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7.2 reconstruction and its effects 1865 1877

The Reconstruction Act of 1867 divided the Southern states into military districts headed by Union generals. It required the states to grant voting rights to African American men and ratify the 14th Amendment in order to be readmitted to the Union. Johnson vetoed the act but Congress overrode his veto. This set up a conflict between Johnson and the Radical Republicans that led to his impeachment for violating the Tenure of Office Act, though he was acquitted by one vote in the Senate trial. The election of 1868 was won by Ulysses S. Grant, signaling Republican control over Reconstruction.

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Reconstruction & Its Effects Section 1- The Politics of Reconstruction. Section 2- Reconstruction and Society Section 3- The Collapse of Reconstruction
Learning Goal: Analyze the debate about how to reunite the country, and determine the extent to which enacted Reconstruction policies achieved their goals. NJCCCS: 6.1.12.D.4.b
Warm Up- Focus & Motivate Identify ways in which one can resolve a conflict.
Andrew Johnson Succeeded Lincoln as President As president: Johnson faced a dilemma: Former congressman, governor, and Pardon or punish senator former Confederates Only senator from a Confederate state How to bring the [TN] to remain loyal to the Union defeated Confederate states back into the Former slave-owner, by 1863- Union supported abolition Hated wealthy s. planters, held them responsible for dragging poor whites into the war 1865- endorsed harsh punishment for Confederate leaders
The Little Boy is President Andrew Johnson, the artist believes that the Constitution is beyond his understanding, and that Johnson is not fit to be the President & not knowing the Constitution will harm him.
Johnson’s Political Problems Johnson was the Johnson was a ONLY Southern Democrat who broke Senator to remain ranks with his party to loyal to the Union run for VP with when the war broke Republican Abe out Lincoln As a result of his political history, which groups may have mistrusted Johnson? Republicans mistrusted Johnson because he was a Democrat Democrats mistrusted Johnson because he ran for office with a Republican Southerners mistrusted Johnson because he took the Union’s side in the war Northerners mistrusted Johnson because the feared he would have sympathy for the south
Plan for Reconstruction Reconstruction- [1865-1877] n. the period of rebuilding that followed the Civil War, during which the defeated Confederate states were readmitted to the Union. Complications quickly arose as Lincoln, Andrew Johnson, Congress had differing ideas on how Reconstruction should be handled. Before Lincoln’s death, he made it clear that he favored a lenient Reconstruction policy
Believed secession was constitutionally impossible and therefore the Confederate states had never left the Union Lincoln’s 10% Contended that it was individuals, not states, who Plan had rebelled & that the Constitution gave the president the power to pardon individuals. Wished to make the South’s return to the Union- quick & easy Dec. 1863- announced his Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction- aka the 10% Plan Gov’t would pardon all Confederates except for high-ranking officials & those accused of crimes against prisoners of war- who would swear allegiance to the Union 10% of those on the 1860 voting lists took this oath of allegiance, a Confederate state could form a new state gov’t & gain representation in Congress
Review- Summarizing  What was President Answer: To make the Lincoln’s planned South’s return as easy as approach to possible, he came up with Reconstruction? the Ten-Percent Plan. States could be readmitted if ten percent of voters took an oath.
Terms & Conditions 4 states- AR, LA, TN, VA moved towards readmission Lincoln’s moderate Reconstruction plan angered a minority of Republicans in Congress Radical Republicans- n. one of the congressional Republicans who, after the Civil War, wanted to destroy the political power of former slaveholders and to give African Americans full citizenship and the right to vote. Led by MA Senator- Charles Sumner and PA Representative Thaddeus Stevens 1865- African-American suffrage was truly radical; no other country that had abolished slavery had given former slaves the vote
Radical Reaction July- 1864, Radicals responded to 10% Plan: Wade-Davis Bill- n. a bill, passed in 1864 and vetoed by President Lincoln, that would have given Congress control of Reconstruction, and declared that for a state government to be formed, a majority would have to take a solemn oath to support the Constitution Lincoln used a pocket veto- when a bill is passed less than ten days before the end of a congressional session, the president can prevent its becoming law by simply ignoring it Radicals called Lincoln’s pocket veto an outrage and asserted that Congress had supreme authority over Reconstruction
Lincoln and African- Americans March 3rd, 1865- the Freedmen’s Lincoln outlawed discrimination on Bureau Bill- The Act, without account of color, in: deference to a person's carrying U.S. mail, color, authorized the Bureau to riding on public street cars in lease confiscated land for a period Washington D.C. of three years and to sell it in pay for soldiers portions of up to 40 acres per buyer. Lincoln also urged compensated emancipation for the slaves as he The Bureau was to expire one year thought the North should be after the termination of the War. willing to share the costs of freedom Lincoln was assassinated before he could appoint a commisioner
Johnson’s Plan Assassination in April 1865 left Andrew Johnson to deal with Reconstruction May 1865- while Congress was in recess, Johnson announced his own plan- Presidential Reconstruction Declared that AL, FL, GA, MS, NC, SC, TX could be admitted under several conditions Withdraw its secession, swearing allegiance to the Union Annul Confederate war debts Ratify the 13th Amendment- which abolished slavery To dismay of Radicals, Johnson’s plan differed little from Lincoln however Johnson wished to prevent most high-ranking Confederates and wealthy S. landowners from taking the oath Failed to address the needs of former slaves in 3 areas: land, voting rights, & protection under the law Plan relieved most white Southerners, Johnson’s support of states’ rights instead of a strong central gov’t reassured the s. states Johnson was not in favor of African-American suffrage, pardoned more than 13,000 Confederates believing: “white men alone must manage the South”
Confederate Reaction Remaining states quickly agreed to Johnson’s terms Within a few months, these states except TX held conventions to draw up new state constitutions or new state governments and elect reps. to Congress MI did not ratify the 13th Amendment December 18650 new S. legislators arrived in Washington to take their seats 58 previously sat in the Confederate Congress, 6 in a Confederate cabinet, 4 fought against the US as generals Johnson pardoned them all infuriating Radicals, and betraying African-Americans
Review- Contrasting  How did the views of Answer: Both presidents Presidents Lincoln and favored a lenient Johnson on approach to Reconstruction differ Southerners, while the from the views of the Radicals wanted to punish Radicals? the South severely and wanted to grant African Americans civil rights, including the vote.
Reconstruction hits a roadblock 39th Congress convened in Dec. 1865- Radical Republicans led by Stevens disputed Johnson’s claims that Reconstruction was completed Most believed the South was not much different from they way they were before the war Congress refused to admit the newly elected S. legislators Moderate Republicans pushed for new laws to remedy weaknesses in Johnson’s plan Feb. 1866- Congress voted to continue and enlarge the Freedmen’s Bureau- n. a federal agency set up to help former slaves after the Civil War. Assisted former slaves and poor whites with clothing and food as well as setting up 40 hospitals, 4,000 schools, 61 industrial institutes and 74 teacher-training centers
N. teachers- educating & training newly freed population Illus. in: Frank Leslie's illustrated newspaper, v. 23, 1866 Sept. 22, p. 5.
Civil Rights Act of 1866 2 months later, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866 Provided citizenship to African-Americans Forbade states from passing discriminatory laws Black codes- n. the discriminatory laws passed throughout the post-Civil-War South which severely restricted African Americans’ lives, prohibiting such activities as traveling without permits, carrying weapons, serving on juries, testifying against whites, and marrying whites. MS, SC had 1st enacted black codes in 1865, others followed suit Black codes had the effect of restoring many of the restrictions of slavery through their prohibitions Resentful whites used violence to keep blacks from improving their position in society Passage of Black codes indicated that the South had not given up the idea of African-Americans in bondage.
Review- Analyzing Causes  How did black codes help Answer: They convinced bring about the passage of Congress that African the Civil Rights Act of Americans needed federal 1866? laws to protect them.
Head-Quarters, District of Alabama,
Montgomery, Alabama, Oct. 10, 1867. Major-General O. O. Howard,
Commissioner Bureau Refugees and
“The Union As it Was” Representatives of the Ku Klux Klan & the White League shake hands over a cowering black family In the background on the right is a burning school houses, in the left is a lynching An October 24th, 1874 Harper's Magazine editorial cartoon by Thomas Nast denouncing KKK and White League murders of innocent blacks
A New Battle Emerges Johnson shocked everyone by vetoing the Freedmen’s Bureau Act and the Civil Rights Act Congress, Johnson stated: had gone far beyond anything “contemplated by the authors of the Constitution” Vetoes became the opening shots in a battle between President and Congress Johnson alienated moderate Republicans who were trying to On April 14, 1866, Thomas Nast drew a improve his Reconstruction Plan cartoon of "The Grand Masquerade Ball" Angered the Radicals by appearing to featuring large sketches of many of the support Southerners who denied celebrities of the day. Andrew Johnson is African-Americans their rights pictured kicking out the Freedmen’s Bureau with his veto, with scattered black people coming out of it.
Thomas Nast cartoon depicting the president as Iago betraying Othello, a wounded African- American Union soldier Andrew Johnson's Reconstruction and How It Works
Harper's Weekly, September 1, 1866
Moderates & Radicals Join Forces mid 1866, Republicans joined to override the vetoes of the Civil Rights Act and Freedmen’s Bureau Civil Rights Act of 1866- 1st major legis. ever enacted over a presidential veto Congress drafted the 14th Amendment- n. an amendment to the U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1868, that makes all persons born or naturalized in the United States— including former slaves—citizens of the country and guarantees equal protection of the laws. Amendment did not specifically give African Americans the vote, but set up provisions
The Woes of Ratification Congress adopted the 14th Amendment- sent it to the states for approval If the Southern states had voted to ratify it, most N. legislators & their constituents would have been satisfied to accept them back into the Union Johnson believed that the amendment treated former Confederate leaders too harshly and it was wrong to force states to accept an amendment that their legislators had no part in drafting Advised the S. to reject the amendment All but TN rejected it, preventing ratification until 1868
Review- Summarizing  What were the main benefits Answer: It made them that the 14th Amendment citizens, promised them due offered African Americans? process of law, and tried to discourage states from denying them suffrage by having states lose a % of its congressional power equal to the % of citizens kept from polls; and preventing Confederate leaders from holding federal or state offices unless they were permitted by a 2/3 vote of Congress
1866 Congressional Election ? Of who should control Reconstruction became a central issue in the 1866 congressional elections Johnson, accompanied by Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, went on a speaking tour, urging voters to elect representatives who agreed with his Reconstruction policy, urging voters to elect representatives who agreed with his policy Johnson offended many voters with his rough language and behavior Audiences jeered him but cheered Grant Race riots in Memphis and New Orleans caused the death of at least 80 African Americans Violence convinced Northern voters that the federal government must step in to protect former slaves 1866 elections, moderate and Radical Republicans won a landslide victory over Democrats Republicans gained a 2/3 majority vote to override presidential vetoes March 1867, 40th Congress was ready to move with their Reconstruction policy
Review- Analyzing Effects  What effect did the Answer: The election gave election of 1866 have on them a majority large Republicans’ ability to enough to pass laws and carry out their plan for override vetoes. Reconstruction?
