2. concept of health
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This document contains 33 questions related to concepts of health and disease. The questions cover topics such as defining public health and disease, the natural history of disease including levels of prevention, indicators of health, determinants of health, disease surveillance methods, differentiation between surveillance and monitoring, the spectrum of health and disease, and principles of disease eradication.
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Disease prevention strategies: Primary
Primary prevention aims to prevent disease before it occurs by targeting healthy individuals. It involves preventing exposures to hazards, altering unhealthy behaviors, and increasing resistance to disease. Examples include legislation promoting safe practices, education on healthy habits like nutrition and exercise, and immunization. Primary prevention can be achieved through health promotion like education and lifestyle changes, or specific protection measures like immunization and chemoprophylaxis. The WHO recommends population and high-risk strategies, with population strategies targeting socioeconomic and lifestyle changes to benefit the whole population, and high-risk targeting at-risk individuals.
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The document outlines key concepts related to disease including:
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- The epidemiological triad of agent, host, and environment factors influencing disease.
- Historical theories of disease causation ranging from supernatural to modern multi-factorial models.
- Concepts including the spectrum of disease states, natural history of disease progression, and the "iceberg phenomenon" where clinical cases represent only a small portion of total disease prevalence.
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Assignment on Control and Prevention of Diseases
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Prepared by Dr.Md.Muniruzzaman
DVM,VPHFH,HSTU,Dinajpur-5200
Concept of disease prevention and control 1234
The document discusses different levels of disease prevention and control, including:
- Disease control aims to reduce a disease to an acceptable level in a community through primary prevention activities. Disease elimination interrupts transmission in a geographic area. Disease eradication completely eliminates a disease globally, as was done with smallpox.
- Other levels of disease prevention include primordial prevention of risk factors, primary prevention through vaccination and treatment, secondary prevention through early diagnosis and treatment, and tertiary prevention through disability limitation and rehabilitation.
- Effective disease prevention and control requires monitoring disease trends, surveillance programs, and addressing diseases through various intervention approaches like health promotion, immunization, treatment and rehabilitation.
disease prevention and control
This document discusses disease prevention and control. It outlines 4 levels of prevention: primordial, primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. It also discusses disease control, which aims to reduce transmission and the effects of disease. Key aspects of disease control include early diagnosis, notification, epidemiological investigation, isolation, quarantine, interrupting transmission through vaccination and other methods, and surveillance. The goal of disease prevention and control methods is to reduce the incidence, duration, and effects of infectious diseases.
Concept of disease control and concept of disease prevention
1) Disease control aims to reduce the incidence, duration, and transmission of disease as well as its physical and psychological effects and financial burden on communities. It focuses on primary and secondary prevention.
2) Disease elimination aims to interrupt disease transmission at a regional level, as with measles, polio, and diphtheria. Eradication means terminating all transmission globally, which has only been achieved for smallpox so far.
3) Monitoring involves routine measurement of health status and environments, while surveillance provides continuous scrutiny of disease occurrence and distribution through programs like polio surveillance.
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- Definitions of disease from various sources emphasizing a state of unease or impaired function.
- The epidemiological triad of agent, host, and environment factors influencing disease.
- Historical theories of disease causation ranging from supernatural to modern multi-factorial models.
- Concepts including the spectrum of disease states, natural history of disease progression, and the "iceberg phenomenon" where clinical cases represent only a small portion of total disease prevalence.
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Prepared by Dr.Md.Muniruzzaman
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Concept of disease prevention and control 1234
The document discusses different levels of disease prevention and control, including:
- Disease control aims to reduce a disease to an acceptable level in a community through primary prevention activities. Disease elimination interrupts transmission in a geographic area. Disease eradication completely eliminates a disease globally, as was done with smallpox.
- Other levels of disease prevention include primordial prevention of risk factors, primary prevention through vaccination and treatment, secondary prevention through early diagnosis and treatment, and tertiary prevention through disability limitation and rehabilitation.
