.
This simple declarative sentence (6) in the form of statement
can be interpreted in at least two ways. It can be either
understood literally as a reply to the question ‘Where is the way
out?’ or possibly ‘Where is the door?’ or it can be taken as an
indirect request to ask somebody to leave. The sentence has thus
two illocutionary forces which, even if they are different, have
a common proposition (content). The former case is called a
direct speech act, the latter an indirect speech act. It depends on
the speaker and on the contextual situation which one he will
choose to convey in his speech.
Similarly, one illocutionary act can have more utterance acts (or
locutionary acts according to Austin) as in:
7. a. Can you close the door?
b. Will you close the door?
c. Could you close the door?
d. Would you close the door?
e. Can’t you close the door?
f. Won’t you close the door? (Hernandez, 2002: 262)
All the utterances in (7) are indirect requests, they all have a
common illocutionary force, that of requesting.
There are hundreds or thousands of illocutionary acts and that is
7. why, for better understanding and orientation, some linguists
proposed their classification. The classification which is the
most cited in the linguistic literature is that of Searle who
divides illocutionary (speech) acts into five major categories (to
define them, I will use Levinson’s explanations (Levinson, )):
Representatives are such utterances which commit the hearer to
the truth of the expressed proposition (e.g. asserting,
concluding)
8. The name of the British queen is Elizabeth.
Directives are attempts by the speaker to get the addressee to do
something (e.g. ordering, requesting)
9. Would you make me a cup of tea?
Commissives commit the speaker to some future course of
action (e.g. promising, offering)
10. I promise to come at eight and cook a nice dinner for you.
Expressives express a psychological state (e.g. thanking,
congratulating)
11. Thank you for your kind offer.
Declarations effect immediate changes in the institutional state
of affairs and which tend to rely on elaborate extra-linguistic
institutions (e.g. christening, declaring war)
12. I bequeath all my property to my beloved fiancee.
Searle’s classification is not exhaustive and according to
Levinson (Levinson, 1983: 240), it lacks a principled basis. Yet,
Searle’s classification helped to become aware of basic types of
illocutionary acts and their potential perlocutionary effect on
8. the hearer.
2.3. Perlocutionary Acts
Perlocutionary acts, Austin’s last element in the three-fold
definition of speech acts, are performed with the intention of
producing a further effect on the hearer. Sometimes it may seem
that perlocutionary acts do not differ from illocutionary acts
very much, yet there is one important feature which tells them
apart. There are two levels of success in performing
illocutionary and perlocutionary acts which can be best
explained on a simple example.
13. Would you close the door?
Considered merely as an illocutionary act (a request in this
case), the act is successful if the hearer recognizes that he
should close the door, but as a perlocutionary act it succeeds
only if he actually closes it.
There are many utterances with the purpose to effect the hearer
in some way or other, some convey the information directly,
others are more careful or polite and they use indirectness to
transmit the message.
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PAGE
1
9. Performatives
and Maxims!
Dr. Sean Rintel!
School of Journalism and Communication!
COMU1010 2013!
The Art of Communication!
A “red herring” is a colloquial reference
to a distraction!
When you see the “red herring”, I am
asking you to question an assumption!
Assumptions about messages!
A: Hello!
B: Hello!
How can we explain this talk?!
• Communication is the transmission and
reception of information!
– But what ‘information’ is contained in “Hello”?!
10. • Statements describe information with a true or
false valence!
– What does “Hello” describe and can it be ‘true’ or
‘false’?!
• Statements make sense in terms of grammar!
– “Hello” can be a ‘sentence’, but who cares?!
Assumptions about messages!
We!
do!
things!
with words!
Speech Acts (“Performatives”)!
• Greeting: Hello!
• Commanding: Make the bed!!
• Marrying: I do • I now pronounce
you…!
• Promising: I’ll never drink again!!
• Naming: I name this ship the HMAS
Rambo Amadeus!!
• Betting: Wanna bet? • You’re on!!
Words that change the world!
11. Speech Act: “Commanding”!
• Performatives are not just verbs!
• They have three layers:!
– Layer 1: The locutionary act!
– Layer 2: The illocutionary act!
– Layer 3: The perlocutionary act!
Three layers of Speech Acts!
• Layer 1: The locutionary act!
– The words used to express the action!
• I bet you… versus Ten to one…!
– provide the base sense and strength of the action!
• E.g. Suggesting versus ordering!
• Make the bed!!
– Make the bed!
– Intonation and volume can provide strength, but
so can added words (e.g. I order you to…) !
Three layers of Speech Acts!
12. • Layer 2: The illocutionary act!
– The direct and intentionally proposed action!
• E.g. Assertives; directives; commissives; expressives;
declarations (From Searle, 1979)!
– Have conventional or expected force!
– Have a scale of failure to success!
• Make the bed!!
– Illocution: A directive (a command or order)!
– Conventional force: Directive will be followed!
Three layers of Speech Acts!
• Layer 3: The perlocutionary act!
– The indirect psychological or social expectations
or effects of the action!
• E.g. Persuading; impressing; antagonising!
– May be intentional or unintentional!
• Make the bed!!
– Perlocution: Intimidation!