Reconstruction Act of 1867 Did not recognize state In order for a state to reenter governments formed under the Union, its constitution Lincoln/Johnson plans- except TN had to ensure African- which ratified the 14th American men the vote and Amendment ratify the 14th Amendment Act divided the other ten Johnson vetoed the Confederate states into 5 military Reconstruction Act of 1867- districts, each headed by a Union believing it was in conflict General with the Constitution The voters in the Congress promptly overrode districts, including African- the veto. American men- would elect delegates to conventions in which new state constitutions would be drafted
Johnson Impeached Radical voters felt Pres. Johnson was not carrying out his constitutional obligation to enforce the Reconstruction Act. Johnson removed military officers who attempted to enforce the Act Looked for grounds to impeach- v. to formally charge an official with misconduct in office. The House of Representatives has the sole power to impeach federal officials. They are then tried in the Senate. March 1867- Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act- stated that the president could not remove cabinet officers “during the term of the president by whom they may have been appointed” without the consent of the Senate Used to protect Sec. of War- Edward Stanton, the Radicals’ ally
Johnson w/ others was certain the Tenure of Office Act was unconstitutional Forced a court test of the act, Johnson fired Sec. of War Stanton Provided the Radicals with the opportunity they needed- the House brought 11 charges of impeachment against Johnson, 9 which were based on his violation of the Tenure of Office Act Johnson’s lawyers disputed these charges by pointing out that Lincoln, not Johnson, had appointed Sec. Stanton- so the act did not apply Johnson’s trial before the Senate took place from March to May 1868 On the day the final vote was taken at the trial, tension mounted Vote- 35 to 19, one short of the 2/3rds majority needed
How does this cartoon show reaction tojob, however many Johnson Johnson was happy, glad to keep his the results of the citizens, newspaper writers & editors & politicians wanted Johnson to impeachment trial? be removed.
Conclusion What caused Andrew Johnson’s impeachment: Presidential wrong-doing or politics? Johnson opposed many civil rights actions supported by Radical Republicans He believed that the Federal Government was forcing its will on States Radical Republicans called for RADICAL change, and passed the Tenure of Office Act, knowing Johnson would violate it Johnson was a victim of politics because he broke an unjust law
Election of 1868 Democrats knew they could not win with Johnson- they nominated wartime gov. of NY- Horatio Seymour Republican opponent- Ulysses S. Grant Grant won by a wide margin in the electoral college, popular vote was less decisive Only a majority of 306,592 votes 500,000 Southern African Americans had voted most for Grant, bringing home the importance of the African American vote to the Republican Party.
The 15 th Amendment Fearful of pro-Confederate S. Whites trying to limit black suffrage, Radicals introduced the 15th Amendment- n. an amendment to the U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1870, that prohibits the denial of voting rights to people because of their race or color or because they have previously been slaves. Affected N. states as well, many barred African-American suffrage Ratified by the states in 1870, important victory for Radicals Some S. government refused to enforce the 14th & 15th Amendments, some white S. used violence to prevent African Americans from exercising their rights
Summarizer Do you think the Radical Republicans were justified in impeaching President Johnson? Why or why not? Think About: The controversy over Reconstruction policies The meaning of the Tenure of Office Act Johnson’s vetoes
Reconstructing Society Learning Goal: NJCCCS: Relate conflicting political, economic, social, and sectional perspectives on Reconstruction to the resistance of some Southern individuals and states. 6.1.12.D.4.d
Warm Up- Focus & Motivate How does one decide where to start when they have to clean up a very big mess? What are some ways to approach a massive cleanup and restoration effort?
Tales from the Reconstruction Robert G. Fitzgerald, African American b. DE- 1840 Served in the U.S. Army. Navy & 1866- Freedmen’s Bureau Sent to VA to teach former slaves: reading writing, spelling, arithmetic, geography Labored diligently against illiteracy and poverty forced upon African Americans
Conditions in the Postwar South Under the congressional Reconstruction program, S. voters elected new, Republican-dominated governments 1868- AL, AR, FL, LA, NC, SC reentered the Union Remaining 4 entered in 1870 Republicans did not end the process of Reconstruction b/c they wanted to make economic changes in the south
Physical & Economic Conditions S. had to physically rebuild battle-scarred region Sherman estimated that his troops alone had destroyed about $100 mil. worth of Confederate property in GA & SC Charred buildings, twisted rr tracks, demolished bridges, neglected road, abandoned farms all had to be replaced Property values plummeted Those who invested in Confederate bonds had little hope of recovering their money Small farms ruined AL- wealth capita among whites dropped from $18,000 in 1860 to $3,000 in 1870 1/5 of adult white Confederate men died in the war Many who survived were maimed for life 10s of 1000s of S. African American men also died either fighting for the Union or in Confederate labor camps
Public Work Programs Republican governments built roads, bridges, rr, established orphanages and institutions for the care of mentally ill and disabled people Projects were expensive, few financial resources were available and N. capitalists were reluctant to invest in the region To raise money, S. state gov’t increased taxes of all kinds, draining existing resources and slowing the region’s recovery
Review- Identifying Problems  What were the main postwar problems that Reconstruction governments in the South had to solve? Answer: Repairing physical damage; meeting social needs such as education; raising money.
Politics in the Postwar South Scalawags- n. a white Southerner who Carpetbaggers- n. a Northerner who moved to joined the Republican Party after the the South after the Civil War. Civil War. Name originated from the belief that N. Some hoped to gain political office with arrived w/ few belongings that everything the help of the African-American vote could fit in a carpetbag and then use those offices to enrich themselves Most white S. believed that the carpetbaggers wanted to exploit the S.’s postwar turmoil for S. Democrats unfairly pointed to these profit few as representative of all white S. Republicans Carpetbaggers had mixed motives Some felt the Republican gov’t offered Some were Freedmen’s Bureau the best chance for the S. to rebuild and agents, teachers, and ministers who felt a industrialize moral duty to help former slaves Mostly small farmers who wanted to Others wanted to buy land or hoped to start improve their eco. & pol. position & new industries legitimately prevent the planters from regaining powers Others lived up to the reputation
Review- Comparing  What were some Answer: Some similarities in the goals of carpetbaggers and scalawags and scalawags shared the goal carpetbaggers? Of of making a profit. Some carpetbaggers and African African Americans and Americans? some carpetbaggers shared the goal of improving African-American lives.
★Unwelcome Guest- 1872★ Thomas Nast [1840-1902] Cartoon from a S. Democratic newspaper depicts Carl Shurz, a liberal Republican who advocated legal equality for African Americans. Shurz is shown as a carpetbagger trudging down a dusty S. road as a crowd of people watch his arrival. 1. Is Shurz shown in a positive or negative light? How can you tell? 2. Why do you think the cartoonist portrays the S. people standing in a group, far away from Shurz?
African Americans as Voters Gained rights as of 15th Amendment 9:10 supported the Republican Party Relatively few could read & write, but eager to exercise voting rights Almost 90% of the qualified African-Americans voted 1868- N. in AL observed that “in defiance of fatigue, hardship, hunger, and threats of employers”- African- Woodcut from a newspaper showing a freedmen voting Americans still flocked to the polls. in D.C.- June 1867
Political Differences Conflicting goals led to disunity in the Republican Party Few scalawags shared the Republican commitment to civil rights & suffrage for African Americans, over time many returned to the Democratic party Some Republican governors began to appoint white Democrats to office to persuade more white voters to vote Republican Policy backfired- convinced very few white Democrats to change parties and the blacks felt betrayed New states of African Americans required fundamental changes in the attitudes of most S. whites Some whites supported the Republicans during Reconstruction & thought the end of slavery would ultimately benefit the S. Some s. farmers & merchants though that investment by M. would help the S. recover from the war Many white S. refused to accept blacks’ new status and resisted equal rights White S. had to accept defeat and the day-to-day involvement of N. in their lives Several thousand planters emigrated to Europe, Mexico or Brazil after the war
Review- Analyzing Motives  What do you think the Answer: They may have former Confederates who hoped to start a new life emigrated hoped to in a country where they accomplish? wouldn’t be reminded of their defeat.
Former Slaves Face Many Challenges Slaves had been forbidden to travel without permission, to marry legally, to attend school, and to live and work as they chose. After the war, 4 million former slaves gained the chance to take control of their lives
New-Won Freedoms At first many former slaves were cautious about testing the limits of their freedom Without land, jobs, tools, money, and with few skills besides those of farming, what could they do? Thousands were eager to leave plantations they associated with oppression and moved to S. towns and cities to find jobs 1865-1870: African American population of the 10 largest S. cities doubled
Reunification of Families Slavery split many families apart Many freed African Americans took adv. of their new mobility to search for loves ones 1865- one man walked +600 mi. from GA to NC to find his wife/children Freedmen’s Bureau worked to reunite families African-American newspapers pointed to “Information Wanted” notices about missing relatives Many cases never found Now could legally marry and raise children w/out fear of them being sold Reconstructing families was important to est. an identity as freed people
Education Nearly 80% of freed African Americans over 20 were illiterate in 1870 [due to being punished if they tried to learn] Freed people of all ages sought education African Americans est. educational inst. Inc. Freedmen’s Bureau and African-American churches Hampton Institute in VA 1870- $1mil. spent of Edu. Teachers were N whites, however some blacks became teachers- 1869- black teachers outnumbered whites Some white S. responded with violence- i.e. Washington Eager, murdered b/c he could read & write 1877- 600,000 were enrolled in elementary schools
Churches & Volunteer Groups Resenting the preachers who urged slaves to obey their masters, slaves created “praise meetings” African Americans after the war founded Baptist or Methodist churches African-American ministers emerged as influential community leaders playing an important role in political life Thousands formed volunteers organizations like fire companies, trade associations, political organizations and drama groups Fostered independence & provided financial & emotional support for members Offered African Americans opportunities to gain leadership skills
Politics & African Americans 1865-1877 saw growing African- Americans in pols. Held office in local, state and fed. Gov’t Ministers or teachers who had been edu. in the N. Even though pop. in the same were nearly =, black officeholders were a minority Only SC had a black majority in state legislature Out of 125 S. elected to Congress during congressional Reconstruction, only 16 were black i.e.- Hiram Revels- the 1st African American Senator
Review- Summarizing  How did freed African Answer: They searched Americans try to improve for missing family their lives? members, sought an education, formed churches and volunteer groups, and built up their political power.