- Effective disease prevention and control requires monitoring disease trends, surveillance programs, and addressing diseases through various intervention approaches like health promotion, immunization, treatment and rehabilitation.
disease prevention and control
This document discusses disease prevention and control. It outlines 4 levels of prevention: primordial, primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. It also discusses disease control, which aims to reduce transmission and the effects of disease. Key aspects of disease control include early diagnosis, notification, epidemiological investigation, isolation, quarantine, interrupting transmission through vaccination and other methods, and surveillance. The goal of disease prevention and control methods is to reduce the incidence, duration, and effects of infectious diseases.
Concept of disease control and concept of disease prevention
1) Disease control aims to reduce the incidence, duration, and transmission of disease as well as its physical and psychological effects and financial burden on communities. It focuses on primary and secondary prevention.
2) Disease elimination aims to interrupt disease transmission at a regional level, as with measles, polio, and diphtheria. Eradication means terminating all transmission globally, which has only been achieved for smallpox so far.
3) Monitoring involves routine measurement of health status and environments, while surveillance provides continuous scrutiny of disease occurrence and distribution through programs like polio surveillance.
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This document appears to be the introduction or preface section of a textbook on general hygiene and medical ecology for students of medical faculties. It provides background information on the textbook, including that it was developed by Professor S.E. Shibanov according to the state educational standards for medical students. It outlines the goals of studying general hygiene and medical ecology, which include forming hygienic thinking in future doctors to understand the relationship between health and environmental quality. The introduction also provides an overview of the topics that will be covered in the textbook.
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This document discusses disease control and prevention. It defines disease and distinguishes between control and prevention measures. Control measures are applied after a disease occurs to prevent transmission, while prevention measures avoid the initial occurrence of disease. There are two main types of diseases - infectious diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi or parasites, and non-infectious diseases resulting from non-trauma such as genetics or lifestyle factors, or non-trauma causes like physical or chemical trauma. Infectious diseases can be classified clinically based on symptoms or epidemiologically based on transmission mode. Some examples of infectious diseases discussed are COVID, dengue, tuberculosis, rabies, and polio.
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This document discusses preventive and clinical measures for communicable diseases according to Ayurveda and ancient Indian culture. It notes that Ayurveda takes a holistic approach to disease prevention and management, classifying diseases as communicable or non-communicable. Preventive measures mentioned include avoiding sexual contact, touching, and greetings to break disease transmission, as well as using rejuvenation therapy and purification procedures to promote health. The document also provides clinical management suggestions for COVID-19 based on Ayurvedic principles and summarizes the presentation.
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Progeria
Progeria is an extremely rare genetic condition where children experience rapid aging and premature death. It is caused by a spontaneous genetic mutation and symptoms start appearing between 18-24 months of age, including hair loss, small wrinkled faces, loss of body fat and muscle, stiff joints, and cardiovascular disease. While intelligence is unaffected, life expectancy is usually only 13 years due to heart attacks or strokes from accelerated atherosclerosis. There is no cure, but regular monitoring and cardiovascular procedures can help manage symptoms and extend survival.
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This document contains 33 questions related to epidemiology, epidemiological study designs, disease outbreak investigation, and public health. The questions cover topics such as case-control studies, cohort studies, randomized controlled trials, epidemiological variables, disease transmission, vaccination schedules, disinfection vs sterilization, isolation vs quarantine, outbreak investigation procedures, community diagnosis, and vector control. The questions ask the reader to define terms, describe study designs and procedures, differentiate between concepts, and discuss epidemiological principles and public health strategies.
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This document contains ophthalmology questions from multiple chapters covering topics like refractive errors, diseases of the conjunctiva, cornea, uveal tract, lens, glaucoma, retina, neuroophthalmology, strabismus, eyelids, lacrimal apparatus, orbit, ocular injuries, therapeutics and lasers, systemic ophthalmology, and community ophthalmology. Many questions ask to describe etiology, clinical features, management, or differences between various conditions. Other questions involve drawing diagrams, writing short notes, or discussing exam findings and treatment of specific ocular diseases.
