2 physiology-of-deglutition
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The document summarizes the physiology of deglutition (swallowing) in three stages: 1) oral stage where food is prepared in the mouth and propelled to the oropharynx, 2) pharyngeal stage where the nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal isthmuses close and the larynx elevates to prevent aspiration as the food bolus passes, and 3) esophageal stage where peristalsis propels the bolus through the esophagus and into the stomach through relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter. Key events in each stage include tongue movement, closure of the larynx, contraction of the pharyngeal constrictor muscles, and opening/closing of
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Anatomy of Submandibular Gland
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Introduction
Suprahyoid muscle and its embryology
Relation of mylohyoid and digastric muscle
Submandibular gland and duct
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Sublingual gland and duct ,it’s development and histology.
Submandibular ganglion and its relations
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The document discusses the physiology of deglutition or swallowing. It describes how swallowing involves coordinated muscle activity to move food from the mouth to the stomach through three phases - oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal. The oral phase prepares food for swallowing through chewing and mixing with saliva. The pharyngeal phase is a reflex that protects the airway and involves tongue pumping and epiglottis closure. The esophageal phase relaxes the lower esophageal sphincter to allow food passage through peristalsis. Neural control involves both voluntary and involuntary pathways in the brain and medulla to coordinate the complex swallowing process.
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This document summarizes pathways of taste sensation. It discusses the primary tastes of sour, salty, sweet, and bitter mediated by different chemical receptors in the taste buds. Taste buds are located on the tongue and contain receptors that transmit signals to the CNS in response to soluble stimuli. The threshold for detecting different tastes and mechanisms of taste stimulation and transmission are described. Clinical considerations of taste disorders and medicines affecting taste are reviewed. The roles of saliva, taste preferences, and diet control are also mentioned.
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Deglutition involves the coordinated passage of food from the mouth to the stomach through three phases - oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal. During the oral phase, tongue movements prepare and transfer food into a bolus. In the pharyngeal phase, swallowing becomes reflexive as the bolus passes through the pharynx, with the soft palate and epiglottis protecting the airway. The esophageal phase propels the bolus through peristaltic contractions into the stomach. Swallowing is controlled by brain centers that coordinate the complex activity of muscles and nerves to allow for breathing and swallowing while preventing food from entering the airway.
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3. During the pharyngeal stage, the bolus is pushed from the oropharynx to the hypopharynx through tongue and pharyngeal muscle contractions before entering the esophagus. The esophageal stage then transports the bolus to the stomach through peristaltic waves.
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The document discusses the physiology of deglutition or swallowing. It describes the structures involved, the three stages of swallowing - oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal. The oral stage involves preparing and moving the bolus to the back of the throat. The pharyngeal stage is a reflex that moves the bolus into the esophagus while protecting the airway. The esophageal stage moves the bolus through peristalsis into the stomach. Swallowing is coordinated by both cortical and brainstem centers and involves multiple cranial nerves.
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This document discusses the physiology of swallowing. It involves three phases - oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal. The oral phase involves preparing and moving food to the back of the throat using tongue and jaw muscles. The pharyngeal phase is involuntary and uses throat muscles to push food to the esophagus. The esophageal phase uses peristaltic waves to move food to the stomach through the esophagus. Swallowing is coordinated by brainstem centers and involves various cranial nerves and muscles.
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The document discusses the facial artery, which arises from the external carotid artery. It has both cervical and facial parts. The cervical part runs upwards in the neck, allowing movement of neck structures. It gives off branches like the ascending palatine and tonsillar arteries. The facial part enters the face by piercing the mandible. In the face, it gives branches like the inferior and superior labial arteries and terminates by anastomosing with the ophthalmic artery. The document also discusses the common carotid artery and its branches.
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The document summarizes the development of the face, nose, palate, nasal cavities, and pituitary gland from the 4th week of development. It describes how the face develops from 5 mesenchymal prominences that surround the primitive mouth. It then discusses the development of specific structures such as the lips, salivary glands, nose, palate, and nasal cavities from these prominences. The pituitary gland is noted to develop from the ectoderm of the roof of the stomodeum and floor of the diencephalon. Some congenital anomalies are also briefly mentioned.
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The facial nerve has both sensory and motor components. It has nuclei in the pons that control muscles of facial expression, lacrimal and salivary glands, and taste sensation on the anterior tongue. The facial nerve exits the skull through the stylomastoid foramen and divides into branches that innervate muscles of the face, scalp and neck including the orbicularis oculi and orbicularis oris. It also communicates with adjacent cranial and spinal nerves to coordinate movements between branchial arches.
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The document summarizes the physiology of swallowing. It describes the three main phases - oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal. Key points include that swallowing requires coordinated muscle activity in the head and neck and involves passing food from the mouth to stomach. The oral phase prepares food for swallowing through chewing and tongue movement. In the pharyngeal phase, the airway is protected as food is pushed over the epiglottis. Swallowing is controlled by neural pathways from the cortex to brainstem and medulla. Respiration is suspended during swallowing to prevent aspiration.