Laws Against Segregation By the end of 1866 most Republican S. states repealed black codes African-American legis. Proposed desegregation of public transportation 1871- TX passed a law prohibiting rr from making distinctions b/w passengers State orphanages, had separate facilities for white and black children African Americans focused more on building up the black community than total integration Schools, churches, political, social organizations that were separate allowed the focus on African American leadership & escape from white interference
Changes in the Southern Economy
40 Acres + A Mule Jan. 1865- Sherman had promised Many freedmen asserted they deserved the freed slaves who followed his part of the planters’ land army 40 acres per family & the use of army mules AL black convention argued that the property was earned through black labor Afterward- 40,000 freed persons settled on 400,000 abandoned or Thaddeus Stevens called for government forfeited acres in coastal GA & SC confiscation and redistribution Farmed until Aug. 1865- Pres. Republicans considered it wrong to seize Johnson ordered the original property landowners be allowed to reclaim their land & evict former slaves 1866- Homestead Act- set aside 44 million acres in the S. for freed blacks and loyal whites, land was swampy & unsuitable for farming + few homesteaders had resources- seed, tools, plows and horses to farm successfully
Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Passed on July 21, 1866, the Southern Homestead Act opened up 46 million acres of public land for sale in 160-acre plots in the Southern states of Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Louisia na, and Mississippi. The primary beneficiaries for the first six months were freedmen who were in desperate need of land to till. Before too much land was distributed, however, the law was repealed in June 1876
Review- Identifying Problems  What caused land-reform Answer: Many proposals to fail? Republicans in Congress thought it was wrong to take citizens’ private property, land set aside was unsuitable for farming, and former slaves lacked farming supplies.
Restoration of Plantations Some former slaves worked in Economic necessity forced many former mills or railroad-construction slaves to sign labor contracts w/ planters crews In exchange for wages, housing, and Others tried subsistence food, freedmen worked in the fields farming- just enough for their own families Freedmen’s Bureau promoted this wage- labor system, arrangement did not satisfy To stop this, white planters freedmen or planters were determined to keep former slaves from getting Freedmen though the wages were too low land that they could use to support themselves White employers had too much control over them Planters often lacked sufficient cash to pay workers Conditions led to an experiment: sharecropping and tenant farming
Sharecropping and Tenant Farming sharecropping n. a system in tenant farming n. a system which landowners give farm in which farm workers workers land, seed, and tools supply their own tools and in return for a part of the rent farmland for cash. crops they raise. Possibility for moving up Annual renewing of economic ladder to become arrangement owners Most farmers bought their supplies on credit, and inflated prices Rarely harvested enough crops to pay for both past debts and future supplies
Cotton No Longer King During the war demand for S. cotton had begun to drop, as other countries had their own production means Prices plummeted 1869- 16.5 cents per pound, by 1870s- 8 cents per pound Instead of diversifying their crops, s. planters tried to make up for lower prices by growing more- leading to oversupply that drove prices down more Textile mills sprang up, and tobacco-product planting took hold Diversification helped raise the average wage in the S. though it was still lower than N. workers State banks were saddled with Confederate debts- loans made to the Confederate government Banks awaited repayment, mostly never came Many banks failed, credit only given by local merchants Rippled into 20th century life Many whites frustrated took anger out on African Americans- late 1860s and early 1870s, white groups embarked on terrorizing African Americans into giving up their political rights and economic improvement
Review- Analyzing Causes  What factors contributed Answer: Confederate to the stagnation of the debts, declining demand Southern economy? and falling prices for cotton, and the ongoing impact of Civil War devastation.
Summarizer In a chart, list 5 problems facing the South after the Civil War and at least 1 attempted solution for each: Problem Attempted Solution
The Collapse of Reconstruction Learning Goal: Analyze the impact of the Civil War and the 14th Amendment on the development of the country and on the relationship between the national and state governments. NJCCCS: 6.1.12.D.4.e
Warm Up- How would you react when you have a good idea, but don’t have the money to implement it? If you were in the political arena, how would you deal with opponents who had the money or power you lacked?
Institutional Racism 1868- White GA legis.- maj. in both houses, expelled 27 black members of the state senate and HoR New state constitution gave African Americans the right to vote, but not to hold office Outraged, Henry M. Turner, an African-American legis. Became a leading proponent of African- American emigration to Africa Expelled legis. petitioned the U.S. Congress, eventually were reinstated By the time they acted, more than a year later, the terms of Turner and colleagues were almost at an end
Opposition to Reconstruction W. Southerners who took Most W. S. swallowed direct action against resentment African-American participation in gov’t were Some bitter ones relied on the minority violence
Ku Klux Klan Ku Klux Klan (KKK) n. a secret organization that used terrorist tactics in an attempt to restore white supremacy in Southern states after the Civil War. Founded as a social club for Confederate veterans Began in TN in 1866 1868- existed in every S. state Goals: Prevent African Americans from exercising their political rights b/w 1868-1871- killed thousands of men, women, and children & burned schools, churches and property
Klan Victims & Goals Majority of Klan victims were African-American, Whites who helped [edu., renting land, buying their crops] Klan obj: turn the Republicans out of power NC state senator, John Stephens- answered warning that his life was in danger by saying that 3,000 African American voters had supported him at the risk “of persecution and starvation” and that he would not abandon them. Stephens was assassinated in 1870.
Mississippi Burning Klan members tried to conceal their identifies S. Democrats openly used violence to intimidate Republicans before the 1875 state election in MS Democrats rioted & attacked Republican leaders & prominent African Americans Terrorist campaign frightened the African-American majority away from the polls W. Democratic candidates swept the election Democrats used similar tactics to win 1876 elections in FL, SC, LA
Review- Analyzing Motives  What were the goals of Answer: To destroy the the KKK? Republican Party, oust the Reconstruction governments, help planters control African- American laborers, and prevent African Americans from exercising their political rights.
Economic Pressure Klan & other secret groups tried to prevent African Americans from making economic [& political] progress African Americans who owned their own land or worked in occupations other than agriculture were subject to attacks & destruction or property Economic necessity forced most former slaves to work for whites as wage laborers or share-croppers Some W. S. refused to hired or do business with blacks revealed to have voted Republican This fear led to many former slaves refusing to vote
Legislative Response To curtail Klan violence & Democratic intimidation, Congress passed a series of Enforcement Act in 1870 & 1871 One provided for federal supervision of elections in S. states Another act gave the president the power to use federal troops in areas where the Klan was active Grant was not aggressive in his use of the power given to him 1882- Supreme Court ruled the 1871 Enforcement Act unconstitutional Federal enforcement of anti-Klan legislation was limited, it did contribute to a decrease in Klan activities in the late 1870s By 1880, terrorist groups managed to restore white supremacy throughout the South Klan no longer needed such organized activity to limit the political and civil rights of most African Americans
Review- Identifying Problems  Why was the government Answer: Grant chose not weak in its ability to to exercise the power confront the Klan? given to him by the Enforcement Acts, and the Supreme Court later struck down one of the acts.
Shifts in Political Power Congress passed legis. that severely weakened the Republican Party in the South Amnesty Act- May 1872- Congress returned the right to vote and the right to hold federal and state offices- revoked by the 14th Amendment- to about 150,000 former Confederates Congress allowed the Freedmen’s Bureau to expire, believing it had fulfilled its purpose S. Democrats had an opportunity to shift the balance of political power Amnesty- a pardon granted by a government, especially for political offenses
Scandals & Money Crises Hurt Republicans S. Republicans struggled to maintain their hold on Reconstruction governments Widespread political corruption in the federal government weakened their party During the 1870s, scandals plagued Grant’s administration Scandals diverted public attention away from conditions in the South.
Cartoon showing Ulysses S. Grant, as an acrobat, on trapeze "third term," holding on to "whiskey ring" and "Navy ring," with strap "corruption" in his mouth, holding up other acrobats, Shepard, George M. Robeson, William W. Belknap, Murphy, Williams, a nd Orville E. Babcock. Illus. in: Puck, v. 6, 1880 Feb. 4, pp. 782-783.
Fraud & Bribery Grant was considered an honest man, however he had no political experience Found it difficult to believe that others might use him for his own political advantage Appointed friends and acquaintances, rather than those with abilities Grant’s appointees turned out to be dishonest
SCANDAL Beginning- 1872- long-simmering scandals associated with Grant’s admin. boiled over Newspaper exposed how the Crédit Mobilier, a construction company for Union Pacific Railroad, had skimmed off large profits from the railroad’s government contract Several top Republicans including VP Schuyler Colfax were implicated
“Depiction of Uncle Sam scolding party participants for eating his cake, which is labeled "Crédit Mobilier" in this 1873 political cartoon titled "Injured Innocents." Crédit Mobilier was a company created to underwrite the construction of the transcontinental Union Pacific Railroad. The company sold shares at low rates or gave away shares to influential congress members in return for political favors." A scheme that was eventually exposed in 1872. It was a scheme used by the Union Pacific Railroad. They were overcharging construction costs to taxpayers and manipulating the share prices of Crédit Mobilier of America. IMPORTANCE: Another example of the gilded age and corruption. The government had little economic regulations over big businesses so scandals or monopolies such as this were common.
