Deglutition involves the coordinated passage of food from the mouth to the stomach through three phases - oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal. During the oral phase, tongue movements prepare and transfer food into a bolus. In the pharyngeal phase, swallowing becomes reflexive as the bolus passes through the pharynx, with the soft palate and epiglottis protecting the airway. The esophageal phase propels the bolus through peristaltic contractions into the stomach. Swallowing is controlled by brain centers that coordinate the complex activity of muscles and nerves to allow for breathing and swallowing while preventing food from entering the airway.
short description of the process of deglutation with all the stages and their complete description and graphic view of all the things that are undergoing during the process of swallowing including an animated summary of whatever goes in the mouth for ease of understanding.
short description of the process of deglutation with all the stages and their complete description and graphic view of all the things that are undergoing during the process of swallowing including an animated summary of whatever goes in the mouth for ease of understanding.
The parotid gland is a major salivary gland in many animals. In humans, the two parotid glands are present on either side of the mouth and in front of both ears. They are the largest of the salivary glands.
The pharynx is a hollow tube that starts behind the nose, goes down the neck, and ends at the top of the trachea and esophagus. The three parts of the pharynx are the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx.
The parotid gland is a major salivary gland in many animals. In humans, the two parotid glands are present on either side of the mouth and in front of both ears. They are the largest of the salivary glands.
The pharynx is a hollow tube that starts behind the nose, goes down the neck, and ends at the top of the trachea and esophagus. The three parts of the pharynx are the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Rahul v correction /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental aca...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Naso respiratory function /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Rahul v correction /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental aca...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Naso respiratory function /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dent...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
This presentation discusses oropharyngeal tumors and their management. It contains a few surgical video clippings embedded from my you tube uploads. If you get a security warning just give yes to view the video clipping. I assure you it is safe
This presentation provides insight into the unique software created using eiki engine. This is available in 2 flavors, one which runs right out of a pendrive the other one is installable using dvd media. This is an initiative of drtbalu's otolaryngology online
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stockrebeccabio
Factory Supply Best Quality Pmk Oil CAS 28578–16–7 PMK Powder in Stock
Telegram: bmksupplier
signal: +85264872720
threema: TUD4A6YC
You can contact me on Telegram or Threema
Communicate promptly and reply
Free of customs clearance, Double Clearance 100% pass delivery to USA, Canada, Spain, Germany, Netherland, Poland, Italy, Sweden, UK, Czech Republic, Australia, Mexico, Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan.Door to door service
Hot Selling Organic intermediates
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
2. The crossing of alimentary and Ventilatory streams is an Evolutionary consequence Of transition of vertebrates From sea to land living drtbalu's otolaryngology online 2
3. Introduction Deglutition involves co-ordinated activity of muscles of oral cavity, pharynx, larynx and esophagus The whole process is partly under voluntary control & partly reflexive in nature Deglution by definition involves passage of bolus of food (solid / liquid) from the oral cavity to stomach via the pharynx and esophagus. Voluntary control of deglutition involves control of jaw, tongue, degree of constriction and length of pharynx and closure of laryngeal introitus drtbalu's otolaryngology online 3
4. Components of deglutition Deglution has 3 components Passage of bolus from oral cavity to stomach Protection of airway Inhibition of air entry into the stomach drtbalu's otolaryngology online 4
6. Deglutition - phases Oral Pharyngeal Esophageal These stages have been traditionally described for the sake of convenience. They help in the better understanding of the physiological process involved. drtbalu's otolaryngology online 6
7. Oral phase In this phase food is prepared for swallowing Tongue plays a vital role in this process This phase is divided into oral preparatory phase and oral phase proper This phase is vital in all land animals which don’t swallow their food as a whole This phase is under voluntary control drtbalu's otolaryngology online 7
8. Oral preparatory phase This phase involves breaking down of food in the oral cavity During this phase the food is chewed and mixed with saliva making it into a bolus which can be swallowed The elevators of lower jaw play an important role in bolus preparation Tongue plays a vital role in bolus formation by the action of its intrinsic muscles which alters its shape. Its extrinsic muscles changes its position within the oral cavity thereby helping in chewing the food by dental occlusion Occlusal action of the lips help in creating an effective seal preventing the bolus from dribbling out of the oral cavity The action of buccinator muscle helps in pushing the bolus out of the vestibule into the oral cavity proper drtbalu's otolaryngology online 8
9. Bolus formation This is the most important function of preparatory phase This involves repeated transfer of food from oral cavity to oropharyngeal surface of tongue Bolus accumulates on the oropharyngeal surface of tongue due to repeated cycles of upward & downward movement of the tongue drtbalu's otolaryngology online 9