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This document discusses mastication (chewing) and deglutition (swallowing). It defines the key terms and describes the anatomy and physiology of these processes. Mastication involves reducing food size through jaw movements powered by specific muscles. Swallowing has oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal stages propelling the food bolus through the throat to the stomach. Both are controlled by central pattern generators in the brainstem but integrate sensory feedback. Dysphagia can result from structural issues or functional problems disrupting the coordination of these complex muscular sequences. Aspiration risks are outlined.
Maxillary artery
The maxillary artery arises from the external carotid artery and divides into three parts - the mandibular, pterygoid, and pterygopalatine parts. It supplies structures in the face like the maxilla and mandible. The maxillary artery and its branches anastomose with other vessels and are clinically significant for conditions like nosebleeds, epidural hematomas, and complications during procedures like Le Fort I osteotomies when the branches can be injured. Precise surgical techniques are important to avoid damaging branches like the descending palatine artery.
Swallowing
This document provides an overview of normal swallowing and anatomy related to swallowing. It discusses that swallowing is a complex phenomenon involving both voluntary and involuntary actions, with the average person swallowing around 600 times per day. It then details the anatomy involved in swallowing, including the 55 muscles, 5 cranial nerves, and centers in the central nervous system. The stages of swallowing are described as oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal. Dysphagia (impaired swallowing) can originate from disturbances in the mouth, pharynx, or esophagus. Approaches to evaluating dysphagia include history, clinical exams, and tests like the modified barium swallow and videoendoscopy.
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ANATOMY OF ESOPHAGUS-Dr.Neeraj Kumar Banoria
1. The document describes the anatomy and development of the esophagus. It notes that the esophagus is divided into cervical, thoracic, and abdominal parts and discusses the layers of the esophageal wall.
2. Key details are provided on the myenteric plexus and development of the esophagus from the foregut. Figures show the positions of the esophagus relative to other structures in the neck and chest.
3. Anatomical features including constrictions, deviations, and tissues anchoring the esophagus are examined. The fascial planes surrounding the esophagus are also outlined.
CELL PHYSIOLOGY
The document summarizes a lecture on cell physiology given by Dr. Nilesh Kate on February 18, 2015. It covers the basic structure and components of cells, including the cell membrane, organelles like mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum, and intercellular junctions. It describes the key discoveries in cell biology from the 17th century onwards and the development of the cell theory. The lecture objectives are listed as cell structure, the cell membrane, and intercellular junctions.
Introduction to oral
Oral biology deals with the structures and functions of the oral tissues, including diseases like caries and periodontal diseases. Key oral structures include the salivary glands, teeth, and periodontium. Teeth are composed of different tissues - enamel, dentin, cementum, and pulp. There are two sets of teeth, the primary or deciduous dentition consisting of 20 baby teeth from ages 6 months to 2.5 years, and the permanent or secondary dentition of 32 teeth from ages 6 to 20 years during the mixed dentition stage.
Endocrine system basic
This document discusses the endocrine system and hormones. It covers topics such as:
- The definition of a hormone and classifications of hormones.
- How hormones are transported via bloodstream to target cells and the mechanisms of hormone action, including receptors and second messengers.
- Comparisons between the endocrine and nervous systems.
- Locations of different endocrine glands and types of hormones based on chemical composition and mechanism of action.
- Regulation of hormone secretion including feedback loops and the role of neurons.
- Measurement techniques for hormones including bioassays and immunoassays.
Git hoGIT HORMONESrmones G
This document discusses gastrointestinal hormones, including their classification, cells of origin, stimuli for release, mechanisms of action, and roles in regulating digestion. It covers major hormones like gastrin, cholecystokinin, and secretin. Gastrin stimulates acid secretion while cholecystokinin regulates bile release and pancreatic secretion. Secretin increases bicarbonate and fluid secretion to neutralize acid. Disorders involving abnormal hormone levels like Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome are also addressed.
Oral physiology - The temporomandibular joint
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a synovial joint that connects the mandible to the temporal bone and allows for movement of the jaw. It contains synovial fluid that lubricates and cushions the joint. The synovial fluid is made up of molecules like hyaluronic acid and lubricin that reduce friction and absorb shock. Disorders of the TMJ can cause pain, clicking, and limited jaw movement. Non-surgical treatments include soft diets, heat therapy, and splinting, while surgery may be needed for persistent issues like displaced discs.
Transport across cell membrane
This document provides information about cell membrane transport mechanisms. It begins with an outline of topics to be covered, including the importance of cell membranes, types of transport mechanisms, and details of active transport. The document then discusses the structure of the cell membrane and membrane proteins. It provides details on different types of transport mechanisms like diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, bulk flow and active transport. It describes in depth the sodium-potassium pump and calcium pump involved in active transport.