Republican Unity SHATTERED A group of Republicans, angered by Democrats also nominated the corruption formed the Liberal Greeley believing a united Republican Party in 1872 effort was needed to oust Grant hoped to oust Grant in the presidential election Greeley lost in 1872 to Grant by a wide margin Chose Horace Greeley, editor of the New York Tribune and a vocal pre- Physically exhausted by Civil War abolitionist as their campaigning, Greeley died a candidate few weeks after the election- before the electoral college Greeley supported abolition & made his defeat official. 14th, 15th Amendments Breakdown of Republican Broke with Radicals by calling for unity made it harder for universal amnesty for Confederates Radicals to continue to & an end to military rule in the impose their Reconstruction South plan on the South Claimed Reconstruction served its purpose and former slaves should fend for themselves
Whiskey Ring Scandal 1875- Whiskey Ring scandal exposed Internal-revenue collectors & other officials accepted bribes from whiskey distillers Distillers who wanted to avoid paying taxes on their product Conspiracy defrauded the federal government millions of dollars 1 of the 238 implicated officials was Grant’s private secretary: Gen. Orville E. Babcock Grant: “I hope I get to the bottom soon”
Trading Post Ring: 1876- More Scandal investigation revealed Sec. of War- William W. Belknap accepted bribes from merchants who wanted to keep their profitable trading concessions in Indian territory HoR- impeached Belknap, who resigned Cattelism: George Robeson, Sec. of the Navy took bribes from shipbuilders, Delano Affair: Columbus Delano,Sec. of the Interior, had shady deals with land speculators Increasing disgust and blatant corruption in the Grant administration let to him not seeking reelection in 1876.
Review- Summarizing  Gives examples of corruption in the Grant administration. Answer: Crédit Mobilier, The Whiskey Ring, the Delano Affair, Cattelism, accepta nce of bribes, dishonest dealings, etc.
The Panic of 1873 Economy had been expanding Not enough investors bought shares since the end of the Civil in Cooke’s RR lines to cover the War, investors became convinced ballooning construction that business profits would costs, resulting in Cooke not being continue to increase indefinitely able to pay his debts N. & S. investors borrowed Sept. of 1873- Cooke’s banking increasing amounts of $$ to build firm, the nation’s largest dealer in new facilities in the South as government securities, went quickly as possible to take bankrupt- seeing off a new financial advantage of new business depression opportunities. panic of 1873 n. a series of Unfortunately, many took on more financial failures that triggered a debt than they could afford five-year depression in the United States. Philly banker named Jay Cooke invested heavily in RRs w/in a yr.- 89 RR went broke, 1875- 18,000 companies had folded, 3 million workers were unemployed
BANK PANIC CARTOON, 1873. 'Out of the Ruins.' Thomas Nast's depiction of President Ulysses S. Grant as the nation's financial savior following 'Black Friday,’ Date: September 19th, 1873.
Despite the ghastly appearance of the figure representing financial panic, this New York Daily Graphic cover cartoon of September 29, 1873, subscribed to the belief that such financial “busts” cleansed the economy, weeding out inefficient businesses and allowing the strong to survive.
Review- Predicting Effects  What effect do you think Answer: People may have the panic of 1873 might blamed the Republicans have had on the for the panic and lost Republican Party? their faith in their ability to govern.
Currency Dispute Economic depression following the In Contrast- S. & W. farmers & panic of 1873 fueled dispute over manufactures, wanted the gov’t to currency issue more greenbacks During Civil War, federal gov’t Believed that “easy $”- a lrg. $ supply began to issue greenbacks, paper would help pay off debts money that was not backed by equal value in gold 1875- Congress passed the Specie Resumption Act, promised to put the War ended, financial experts country back on the gold standard advocated withdrawing the greenbacks and returning to Act sparked debate over monetary currency backed by gold policies Action would have reduced # of $ in Economy improved beginning in circulation 1878, controversy died down Debate over $ in the 1970s drew the attention of voters & politicians away from Reconstruction
Judicial & Popular Support Fades 1874- S. Democratic senator: “Radicalism is dissolving- going to pieces” W/ political scandals, economic problems, & the restoration of political rights to former Confederate Democrats seriously weakened the Radical Republicans Supreme Court began to undo the social & political changes that the Radicals had made
Supreme Court Decisions During 1870s- Court issued series of decisions that undermined both the 14th & 15th Amendments Slaughterhouse cases of 1873- Court decided that the 14th Amendment protected only the rights people had by virtue of their citizenship in the U.S. Right of interstate travel Right to federal protection when traveling on the high seas & abroad Courts contended most of Americans’ basic civil rights were obtained through their citizenship in a state that the amendment did not protect those rights U.S. v. Cruikshank 1876, Court ruled the 14th Amendment did not give the federal government the right to punish individual whites who oppressed blacks U.S. v. Reese, Court ruled in favor of officials who had barred African Americans from voting, stating the 15th Amendment did not “confer the right of suffrage on anyone” but merely listed grounds on which states could not deny suffrage Late 1870s, Supreme Court’s restrictive rulings had narrowed the scope of these amendments so much the fed. Gov’t no longer had much power to protect the rights of African Americans Although the Supreme Court would later overturn them, these decisions impeded African Americans’ efforts to gain equality for years to come
Review- Analyzing Effects  How did the Answer: The decisions Slaughterhouse and Reese hurt African Americans’ decisions affect African pursuit of civil rights by Americans’ pursuit of civil limiting the federal rights? government’s ability to protect those rights
Northern Support Fades As Supreme Court rejected Both judicial and public support Reconstruction policies in the decreased, Republicans began to back 1870s, N. voters grew indifferent to away from Reconstruction events in the S. Impassioned Radicals- Charles Sumner Weary of “the Negro question” & sick & Thaddeus Stevens, were dead of “carpetbag gov’t”- N. Voters shifted attention to Panic of 1873 & Business interests diverted the attention corruption in the Grant of both moderates and Radicals administration Scalawags and Carpetbaggers deserted Desire for reconciliation b/w the the Republican Party regions spread throughout the N. Republicans gradually came to believe Political violence continued in the S. that gov’t could not impose the moral & African Americans were denied and social changes needed for former civil & political rights, the tide of slaves to make progress in the South public opinion in the N. began to turn against Reconstruction policies. Republicans slowly retreated from Reconstruction
Review- Analyzing Effects  Why did Northern Answer: Political scandal, attitudes toward the panic of 1873, a desire Reconstruction change? for reconciliation, and Republicans’ faltering commitment to Reconstruction drew the North’s attention away from the problems of Reconstruction.
Democrats “Redeem” the South b/w 1869 & 1875 Democrats Tiden helped clean up the graft that recaptured the state governments of flourished under the corrupt Tweed AL, AR, GA, MS, NC, TN, TX, VA Ring redemption n. the Southern Tiden won the popular vote but fell Democrats’ term for their return to one short of the electoral votes and power in the South in the 1870s. 20 electoral votes were disputed Congressional Reconstruction Congress appointed a commission officially came to an end with to deal with the problem national election of 1876 Omission, which had a Republican 1876- Grant decided not to run for majority gave the election to the a 3rd term, Republicans chose Ohio Republican, Hayes, even though he gov. Rutherford B. Hayes, received a minority of the popular Democrats chose Gov. Samuel J. vote Tiden of NY
Election of 1876 1st time in U.S. history, a candidate who had lost the popular election became the president Party leaders made a deal Republicans controlled the electoral commission, Democrats controlled the HoR which had to approve the election results S. Democrats were willing to accept Hayes if they got something in return
Compromise of 1870 Compromise of 1877 n. a series of congressional measures under which the Democrats agreed to accept the Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes as president, even though he had lost the popular vote. The measures included the withdrawal of federal troops from Southern states, federal money for improving Southern infrastructure, and the appointment of a conservative Southern cabinet member. Acceptance of Compromise meant the end of the Reconstruction
Home Rule in the South After Republicans & Democrats Democrats achieved: home rule n. a disputed the results in LA and SC’s state’s powers of governing its elections, both states ended up with citizens without federal government 2 rival state gov’ts involvement. Hayes removed federal troops in So-called Redeemers set out to those states, Democrats took over rescue the South from what they viewed as a decade of FL had questionable election mismanagement by returns, but state supreme court Northerners, Republicans & ruled in favor of the Democrats African Americans Republicans no longer controlled Passed laws that restricted the rights the government of any Southern of African Americans, wiped out state. social programs, slashed taxes, and dismantled public schools
Review- Analyzing Causes  How did the Compromise Answer: The of 1877 bring about the compromise end of Reconstruction? included the withdrawal of federal troops from the South. Without enforcement, Recon struction measures ended, and Democrats took over Southern governments.
Legacy of Reconstruction Reconstruction ended w/out much real progress in the battle against discrimination Radical Republicans made several serious mistakes 1st- assumed that extending certain civil rights to freed persons would enable them to protect themselves through participation in gov’t, especially in lawmaking Congress did not adequately protect those rights, & the Supreme Court undermined them 2nd- Radicals balked at distributing land to former slaves, preventing them from becoming economically independent of the landowning planter class Finally- Radicals did not fully realize the extend to which deep-seated racism in society would weaken the changes that Congress tried to make
Not a Complete Failure 13th Amendment permanently abolished slavery in all of the states Radical Republicans succeeded in passing the 14th & 15th Amendments, and although the Supreme Court narrowed the interpretation during they 1870s- they remained a part of the Constitution 20th Century- amendments provided the necessary constitutional foundation for important civil rights legislation During Reconstruction, African Americans had founded many black colleges & volunteers organizations, and the % of literate African Americans had gradually increased Memory of this time of expanding opportunities lives in the African-American community and inspire the fight to regain civil rights.
7.2 reconstruction and its effects 1865 1877

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7.2 reconstruction and its effects 1865 1877

  • 1.
    Reconstruction & ItsEffects Section 1- The Politics of Reconstruction. Section 2- Reconstruction and Society Section 3- The Collapse of Reconstruction
  • 2.
    Learning Goal: Analyzethe debate about how to reunite the country, and determine the extent to which enacted Reconstruction policies achieved their goals. NJCCCS: 6.1.12.D.4.b
  • 3.
    Warm Up- Focus& Motivate Identify ways in which one can resolve a conflict.
  • 4.