10. Oral phase proper During this phase the bolus is moved towards the back of the tongue The contraction of soft palate prevents nasal regurgitation The soft palate also prevents premature movement of bolus into the oropharynx Once the bolus is of suitable consistency the transit from mouth to oropharynx just takes a couple of seconds Tongue plays a vital role during this phase. Its intrinsic muscles contracts and reduces its size, while genioglossus muscle elevates the tongue towards the palate The elevation of the mandible plays a vital role here When the mandible is elevated the suprahyoid muscles raises the hyoid bone drtbalu's otolaryngology online 10
11. Anatomy of pharynx It is a midline tube about 15 cm long It is continuous with nasal cavities and larynx above and esophagus below The anterior wall of pharynx is incomplete and is composed of posterior part of tongue superiorly and larynx inferiorly Pharynx is hence divided into nasopharynx, oropharynx and laryngopharynx according to those structures lying anteriorly The reminder of pharynx resembles the gut. It has 4 layers i.e. areolar, muscular, sub mucous and inner mucous membrane (from outside inwards) The muscular layer has 2 components i.e. longitudinal and circular muscle layers drtbalu's otolaryngology online 11
12. Anatomy of pharynx – (contd) The circular muscle layer is formed by superior, middle and inferior constrictors The inferior constrictor has 2 components i.e. thyropharyngeus and cricopharyngeus Except the cricopharyngeus muscle all the other muscles acting on the pharynx are paired The cricopharynx forms a distinct sphincter at the point where laryngopharynx enters the oesophagus drtbalu's otolaryngology online 12
13. Pharyngeal phase (Pumping action of tongue & hypopharyngeal suction) This phase of deglutition is reflexive in nature It is during this phase that Ventilatory and alimentary streams cross each other. Dynamic separation of these streams is possible due to the co-ordination of reflex phase that occurs It just takes a second for the bolus to traverse the pharynx and reach the cricopharyngeal area Contraction of diaphragm is inhibited making simultaneous breathing & swallowing impossible Soft palate is elevated in order to seal off the nasopharynx (T. palatini & L. palatini) Vocal cords adduct protecting the airway As the bolus passes the palatoglossal & palatopharyngeal folds the act of swallowing becomes reflexive drtbalu's otolaryngology online 13
14. Functions of trigger points in oropharynx Stimulation of trigger points present in the oropharynx starts off the pharyngeal reflexive stage of swallowing Trigger points are present at the faucial arches & mucosa of the posterior pharyngeal wall These trigger points are innervated by glossopharyngeal nerve Stimulation of these trigger points causes dilatation of pharynx due to relaxation of the constrictors, and elevation of pharynx & larynx due to contraction of longitudinal muscles The pharynx constricts behind the bolus thereby propelling it Contraction of the inferior constrictor moves the bolus towards the oesophagus drtbalu's otolaryngology online 14
15. Importance of laryngeal elevation during pharyngeal stage It narrows the laryngeal inlet It ensures better sealing of the laryngeal inlet by the downturned epiglottis Laryngeal elevation also contributes to dilatation of pharynx The laryngeal inlet is closed due to the actions of interarytenoid, aryepiglottic and thyroepiglottic muscles drtbalu's otolaryngology online 15
16. Role of epiglottis in the pharyngeal phase The movement of epiglottis occurs in two stages The epiglottis moves from vertical – horizontal position The upper third of epiglottis moves below the horizontal to a slightly lower level to cover the narrowed laryngeal inlet The bolus during the course of the swallow impinges on the epiglottis and gets diverted to the lateral food channels Solid food tends to go behind the epiglottis in to the post cricoid area Liquid food gets split by the epiglottis and passes via the pyriform fossae drtbalu's otolaryngology online 16
17. Esophageal stage This is purely reflexive This phase begins by relaxing the cricopharyngeal sphincter The time taken for esophageal transit is 10-15 seconds Primary / secondary / tertiary peristaltic waves play active roles in this phase drtbalu's otolaryngology online 17
18. Neural control of swallowing Two areas of brain are involved Cerebral cortex Brain stem drtbalu's otolaryngology online 18
19. Neural control (initiation) Initiation of swallow is voluntary Bilateral prefrontal, frontal and parietal cortices are involved Swallowing is initiated when food comes into contact with certain trigger areas like fauces / mucosa of posterior pharyngeal wall Afferent nerve is the glossopharyngeal nerve Nucleus tractussolitarius & spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve play a vital role Efferents involve several cranial nerve nuclei which include nucleus ambiguus (muscles of palate, pharynx and larynx), hypoglossal nucleus supplying the muscles of the tongue, motor nuclei of trigeminal and facial nerves supplying the muscles of face, jaws and lips. drtbalu's otolaryngology online 19
20. Role of medulla There are two groups of neurons in the medulla while lie between the afferent and efferent system First group lie in the dorsal medulla above the nucleus of the solitary tract The second group lie in the ventral medulla around nucleus ambiguus These groups of neurons are named as lateral & medial medullary swallowing centers drtbalu's otolaryngology online 20
21. Role of central pattern generator Central pattern generator are a set of neurons capable of initiating sequential swallow These neurons act like a cardiac pacemaker Since the process of swallowing and breathing are interlinked there is a certain degree of central co ordination taking place drtbalu's otolaryngology online 21
22. Phase of respiration & swallowing Swallowing occurs during expiratory phase of respiration This helps in clearing food material left in the vestibule. Thus it should be considered to be a protective phenomenon The rhythm of respiration is reset after a successful swallow drtbalu's otolaryngology online 22