CEREBRAL CORTEX
This document provides an overview of the cerebral cortex, including its external features, functional areas, lobes, connections, and histological structure. It discusses the different areas of the cortex such as the frontal lobe (including the precentral, premotor, and prefrontal cortex), parietal lobe (primary and secondary sensory areas), temporal lobe (primary auditory and association areas), and occipital lobe. It also covers the phylogenetical division, types of neocortex, and applied aspects related to lesions of these areas.
PLACENTA, PARTURITION AND LACTATION
The document discusses the placenta, parturition, and lactation. It provides details on:
- The structure and functions of the placenta, including nutrient, waste, and gas exchange between mother and fetus. Hormones produced by the placenta like estrogen, progesterone, hCG, and HPL are also discussed.
- The process of parturition or labor, including the three stages of labor and the mechanisms involved like hormones like progesterone and oxytocin that regulate the initiation and progression of labor.
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DEGLUTTITION (SWALLOWING)
Is a phenomenon of reflex sequence of muscle contractions that propels the ingested materials and pooled saliva from the mouth to the stomach.
PATTERNS
Infantile (visceral) swallow
Adult/mature swallow
ADULT SWALLOWING
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Voluntary
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2 physiology-of-deglutition
- 1. Physiology of Deglutition Dr. Vishal Sharma
- 2. Stages 1. Oral stage (lasts for 1 second, voluntary) Preparatory phase Propulsive phase 2. Pharyngeal Stage (1 second, involuntary) 3. Oesophageal Stage (8-20 seconds)
- 3. Oral preparatory stage • Not required for liquids • Solid food chewed, lubricated with saliva & converted to a bolus • Requires coordinated movement of lips, cheeks, jaws & tongue against a closed oropharyngeal isthmus
- 5. Oral propulsive stage • Food bolus propelled backwards by pressing of tongue against hard palate • Approximation of tongue against hard palate starts with tip of tongue & moves back • Stage ends when food bolus crosses anterior tonsillar pillar
- 7. Pharyngeal stage 1. Nasopharyngeal isthmus closed: soft palate touches Passavant’s ridge 2. Oropharyngeal isthmus closed: tongue base touches palate 3. Elevation of larynx: negative pressure in hypopharyngeal lumen (suction pump)
- 8. Pharyngeal stage 4. Closure of larynx: below upwards True vocal cords approximate False cords approximate Ary-epiglottic folds approximate Temporary cessation of respiration Epiglottis falls back over larynx inlet (?)
- 10. Elevation & closure of Larynx
- 12. Pharyngeal stage 5. Posterior retraction of base tongue: tongue driving force 6. Pharyngeal constrictors contract 7. Elevation of pharynx 8. Opening of cricopharyngeal sphincter
- 14. Contraction & elevation of pharynx
- 16. Oesophageal stage 1. Closing of cricopharyngeal sphincter 2. Opening & descent of larynx 3. Primary peristalsis: large amplitude, propulsive 4. Secondary peristalsis: small amplitude, propulsive, for food remnants 5. Relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter: food bolus enters stomach
- 18. Opening & descent of larynx
- 22. Peristalsis
- 25. Neural Mechanism • Afferent: 5th, 9th & 10th cranial nerves • Deglutition centre: medulla oblongata • Efferent: 10th, 11th & 12th cranial nerves tongue, pharynx, larynx & oesophagus muscles • Cessation of respiration: connection between deglutition & respiration centres in medulla
- 26. Recap
- 30. Elevation & closure of Larynx
- 33. Contraction & elevation of pharynx
- 36. Opening & descent of larynx
- 41. Larynx elevation
- 42. Closure of nasopharyngeal isthmus & larynx
- 43. Contraction of upper constrictor
- 44. Contraction of middle constrictor
- 45. Contraction of lower constrictor & relaxation of cricopharyngeal sphincter
- 46. Cricopharyngeal sphincter closes & larynx opens
- 49. Pyriform fossae fill symmetrically
- 50. Contrast reaches crico-pharyngeal sphincter
- 51. Cricopharynx opens & contrast enters esophagus
- 52. Constrictors squeeze all contrast into esophagus
- 53. No stasis
- 54. Factors preventing reflux Anatomical: 1. Lower oesophageal sphincter contraction 2. Pinch cock action of right crus of diaphragm 3. Oblique esophageal entry into stomach 4. Lower esophageal mucosal folds (valvular)
- 56. Factors preventing reflux 5. Oblique gastric muscle around lower esophagus 6. Abdominal pressure > gastric pressure & intra- thoracic pressure Physiological: 1. Unidirectional esophageal peristalsis 2. Gastric emptying
- 58. Thank You