    Andrew Johnson Succeeded Lincolnas President As president: Johnson faced a dilemma: Former congressman, governor, and Pardon or punish senator former Confederates Only senator from a Confederate state How to bring the [TN] to remain loyal to the Union defeated Confederate states back into the Former slave-owner, by 1863- Union supported abolition Hated wealthy s. planters, held them responsible for dragging poor whites into the war 1865- endorsed harsh punishment for Confederate leaders
  • 5.
    The Little Boyis President Andrew Johnson, the artist believes that the Constitution is beyond his understanding, and that Johnson is not fit to be the President & not knowing the Constitution will harm him.
  • 6.
    Johnson’s Political Problems Johnson was the Johnson was a ONLY Southern Democrat who broke Senator to remain ranks with his party to loyal to the Union run for VP with when the war broke Republican Abe out Lincoln As a result of his political history, which groups may have mistrusted Johnson? Republicans mistrusted Johnson because he was a Democrat Democrats mistrusted Johnson because he ran for office with a Republican Southerners mistrusted Johnson because he took the Union’s side in the war Northerners mistrusted Johnson because the feared he would have sympathy for the south
  • 7.
    Plan for Reconstruction Reconstruction-[1865-1877] n. the period of rebuilding that followed the Civil War, during which the defeated Confederate states were readmitted to the Union. Complications quickly arose as Lincoln, Andrew Johnson, Congress had differing ideas on how Reconstruction should be handled. Before Lincoln’s death, he made it clear that he favored a lenient Reconstruction policy
  • 8.
    Believed secession wasconstitutionally impossible and therefore the Confederate states had never left the Union Lincoln’s 10% Contended that it was individuals, not states, who Plan had rebelled & that the Constitution gave the president the power to pardon individuals. Wished to make the South’s return to the Union- quick & easy Dec. 1863- announced his Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction- aka the 10% Plan Gov’t would pardon all Confederates except for high-ranking officials & those accused of crimes against prisoners of war- who would swear allegiance to the Union 10% of those on the 1860 voting lists took this oath of allegiance, a Confederate state could form a new state gov’t & gain representation in Congress
  • 9.
    Review- Summarizing  Whatwas President Answer: To make the Lincoln’s planned South’s return as easy as approach to possible, he came up with Reconstruction? the Ten-Percent Plan. States could be readmitted if ten percent of voters took an oath.
  • 10.
    Terms & Conditions 4states- AR, LA, TN, VA moved towards readmission Lincoln’s moderate Reconstruction plan angered a minority of Republicans in Congress Radical Republicans- n. one of the congressional Republicans who, after the Civil War, wanted to destroy the political power of former slaveholders and to give African Americans full citizenship and the right to vote. Led by MA Senator- Charles Sumner and PA Representative Thaddeus Stevens 1865- African-American suffrage was truly radical; no other country that had abolished slavery had given former slaves the vote
  • 12.
    Radical Reaction July- 1864, Radicals responded to 10% Plan: Wade-Davis Bill- n. a bill, passed in 1864 and vetoed by President Lincoln, that would have given Congress control of Reconstruction, and declared that for a state government to be formed, a majority would have to take a solemn oath to support the Constitution Lincoln used a pocket veto- when a bill is passed less than ten days before the end of a congressional session, the president can prevent its becoming law by simply ignoring it Radicals called Lincoln’s pocket veto an outrage and asserted that Congress had supreme authority over Reconstruction
  • 13.
    Lincoln and African- Americans March 3rd, 1865- the Freedmen’s Lincoln outlawed discrimination on Bureau Bill- The Act, without account of color, in: deference to a person's carrying U.S. mail, color, authorized the Bureau to riding on public street cars in lease confiscated land for a period Washington D.C. of three years and to sell it in pay for soldiers portions of up to 40 acres per buyer. Lincoln also urged compensated emancipation for the slaves as he The Bureau was to expire one year thought the North should be after the termination of the War. willing to share the costs of freedom Lincoln was assassinated before he could appoint a commisioner
  • 14.
    Johnson’s Plan Assassination inApril 1865 left Andrew Johnson to deal with Reconstruction May 1865- while Congress was in recess, Johnson announced his own plan- Presidential Reconstruction Declared that AL, FL, GA, MS, NC, SC, TX could be admitted under several conditions Withdraw its secession, swearing allegiance to the Union Annul Confederate war debts Ratify the 13th Amendment- which abolished slavery To dismay of Radicals, Johnson’s plan differed little from Lincoln however Johnson wished to prevent most high-ranking Confederates and wealthy S. landowners from taking the oath Failed to address the needs of former slaves in 3 areas: land, voting rights, & protection under the law Plan relieved most white Southerners, Johnson’s support of states’ rights instead of a strong central gov’t reassured the s. states Johnson was not in favor of African-American suffrage, pardoned more than 13,000 Confederates believing: “white men alone must manage the South”
  • 15.
    Confederate Reaction Remaining statesquickly agreed to Johnson’s terms Within a few months, these states except TX held conventions to draw up new state constitutions or new state governments and elect reps. to Congress MI did not ratify the 13th Amendment December 18650 new S. legislators arrived in Washington to take their seats 58 previously sat in the Confederate Congress, 6 in a Confederate cabinet, 4 fought against the US as generals Johnson pardoned them all infuriating Radicals, and betraying African-Americans
  • 16.
    Review- Contrasting  Howdid the views of Answer: Both presidents Presidents Lincoln and favored a lenient Johnson on approach to Reconstruction differ Southerners, while the from the views of the Radicals wanted to punish Radicals? the South severely and wanted to grant African Americans civil rights, including the vote.
  • 17.
    Reconstruction hits a roadblock 39th Congress convened in Dec. 1865- Radical Republicans led by Stevens disputed Johnson’s claims that Reconstruction was completed Most believed the South was not much different from they way they were before the war Congress refused to admit the newly elected S. legislators Moderate Republicans pushed for new laws to remedy weaknesses in Johnson’s plan Feb. 1866- Congress voted to continue and enlarge the Freedmen’s Bureau- n. a federal agency set up to help former slaves after the Civil War. Assisted former slaves and poor whites with clothing and food as well as setting up 40 hospitals, 4,000 schools, 61 industrial institutes and 74 teacher-training centers
  • 18.
    N. teachers- educating& training newly freed population Illus. in: Frank Leslie's illustrated newspaper, v. 23, 1866 Sept. 22, p. 5.
  • 19.
    Civil Rights Actof 1866 2 months later, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866 Provided citizenship to African-Americans Forbade states from passing discriminatory laws Black codes- n. the discriminatory laws passed throughout the post-Civil-War South which severely restricted African Americans’ lives, prohibiting such activities as traveling without permits, carrying weapons, serving on juries, testifying against whites, and marrying whites. MS, SC had 1st enacted black codes in 1865, others followed suit Black codes had the effect of restoring many of the restrictions of slavery through their prohibitions Resentful whites used violence to keep blacks from improving their position in society Passage of Black codes indicated that the South had not given up the idea of African-Americans in bondage.
  • 20.
    Review- Analyzing Causes How did black codes help Answer: They convinced bring about the passage of Congress that African the Civil Rights Act of Americans needed federal 1866? laws to protect them.
  • 21.
    Head-Quarters, District of Alabama,
Montgomery,Alabama, Oct. 10, 1867. Major-General O. O. Howard,
Commissioner Bureau Refugees and
  • 22.
    “The Union Asit Was” Representatives of the Ku Klux Klan & the White League shake hands over a cowering black family In the background on the right is a burning school houses, in the left is a lynching An October 24th, 1874 Harper's Magazine editorial cartoon by Thomas Nast denouncing KKK and White League murders of innocent blacks
  • 23.
    A New Battle Emerges Johnson shocked everyone by vetoing the Freedmen’s Bureau Act and the Civil Rights Act Congress, Johnson stated: had gone far beyond anything “contemplated by the authors of the Constitution” Vetoes became the opening shots in a battle between President and Congress Johnson alienated moderate Republicans who were trying to On April 14, 1866, Thomas Nast drew a improve his Reconstruction Plan cartoon of "The Grand Masquerade Ball" Angered the Radicals by appearing to featuring large sketches of many of the support Southerners who denied celebrities of the day. Andrew Johnson is African-Americans their rights pictured kicking out the Freedmen’s Bureau with his veto, with scattered black people coming out of it.
  • 24.
    Thomas Nast cartoon depicting the president as Iago betraying Othello, a wounded African- American Union soldier Andrew Johnson's Reconstruction and How It Works
Harper's Weekly, September 1, 1866
  • 25.
    Moderates & RadicalsJoin Forces mid 1866, Republicans joined to override the vetoes of the Civil Rights Act and Freedmen’s Bureau Civil Rights Act of 1866- 1st major legis. ever enacted over a presidential veto Congress drafted the 14th Amendment- n. an amendment to the U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1868, that makes all persons born or naturalized in the United States— including former slaves—citizens of the country and guarantees equal protection of the laws. Amendment did not specifically give African Americans the vote, but set up provisions
  • 26.
    The Woes ofRatification Congress adopted the 14th Amendment- sent it to the states for approval If the Southern states had voted to ratify it, most N. legislators & their constituents would have been satisfied to accept them back into the Union Johnson believed that the amendment treated former Confederate leaders too harshly and it was wrong to force states to accept an amendment that their legislators had no part in drafting Advised the S. to reject the amendment All but TN rejected it, preventing ratification until 1868
  • 27.
    Review- Summarizing  Whatwere the main benefits Answer: It made them that the 14th Amendment citizens, promised them due offered African Americans? process of law, and tried to discourage states from denying them suffrage by having states lose a % of its congressional power equal to the % of citizens kept from polls; and preventing Confederate leaders from holding federal or state offices unless they were permitted by a 2/3 vote of Congress
  • 28.
    1866 Congressional Election ?Of who should control Reconstruction became a central issue in the 1866 congressional elections Johnson, accompanied by Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, went on a speaking tour, urging voters to elect representatives who agreed with his Reconstruction policy, urging voters to elect representatives who agreed with his policy Johnson offended many voters with his rough language and behavior Audiences jeered him but cheered Grant Race riots in Memphis and New Orleans caused the death of at least 80 African Americans Violence convinced Northern voters that the federal government must step in to protect former slaves 1866 elections, moderate and Radical Republicans won a landslide victory over Democrats Republicans gained a 2/3 majority vote to override presidential vetoes March 1867, 40th Congress was ready to move with their Reconstruction policy
  • 29.