– Intentional (Establishes the chain of command)!
Three layers of Speech Acts!
• Explicit performatives (some talk)!
– Action named in the utterance, felicity is assumed!
• I order you… or I bet you…!
• Military talk (from The Hurt Locker): Beginning a
13. question with Interrogative…!
Explicitness and Implicitness !
The Value of Explicitness!
• Implicit performatives (most talk)!
– Action and felicity circumstantially determined.!
• There’s a bull in the field (Could be an
order not to go in or a report about the field)!
• I’ll be there (You or I might take it as a promise)!
Explicitness and Implicitness !
• Felicities!
– What needs to be/occur for a performative to
work/count!
• Infelicities!
– The things that can be wrong and/or do go wrong
with performatives, so that they don’t work/count!
Making Speech Acts Work!
14. • Misfires (Act not achievable or achieved)!
– Not accepted conventional procedure!
– Not appropriate persons and circumstances!
– Not executed correctly!
– Not executed completely!
• Abuses (Act botched or void)!
– Not executed faithfully (‘not believed in’)!
– Post-act conditions do not persist!
Austin: Six problems of infelicity!
Meaning!
is!
cooperative!
Grice: Implicature and Cooperation!
A: What’s the time?!
B: Sorry, I don’t !
have a watch!
How can we explain this talk?!
• Understanding goes beyond language.!
– What a speaker says may be distinct from what
they meant!
15. – What is said is rarely all that is meant!
– Literal meaning may be/seem irrelevant!
– Some utterances may have more than one
meaning!
– Meaning is not always the same!
Grice: Implicature!
• Conventional implicature!
– Meaning that is in the language itself, without
considering the context!
• Even KEN knows it’s unethical!
– Entails (‘Base meaning’): Ken knows it’s
unethical !
– Conventionally implicates: Ken is the least likely
to know that it’s unethical!
– You do not need to know Ken, or anyone else, to
understand the meaning!
Grice: Implicature!
• Conversational implicature!
– Meaning can be contextually dependent!
• A: What’s the time?
B: I don’t have a watch!
– Entails: Person B does not have a watch
16. available!
– Conversational implicature: Lacking a watch
means that I can not tell you the time!
– But how do we get from A to B?!
Grice: Implicature!
• Conversational implicatures arise because
we tend to be cooperative and expect
cooperation in meaning!
– A: What’s the time?
B: I don’t have a watch!
• Cooperation in this case: !
– I am not fulfilling your request!
– BUT!
– I am explaining why I can not do so!
Grice: The cooperative principle!
• Conversational implicatures arise because
we tend to be cooperative and expect
cooperation in meaning!
• Cooperation does not mean getting along
with the other person or having shared goals!
• An argument requires cooperation of
meaning but not cooperation of goals!
17. Grice: The cooperative principle!
• Supermaxim: Make your contribution true.!
1. Do not lie. So, NOT!
– A: What’s the time?
B: Five o’clock (at seven o’clock)!
2. Do not respond without evidence. So, NOT!
– A: What’s the time?
B: Five thirty-five, twenty-seven
seconds (when you have an analogue
watch)!
Grice: Four maxims: Quality!
1. Give enough information!
2. Do not give too much information!
– A: What’s the time?
B: Five fifteen!
– NOT!
– A: What’s the time?
B: Five 35 and 27 seconds on April
28 2010, Year of the Tiger, Age
of Aquarius.!
Grice: Four maxims: Quantity!
18. 1. Fit utterances to the situation!
– A: What’s the time?
B: Five (May be no need to specify AM or
PM)!
– NOT!
– A: What’s the time?
B: In what language?!
Grice: Four maxims: Relevance!
• Sub-supermaxim: Be clear!
1. Avoid obscurity!
2. Avoid ambiguity!
3. Be brief!
4. Be orderly!
Grice: Four maxims: Manner!
Grice: Four maxims: Manner!
• A response can follow (“observe”) all
maxims!
• A: Where can I get petrol?
19. B: There’s a garage just around the
corner.!
– Cooperative: Quality: Assume truth!
– Cooperative: Quantity: Informative but not
overdone!
– Cooperative: Relevance: Garages have petrol,
around the corner is close!
– Cooperative: Manner: Clear, short, orderly!
Three kinds of cooperation!
A response can violate one or more maxims,
troubling the meaning!
• A: Where can I get petrol?
B: From a dinosaur?!
– Violating Relevance: Response does not deal
with the practical issue and thus is not helpful!
– Not cooperating still has meaning: Humour
(the light side); lying (the dark side). Can be
deliberate/non-deliberate, known/unknown by
hearer!
Three kinds of cooperation!
A response can flout one or more maxims,
requiring inference to find meaning!
• A: Can we play on the Wii?
20. M: Is your homework done?!
– Flouting of Relevance: Response does not
respond to the proposal to play!
– But assume cooperation: “Read between the
lines” to find a meaning that shows the response
to be cooperative. In this case, the proposal to
play is being made contingent upon completion
of homework!
Three kinds of cooperation!
We!
do!
things!
with words!
Speech Acts (“Performatives”)!
Meaning!
is!
co-operative!
Grice: Implicature and Cooperation!