Window period of HIV
The window period represents the time between initial HIV infection and when antibodies can be detected in blood tests, during which a person is highly infectious but HIV tests are negative. Assays detecting the virus itself, like p24 antigen or proviral HIV DNA PCR tests, can diagnose HIV during this period which can last up to 12 weeks. The proviral DNA PCR test is highly sensitive and specific but only available for research, while p24 antigen has low sensitivity though high specificity. HIV RNA PCR is not recommended due to high false positive rates.
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The under-five clinic provides comprehensive healthcare services to children under 5 years old, including preventative care, treatment of illness, growth monitoring, immunizations, and health education. The clinic aims to monitor children's growth through regular weighings and measurements plotted on growth charts. Nurses play an important role in welcoming families, providing immunizations and general exams, assessing growth, treating common illnesses, educating mothers, and referring critical patients.
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To be healthy, one should do morning exercises, take care of their teeth by brushing them, and wash often. They should also play sports outdoors daily, eat fruits and vegetables, and get good sleep. Maintaining fitness through these healthy habits will help one stay in good health.
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This document contains several common proverbs and sayings related to health and wellness. It advises that getting adequate sleep, regular exercise like walking after meals, eating fruits like apples, practicing good dental hygiene, washing hands before eating, and finding fun ways to exercise can help contribute to overall mental and physical well-being. Maintaining a sound mind and body through healthy habits is emphasized as being more important than wealth.
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This document discusses diagnosis and treatment options for coronavirus. It begins by describing the properties and transmission of coronavirus. Diagnosis is primarily done through respiratory or blood samples that test positive for coronavirus nucleic acids on RT-PCR. Treatment involves supportive care, antiviral drugs like interferon-α, and management of symptoms. Severe cases may require oxygen therapy, ventilation, or treatment for organ dysfunction. While no specific treatment for 2019-nCoV exists, several antiviral drugs are being trialled.
EPIDEMIOLOGY
The document defines epidemiology as the study of the distribution and determinants of health states or events in a population, lists various abbreviations used in epidemiology, and discusses the aims of epidemiology which include studying disease incidence and distribution to provide information for health planning and management, as well as applications such as community diagnosis, risk assessment, and identifying syndromes.
Disaster management@akshay kumar
This document discusses disaster management and is presented by Akshay Kumar, a student with roll number 13EEBCE002. It defines a disaster and outlines different types of natural and man-made disasters. It also describes factors that affect disasters, characteristics of disasters, phases of disasters, principles of disaster management, and phases of disaster management including preparedness, impact, response, rehabilitation, and mitigation. The document provides details on preparedness, impact, response, rehabilitation, mitigation, effects, and recovery related to disaster management.
Levels of prevention
Primary prevention aims to prevent disease before it occurs through health promotion like education and immunizations, as well as specific protection from risk factors. Secondary prevention focuses on early diagnosis through screening and prompt treatment to prevent disease progression. Tertiary prevention aims to reduce disability and support rehabilitation for those already diagnosed through limiting complications and promoting maximum functioning. The levels of prevention work together to create a healthier population and reduce the burden of disease.
Investigation disease outbreak and disease survelience.pdf
This document provides an overview of investigating disease outbreaks and disease surveillance. It begins with learning outcomes related to describing disease outbreak investigations and discussing disease surveillance. It then covers topics like the definition of an outbreak, examples of past Malaysian outbreaks, the steps taken in investigating an epidemic, the objectives and roles of disease surveillance, and the limitations of surveillance systems. Key aspects of outbreak preparedness and response like rapid response teams and standardized investigation approaches are also summarized.
GNM-Vol-I-Community-Health-Nursing-Part-1-min.pdf
The document provides a lesson plan compilation for the General Nursing and Midwifery (GNM) first year course covering topics in Community Health Nursing and Environmental Hygiene. It includes lesson plans, content outlines, and references for 75 topics divided across 9 units in Community Health Nursing and 2 units in Environmental Hygiene.