    Review- Analyzing Effects What effect did the Answer: The election gave election of 1866 have on them a majority large Republicans’ ability to enough to pass laws and carry out their plan for override vetoes. Reconstruction?
  • 30.
    Reconstruction Act of1867 Did not recognize state In order for a state to reenter governments formed under the Union, its constitution Lincoln/Johnson plans- except TN had to ensure African- which ratified the 14th American men the vote and Amendment ratify the 14th Amendment Act divided the other ten Johnson vetoed the Confederate states into 5 military Reconstruction Act of 1867- districts, each headed by a Union believing it was in conflict General with the Constitution The voters in the Congress promptly overrode districts, including African- the veto. American men- would elect delegates to conventions in which new state constitutions would be drafted
  • 33.
    Johnson Impeached Radical voters felt Pres. Johnson was not carrying out his constitutional obligation to enforce the Reconstruction Act. Johnson removed military officers who attempted to enforce the Act Looked for grounds to impeach- v. to formally charge an official with misconduct in office. The House of Representatives has the sole power to impeach federal officials. They are then tried in the Senate. March 1867- Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act- stated that the president could not remove cabinet officers “during the term of the president by whom they may have been appointed” without the consent of the Senate Used to protect Sec. of War- Edward Stanton, the Radicals’ ally
  • 34.
    Johnson w/ otherswas certain the Tenure of Office Act was unconstitutional Forced a court test of the act, Johnson fired Sec. of War Stanton Provided the Radicals with the opportunity they needed- the House brought 11 charges of impeachment against Johnson, 9 which were based on his violation of the Tenure of Office Act Johnson’s lawyers disputed these charges by pointing out that Lincoln, not Johnson, had appointed Sec. Stanton- so the act did not apply Johnson’s trial before the Senate took place from March to May 1868 On the day the final vote was taken at the trial, tension mounted Vote- 35 to 19, one short of the 2/3rds majority needed
  • 35.
    How does thiscartoon show reaction tojob, however many Johnson Johnson was happy, glad to keep his the results of the citizens, newspaper writers & editors & politicians wanted Johnson to impeachment trial? be removed.
  • 36.
    Conclusion What caused AndrewJohnson’s impeachment: Presidential wrong-doing or politics? Johnson opposed many civil rights actions supported by Radical Republicans He believed that the Federal Government was forcing its will on States Radical Republicans called for RADICAL change, and passed the Tenure of Office Act, knowing Johnson would violate it Johnson was a victim of politics because he broke an unjust law
  • 37.
    Election of 1868 Democratsknew they could not win with Johnson- they nominated wartime gov. of NY- Horatio Seymour Republican opponent- Ulysses S. Grant Grant won by a wide margin in the electoral college, popular vote was less decisive Only a majority of 306,592 votes 500,000 Southern African Americans had voted most for Grant, bringing home the importance of the African American vote to the Republican Party.
  • 38.
    The 15 th Amendment Fearful of pro-Confederate S. Whites trying to limit black suffrage, Radicals introduced the 15th Amendment- n. an amendment to the U.S. Constitution, adopted in 1870, that prohibits the denial of voting rights to people because of their race or color or because they have previously been slaves. Affected N. states as well, many barred African-American suffrage Ratified by the states in 1870, important victory for Radicals Some S. government refused to enforce the 14th & 15th Amendments, some white S. used violence to prevent African Americans from exercising their rights
  • 39.
    Summarizer Do you thinkthe Radical Republicans were justified in impeaching President Johnson? Why or why not? Think About: The controversy over Reconstruction policies The meaning of the Tenure of Office Act Johnson’s vetoes
  • 40.
    Reconstructing Society Learning Goal: NJCCCS:Relate conflicting political, economic, social, and sectional perspectives on Reconstruction to the resistance of some Southern individuals and states. 6.1.12.D.4.d
  • 41.
    Warm Up- Focus& Motivate How does one decide where to start when they have to clean up a very big mess? What are some ways to approach a massive cleanup and restoration effort?
  • 42.
    Tales from theReconstruction Robert G. Fitzgerald, African American b. DE- 1840 Served in the U.S. Army. Navy & 1866- Freedmen’s Bureau Sent to VA to teach former slaves: reading writing, spelling, arithmetic, geography Labored diligently against illiteracy and poverty forced upon African Americans
  • 43.
    Conditions in thePostwar South Under the congressional Reconstruction program, S. voters elected new, Republican-dominated governments 1868- AL, AR, FL, LA, NC, SC reentered the Union Remaining 4 entered in 1870 Republicans did not end the process of Reconstruction b/c they wanted to make economic changes in the south
  • 44.
    Physical & EconomicConditions S. had to physically rebuild battle-scarred region Sherman estimated that his troops alone had destroyed about $100 mil. worth of Confederate property in GA & SC Charred buildings, twisted rr tracks, demolished bridges, neglected road, abandoned farms all had to be replaced Property values plummeted Those who invested in Confederate bonds had little hope of recovering their money Small farms ruined AL- wealth capita among whites dropped from $18,000 in 1860 to $3,000 in 1870 1/5 of adult white Confederate men died in the war Many who survived were maimed for life 10s of 1000s of S. African American men also died either fighting for the Union or in Confederate labor camps
  • 45.
    Public Work Programs Republican governments built roads, bridges, rr, established orphanages and institutions for the care of mentally ill and disabled people Projects were expensive, few financial resources were available and N. capitalists were reluctant to invest in the region To raise money, S. state gov’t increased taxes of all kinds, draining existing resources and slowing the region’s recovery
  • 46.
    Review- Identifying Problems What were the main postwar problems that Reconstruction governments in the South had to solve? Answer: Repairing physical damage; meeting social needs such as education; raising money.
  • 47.
    Politics in thePostwar South Scalawags- n. a white Southerner who Carpetbaggers- n. a Northerner who moved to joined the Republican Party after the the South after the Civil War. Civil War. Name originated from the belief that N. Some hoped to gain political office with arrived w/ few belongings that everything the help of the African-American vote could fit in a carpetbag and then use those offices to enrich themselves Most white S. believed that the carpetbaggers wanted to exploit the S.’s postwar turmoil for S. Democrats unfairly pointed to these profit few as representative of all white S. Republicans Carpetbaggers had mixed motives Some felt the Republican gov’t offered Some were Freedmen’s Bureau the best chance for the S. to rebuild and agents, teachers, and ministers who felt a industrialize moral duty to help former slaves Mostly small farmers who wanted to Others wanted to buy land or hoped to start improve their eco. & pol. position & new industries legitimately prevent the planters from regaining powers Others lived up to the reputation
  • 48.
    Review- Comparing  Whatwere some Answer: Some similarities in the goals of carpetbaggers and scalawags and scalawags shared the goal carpetbaggers? Of of making a profit. Some carpetbaggers and African African Americans and Americans? some carpetbaggers shared the goal of improving African-American lives.
  • 49.
    ★Unwelcome Guest- 1872★ Thomas Nast [1840-1902] Cartoon from a S. Democratic newspaper depicts Carl Shurz, a liberal Republican who advocated legal equality for African Americans. Shurz is shown as a carpetbagger trudging down a dusty S. road as a crowd of people watch his arrival. 1. Is Shurz shown in a positive or negative light? How can you tell? 2. Why do you think the cartoonist portrays the S. people standing in a group, far away from Shurz?
  • 50.
    African Americans asVoters Gained rights as of 15th Amendment 9:10 supported the Republican Party Relatively few could read & write, but eager to exercise voting rights Almost 90% of the qualified African-Americans voted 1868- N. in AL observed that “in defiance of fatigue, hardship, hunger, and threats of employers”- African- Woodcut from a newspaper showing a freedmen voting Americans still flocked to the polls. in D.C.- June 1867
  • 51.
    Political Differences Conflicting goalsled to disunity in the Republican Party Few scalawags shared the Republican commitment to civil rights & suffrage for African Americans, over time many returned to the Democratic party Some Republican governors began to appoint white Democrats to office to persuade more white voters to vote Republican Policy backfired- convinced very few white Democrats to change parties and the blacks felt betrayed New states of African Americans required fundamental changes in the attitudes of most S. whites Some whites supported the Republicans during Reconstruction & thought the end of slavery would ultimately benefit the S. Some s. farmers & merchants though that investment by M. would help the S. recover from the war Many white S. refused to accept blacks’ new status and resisted equal rights White S. had to accept defeat and the day-to-day involvement of N. in their lives Several thousand planters emigrated to Europe, Mexico or Brazil after the war
  • 52.
    Review- Analyzing Motives What do you think the Answer: They may have former Confederates who hoped to start a new life emigrated hoped to in a country where they accomplish? wouldn’t be reminded of their defeat.
  • 53.
    Former Slaves FaceMany Challenges Slaves had been forbidden to travel without permission, to marry legally, to attend school, and to live and work as they chose. After the war, 4 million former slaves gained the chance to take control of their lives
  • 54.
    New-Won Freedoms At firstmany former slaves were cautious about testing the limits of their freedom Without land, jobs, tools, money, and with few skills besides those of farming, what could they do? Thousands were eager to leave plantations they associated with oppression and moved to S. towns and cities to find jobs 1865-1870: African American population of the 10 largest S. cities doubled
  • 55.
    Reunification of Families Slavery split many families apart Many freed African Americans took adv. of their new mobility to search for loves ones 1865- one man walked +600 mi. from GA to NC to find his wife/children Freedmen’s Bureau worked to reunite families African-American newspapers pointed to “Information Wanted” notices about missing relatives Many cases never found Now could legally marry and raise children w/out fear of them being sold Reconstructing families was important to est. an identity as freed people
  • 56.
    Education Nearly 80% offreed African Americans over 20 were illiterate in 1870 [due to being punished if they tried to learn] Freed people of all ages sought education African Americans est. educational inst. Inc. Freedmen’s Bureau and African-American churches Hampton Institute in VA 1870- $1mil. spent of Edu. Teachers were N whites, however some blacks became teachers- 1869- black teachers outnumbered whites Some white S. responded with violence- i.e. Washington Eager, murdered b/c he could read & write 1877- 600,000 were enrolled in elementary schools
  • 57.
    Churches & VolunteerGroups Resenting the preachers who urged slaves to obey their masters, slaves created “praise meetings” African Americans after the war founded Baptist or Methodist churches African-American ministers emerged as influential community leaders playing an important role in political life Thousands formed volunteers organizations like fire companies, trade associations, political organizations and drama groups Fostered independence & provided financial & emotional support for members Offered African Americans opportunities to gain leadership skills
  • 58.
    Politics & AfricanAmericans 1865-1877 saw growing African- Americans in pols. Held office in local, state and fed. Gov’t Ministers or teachers who had been edu. in the N. Even though pop. in the same were nearly =, black officeholders were a minority Only SC had a black majority in state legislature Out of 125 S. elected to Congress during congressional Reconstruction, only 16 were black i.e.- Hiram Revels- the 1st African American Senator
  • 59.
    Review- Summarizing  Howdid freed African Answer: They searched Americans try to improve for missing family their lives? members, sought an education, formed churches and volunteer groups, and built up their political power.
  • 60.
    Laws Against Segregation Bythe end of 1866 most Republican S. states repealed black codes African-American legis. Proposed desegregation of public transportation 1871- TX passed a law prohibiting rr from making distinctions b/w passengers State orphanages, had separate facilities for white and black children African Americans focused more on building up the black community than total integration Schools, churches, political, social organizations that were separate allowed the focus on African American leadership & escape from white interference
  • 61.
    Changes in theSouthern Economy
  • 62.
    40 Acres +A Mule Jan. 1865- Sherman had promised Many freedmen asserted they deserved the freed slaves who followed his part of the planters’ land army 40 acres per family & the use of army mules AL black convention argued that the property was earned through black labor Afterward- 40,000 freed persons settled on 400,000 abandoned or Thaddeus Stevens called for government forfeited acres in coastal GA & SC confiscation and redistribution Farmed until Aug. 1865- Pres. Republicans considered it wrong to seize Johnson ordered the original property landowners be allowed to reclaim their land & evict former slaves 1866- Homestead Act- set aside 44 million acres in the S. for freed blacks and loyal whites, land was swampy & unsuitable for farming + few homesteaders had resources- seed, tools, plows and horses to farm successfully
  • 63.
    Southern Homestead Actof 1866 Passed on July 21, 1866, the Southern Homestead Act opened up 46 million acres of public land for sale in 160-acre plots in the Southern states of Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Louisia na, and Mississippi. The primary beneficiaries for the first six months were freedmen who were in desperate need of land to till. Before too much land was distributed, however, the law was repealed in June 1876
  • 64.
    Review- Identifying Problems What caused land-reform Answer: Many proposals to fail? Republicans in Congress thought it was wrong to take citizens’ private property, land set aside was unsuitable for farming, and former slaves lacked farming supplies.
  • 65.
    Restoration of Plantations Someformer slaves worked in Economic necessity forced many former mills or railroad-construction slaves to sign labor contracts w/ planters crews In exchange for wages, housing, and Others tried subsistence food, freedmen worked in the fields farming- just enough for their own families Freedmen’s Bureau promoted this wage- labor system, arrangement did not satisfy To stop this, white planters freedmen or planters were determined to keep former slaves from getting Freedmen though the wages were too low land that they could use to support themselves White employers had too much control over them Planters often lacked sufficient cash to pay workers Conditions led to an experiment: sharecropping and tenant farming
  • 66.
    Sharecropping and Tenant Farming sharecropping n. a system in tenant farming n. a system which landowners give farm in which farm workers workers land, seed, and tools supply their own tools and in return for a part of the rent farmland for cash. crops they raise. Possibility for moving up Annual renewing of economic ladder to become arrangement owners Most farmers bought their supplies on credit, and inflated prices Rarely harvested enough crops to pay for both past debts and future supplies
  • 68.
    Cotton No LongerKing During the war demand for S. cotton had begun to drop, as other countries had their own production means Prices plummeted 1869- 16.5 cents per pound, by 1870s- 8 cents per pound Instead of diversifying their crops, s. planters tried to make up for lower prices by growing more- leading to oversupply that drove prices down more Textile mills sprang up, and tobacco-product planting took hold Diversification helped raise the average wage in the S. though it was still lower than N. workers State banks were saddled with Confederate debts- loans made to the Confederate government Banks awaited repayment, mostly never came Many banks failed, credit only given by local merchants Rippled into 20th century life Many whites frustrated took anger out on African Americans- late 1860s and early 1870s, white groups embarked on terrorizing African Americans into giving up their political rights and economic improvement
  • 69.
    Review- Analyzing Causes What factors contributed Answer: Confederate to the stagnation of the debts, declining demand Southern economy? and falling prices for cotton, and the ongoing impact of Civil War devastation.
  • 70.
    Summarizer In a chart,list 5 problems facing the South after the Civil War and at least 1 attempted solution for each: Problem Attempted Solution
  • 71.
    The Collapse of Reconstruction Learning Goal: Analyze the impact of the Civil War and the 14th Amendment on the development of the country and on the relationship between the national and state governments. NJCCCS: 6.1.12.D.4.e
  • 72.
    Warm Up- How wouldyou react when you have a good idea, but don’t have the money to implement it? If you were in the political arena, how would you deal with opponents who had the money or power you lacked?
  • 73.
    Institutional Racism 1868- WhiteGA legis.- maj. in both houses, expelled 27 black members of the state senate and HoR New state constitution gave African Americans the right to vote, but not to hold office Outraged, Henry M. Turner, an African-American legis. Became a leading proponent of African- American emigration to Africa Expelled legis. petitioned the U.S. Congress, eventually were reinstated By the time they acted, more than a year later, the terms of Turner and colleagues were almost at an end
  • 74.
    Opposition to Reconstruction W. Southerners who took Most W. S. swallowed direct action against resentment African-American participation in gov’t were Some bitter ones relied on the minority violence
  • 75.
    Ku Klux Klan KuKlux Klan (KKK) n. a secret organization that used terrorist tactics in an attempt to restore white supremacy in Southern states after the Civil War. Founded as a social club for Confederate veterans Began in TN in 1866 1868- existed in every S. state Goals: Prevent African Americans from exercising their political rights b/w 1868-1871- killed thousands of men, women, and children & burned schools, churches and property
  • 76.
    Klan Victims &Goals Majority of Klan victims were African-American, Whites who helped [edu., renting land, buying their crops] Klan obj: turn the Republicans out of power NC state senator, John Stephens- answered warning that his life was in danger by saying that 3,000 African American voters had supported him at the risk “of persecution and starvation” and that he would not abandon them. Stephens was assassinated in 1870.
  • 77.
    Mississippi Burning Klan memberstried to conceal their identifies S. Democrats openly used violence to intimidate Republicans before the 1875 state election in MS Democrats rioted & attacked Republican leaders & prominent African Americans Terrorist campaign frightened the African-American majority away from the polls W. Democratic candidates swept the election Democrats used similar tactics to win 1876 elections in FL, SC, LA
  • 78.
    Review- Analyzing Motives What were the goals of Answer: To destroy the the KKK? Republican Party, oust the Reconstruction governments, help planters control African- American laborers, and prevent African Americans from exercising their political rights.
  • 79.
    Economic Pressure Klan &other secret groups tried to prevent African Americans from making economic [& political] progress African Americans who owned their own land or worked in occupations other than agriculture were subject to attacks & destruction or property Economic necessity forced most former slaves to work for whites as wage laborers or share-croppers Some W. S. refused to hired or do business with blacks revealed to have voted Republican This fear led to many former slaves refusing to vote
  • 80.
    Legislative Response To curtailKlan violence & Democratic intimidation, Congress passed a series of Enforcement Act in 1870 & 1871 One provided for federal supervision of elections in S. states Another act gave the president the power to use federal troops in areas where the Klan was active Grant was not aggressive in his use of the power given to him 1882- Supreme Court ruled the 1871 Enforcement Act unconstitutional Federal enforcement of anti-Klan legislation was limited, it did contribute to a decrease in Klan activities in the late 1870s By 1880, terrorist groups managed to restore white supremacy throughout the South Klan no longer needed such organized activity to limit the political and civil rights of most African Americans
  • 81.
    Review- Identifying Problems Why was the government Answer: Grant chose not weak in its ability to to exercise the power confront the Klan? given to him by the Enforcement Acts, and the Supreme Court later struck down one of the acts.
  • 82.
    Shifts in PoliticalPower Congress passed legis. that severely weakened the Republican Party in the South Amnesty Act- May 1872- Congress returned the right to vote and the right to hold federal and state offices- revoked by the 14th Amendment- to about 150,000 former Confederates Congress allowed the Freedmen’s Bureau to expire, believing it had fulfilled its purpose S. Democrats had an opportunity to shift the balance of political power Amnesty- a pardon granted by a government, especially for political offenses
  • 83.
    Scandals & Money Crises Hurt Republicans S. Republicans struggled to maintain their hold on Reconstruction governments Widespread political corruption in the federal government weakened their party During the 1870s, scandals plagued Grant’s administration Scandals diverted public attention away from conditions in the South.
  • 84.
    Cartoon showing UlyssesS. Grant, as an acrobat, on trapeze "third term," holding on to "whiskey ring" and "Navy ring," with strap "corruption" in his mouth, holding up other acrobats, Shepard, George M. Robeson, William W. Belknap, Murphy, Williams, a nd Orville E. Babcock. Illus. in: Puck, v. 6, 1880 Feb. 4, pp. 782-783.
  • 85.
    Fraud & Bribery Grantwas considered an honest man, however he had no political experience Found it difficult to believe that others might use him for his own political advantage Appointed friends and acquaintances, rather than those with abilities Grant’s appointees turned out to be dishonest
  • 86.
    SCANDAL Beginning- 1872- long-simmering scandals associated with Grant’s admin. boiled over Newspaper exposed how the Crédit Mobilier, a construction company for Union Pacific Railroad, had skimmed off large profits from the railroad’s government contract Several top Republicans including VP Schuyler Colfax were implicated
  • 87.
    “Depiction of UncleSam scolding party participants for eating his cake, which is labeled "Crédit Mobilier" in this 1873 political cartoon titled "Injured Innocents." Crédit Mobilier was a company created to underwrite the construction of the transcontinental Union Pacific Railroad. The company sold shares at low rates or gave away shares to influential congress members in return for political favors." A scheme that was eventually exposed in 1872. It was a scheme used by the Union Pacific Railroad. They were overcharging construction costs to taxpayers and manipulating the share prices of Crédit Mobilier of America. IMPORTANCE: Another example of the gilded age and corruption. The government had little economic regulations over big businesses so scandals or monopolies such as this were common.
  • 88.
    Republican Unity SHATTERED Agroup of Republicans, angered by Democrats also nominated the corruption formed the Liberal Greeley believing a united Republican Party in 1872 effort was needed to oust Grant hoped to oust Grant in the presidential election Greeley lost in 1872 to Grant by a wide margin Chose Horace Greeley, editor of the New York Tribune and a vocal pre- Physically exhausted by Civil War abolitionist as their campaigning, Greeley died a candidate few weeks after the election- before the electoral college Greeley supported abolition & made his defeat official. 14th, 15th Amendments Breakdown of Republican Broke with Radicals by calling for unity made it harder for universal amnesty for Confederates Radicals to continue to & an end to military rule in the impose their Reconstruction South plan on the South Claimed Reconstruction served its purpose and former slaves should fend for themselves
  • 89.
    Whiskey Ring Scandal 1875-Whiskey Ring scandal exposed Internal-revenue collectors & other officials accepted bribes from whiskey distillers Distillers who wanted to avoid paying taxes on their product Conspiracy defrauded the federal government millions of dollars 1 of the 238 implicated officials was Grant’s private secretary: Gen. Orville E. Babcock Grant: “I hope I get to the bottom soon”
  • 90.
    Trading Post Ring:1876- More Scandal investigation revealed Sec. of War- William W. Belknap accepted bribes from merchants who wanted to keep their profitable trading concessions in Indian territory HoR- impeached Belknap, who resigned Cattelism: George Robeson, Sec. of the Navy took bribes from shipbuilders, Delano Affair: Columbus Delano,Sec. of the Interior, had shady deals with land speculators Increasing disgust and blatant corruption in the Grant administration let to him not seeking reelection in 1876.
  • 92.
    Review- Summarizing  Gives examples of corruption in the Grant administration. Answer: Crédit Mobilier, The Whiskey Ring, the Delano Affair, Cattelism, accepta nce of bribes, dishonest dealings, etc.
  • 93.
    The Panic of1873 Economy had been expanding Not enough investors bought shares since the end of the Civil in Cooke’s RR lines to cover the War, investors became convinced ballooning construction that business profits would costs, resulting in Cooke not being continue to increase indefinitely able to pay his debts N. & S. investors borrowed Sept. of 1873- Cooke’s banking increasing amounts of $$ to build firm, the nation’s largest dealer in new facilities in the South as government securities, went quickly as possible to take bankrupt- seeing off a new financial advantage of new business depression opportunities. panic of 1873 n. a series of Unfortunately, many took on more financial failures that triggered a debt than they could afford five-year depression in the United States. Philly banker named Jay Cooke invested heavily in RRs w/in a yr.- 89 RR went broke, 1875- 18,000 companies had folded, 3 million workers were unemployed
  • 94.
    BANK PANIC CARTOON, 1873. 'Outof the Ruins.' Thomas Nast's depiction of President Ulysses S. Grant as the nation's financial savior following 'Black Friday,’ Date: September 19th, 1873.
  • 95.
    Despite the ghastly appearanceof the figure representing financial panic, this New York Daily Graphic cover cartoon of September 29, 1873, subscribed to the belief that such financial “busts” cleansed the economy, weeding out inefficient businesses and allowing the strong to survive.
  • 96.
    Review- Predicting Effects What effect do you think Answer: People may have the panic of 1873 might blamed the Republicans have had on the for the panic and lost Republican Party? their faith in their ability to govern.
  • 97.
    Currency Dispute Economic depressionfollowing the In Contrast- S. & W. farmers & panic of 1873 fueled dispute over manufactures, wanted the gov’t to currency issue more greenbacks During Civil War, federal gov’t Believed that “easy $”- a lrg. $ supply began to issue greenbacks, paper would help pay off debts money that was not backed by equal value in gold 1875- Congress passed the Specie Resumption Act, promised to put the War ended, financial experts country back on the gold standard advocated withdrawing the greenbacks and returning to Act sparked debate over monetary currency backed by gold policies Action would have reduced # of $ in Economy improved beginning in circulation 1878, controversy died down Debate over $ in the 1970s drew the attention of voters & politicians away from Reconstruction
  • 98.
    Judicial & PopularSupport Fades 1874- S. Democratic senator: “Radicalism is dissolving- going to pieces” W/ political scandals, economic problems, & the restoration of political rights to former Confederate Democrats seriously weakened the Radical Republicans Supreme Court began to undo the social & political changes that the Radicals had made
  • 99.
    Supreme Court Decisions During1870s- Court issued series of decisions that undermined both the 14th & 15th Amendments Slaughterhouse cases of 1873- Court decided that the 14th Amendment protected only the rights people had by virtue of their citizenship in the U.S. Right of interstate travel Right to federal protection when traveling on the high seas & abroad Courts contended most of Americans’ basic civil rights were obtained through their citizenship in a state that the amendment did not protect those rights U.S. v. Cruikshank 1876, Court ruled the 14th Amendment did not give the federal government the right to punish individual whites who oppressed blacks U.S. v. Reese, Court ruled in favor of officials who had barred African Americans from voting, stating the 15th Amendment did not “confer the right of suffrage on anyone” but merely listed grounds on which states could not deny suffrage Late 1870s, Supreme Court’s restrictive rulings had narrowed the scope of these amendments so much the fed. Gov’t no longer had much power to protect the rights of African Americans Although the Supreme Court would later overturn them, these decisions impeded African Americans’ efforts to gain equality for years to come
  • 100.
    Review- Analyzing Effects How did the Answer: The decisions Slaughterhouse and Reese hurt African Americans’ decisions affect African pursuit of civil rights by Americans’ pursuit of civil limiting the federal rights? government’s ability to protect those rights
  • 101.
    Northern Support Fades AsSupreme Court rejected Both judicial and public support Reconstruction policies in the decreased, Republicans began to back 1870s, N. voters grew indifferent to away from Reconstruction events in the S. Impassioned Radicals- Charles Sumner Weary of “the Negro question” & sick & Thaddeus Stevens, were dead of “carpetbag gov’t”- N. Voters shifted attention to Panic of 1873 & Business interests diverted the attention corruption in the Grant of both moderates and Radicals administration Scalawags and Carpetbaggers deserted Desire for reconciliation b/w the the Republican Party regions spread throughout the N. Republicans gradually came to believe Political violence continued in the S. that gov’t could not impose the moral & African Americans were denied and social changes needed for former civil & political rights, the tide of slaves to make progress in the South public opinion in the N. began to turn against Reconstruction policies. Republicans slowly retreated from Reconstruction
  • 102.
    Review- Analyzing Effects Why did Northern Answer: Political scandal, attitudes toward the panic of 1873, a desire Reconstruction change? for reconciliation, and Republicans’ faltering commitment to Reconstruction drew the North’s attention away from the problems of Reconstruction.
  • 104.
    Democrats “Redeem” theSouth b/w 1869 & 1875 Democrats Tiden helped clean up the graft that recaptured the state governments of flourished under the corrupt Tweed AL, AR, GA, MS, NC, TN, TX, VA Ring redemption n. the Southern Tiden won the popular vote but fell Democrats’ term for their return to one short of the electoral votes and power in the South in the 1870s. 20 electoral votes were disputed Congressional Reconstruction Congress appointed a commission officially came to an end with to deal with the problem national election of 1876 Omission, which had a Republican 1876- Grant decided not to run for majority gave the election to the a 3rd term, Republicans chose Ohio Republican, Hayes, even though he gov. Rutherford B. Hayes, received a minority of the popular Democrats chose Gov. Samuel J. vote Tiden of NY
  • 105.
    Election of 1876 1sttime in U.S. history, a candidate who had lost the popular election became the president Party leaders made a deal Republicans controlled the electoral commission, Democrats controlled the HoR which had to approve the election results S. Democrats were willing to accept Hayes if they got something in return
  • 106.
    Compromise of 1870 Compromise of 1877 n. a series of congressional measures under which the Democrats agreed to accept the Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes as president, even though he had lost the popular vote. The measures included the withdrawal of federal troops from Southern states, federal money for improving Southern infrastructure, and the appointment of a conservative Southern cabinet member. Acceptance of Compromise meant the end of the Reconstruction
  • 107.
    Home Rule inthe South After Republicans & Democrats Democrats achieved: home rule n. a disputed the results in LA and SC’s state’s powers of governing its elections, both states ended up with citizens without federal government 2 rival state gov’ts involvement. Hayes removed federal troops in So-called Redeemers set out to those states, Democrats took over rescue the South from what they viewed as a decade of FL had questionable election mismanagement by returns, but state supreme court Northerners, Republicans & ruled in favor of the Democrats African Americans Republicans no longer controlled Passed laws that restricted the rights the government of any Southern of African Americans, wiped out state. social programs, slashed taxes, and dismantled public schools
  • 108.
    Review- Analyzing Causes How did the Compromise Answer: The of 1877 bring about the compromise end of Reconstruction? included the withdrawal of federal troops from the South. Without enforcement, Recon struction measures ended, and Democrats took over Southern governments.
  • 109.
    Legacy of Reconstruction Reconstructionended w/out much real progress in the battle against discrimination Radical Republicans made several serious mistakes 1st- assumed that extending certain civil rights to freed persons would enable them to protect themselves through participation in gov’t, especially in lawmaking Congress did not adequately protect those rights, & the Supreme Court undermined them 2nd- Radicals balked at distributing land to former slaves, preventing them from becoming economically independent of the landowning planter class Finally- Radicals did not fully realize the extend to which deep-seated racism in society would weaken the changes that Congress tried to make
  • 110.
    Not a CompleteFailure 13th Amendment permanently abolished slavery in all of the states Radical Republicans succeeded in passing the 14th & 15th Amendments, and although the Supreme Court narrowed the interpretation during they 1870s- they remained a part of the Constitution 20th Century- amendments provided the necessary constitutional foundation for important civil rights legislation During Reconstruction, African Americans had founded many black colleges & volunteers organizations, and the % of literate African Americans had gradually increased Memory of this time of expanding opportunities lives in the African-American community and inspire the fight to regain civil rights.