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BASIC PRINCIPLES OF EPIDEMIOLOGY.pptx
Epidemiology includes assessment of the distribution (including describing demographic characteristics of an affected population), determinants (including a study of possible risk factors), and the application to control health problems (such as closing a restaurant).
These lectures will help the students in understanding of basic principles, concepts, and definitions of the subject.
Epidemiology triad.pdf
This document discusses the epidemiology triad and basic epidemiology. It begins with learning outcomes which are to describe the epidemiology triad, interpret the relationship between host, agent and environment, and discuss intervention concepts related to these. It then provides definitions and models of the triad and relationships between components. Specifically, it models how disease spreads under different conditions of agent strength, host susceptibility and environmental/enforcement influences. It also models intervention strategies related to the environment like housing standards and to the host like immunization and behavior modification. Overall, the document presents foundational epidemiological concepts through defining the triad components and modeling their interactions and interventions.
The surviving sepsis campaign guidelines 2012 update for emergency physicians
The surviving sepsis campaign guidelines 2012 update for emergency physiciansUDMAFyC SECTOR ZARAGOZA II
The document summarizes updates to the 2012 Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines for the assessment and management of severe sepsis and septic shock. Key changes from the 2008 guidelines include recommending routine screening of infected seriously ill patients for severe sepsis, using crystalloids rather than hydroxyethyl starches for fluid resuscitation, and administering antimicrobials within 1 hour for septic shock and severe sepsis. The guidelines are intended as best practices rather than standards of care.Principles and methods of epidemiology.pptx
Epidemiology is the study of disease patterns in human populations. This document discusses the principles and methods of epidemiological studies. It defines epidemiology and outlines its aims, which include identifying disease etiology and informing prevention and treatment priorities. Descriptive studies examine disease distribution and frequency to generate hypotheses, while analytical studies test hypotheses about risk factors. Key analytical study types are case-control, prospective cohort, and retrospective cohort studies, which compare exposures between groups with and without disease. Experimental studies actively allocate exposures to test their effects under controlled conditions.
Community Medicine.ppt
This document discusses communicable disease prevention and control in emergency situations. It covers the following key points in 3 sentences:
Rapid health assessments are needed to understand disease threats and prioritize interventions. Surveillance systems should be set up to detect outbreaks and monitor trends to guide response efforts. A combination of prevention strategies like vaccination, water/sanitation and case management as well as outbreak control are necessary to reduce disease spread and protect public health in emergencies.
1&2 Introduction (1).pptx
This document provides an overview of epidemiology, including:
1. Defining epidemiology as the study of disease patterns in populations.
2. Classifying epidemiology into descriptive and analytic types.
3. Describing levels of disease occurrence such as endemic, epidemic, and pandemic.
4. Explaining levels of disease prevention including primordial, primary, secondary, and tertiary.
5. Outlining the infectious disease cycle and chain of infection with components like agent, reservoir, transmission.
Acute Respiratory Infections / Pneumonia
This document summarizes a presentation on acute respiratory infections (ARI). It begins by defining upper and lower ARI, including common types like pneumonia. Pneumonia is then discussed in more detail, noting that it accounts for 90% of ARI deaths, is a leading cause of childhood death worldwide, and has a high burden in India. Epidemiological determinants of ARI are presented, including infectious agents like bacteria and viruses, and host/environmental factors. The integrated management of neonatal and childhood illness approach is described for assessing, classifying, and treating ARI in children. Prevention strategies like immunization, nutrition, and the WHO's global action plan for pneumonia are also outlined.
Epidemiology for enviromental Health.pptx
This document provides a course syllabus for an Epidemiology course for second year Environmental Health students at Debre Markos University in Ethiopia. The syllabus outlines that the course is a core module worth 5 ECTS credits offered from July 14th to August 1st. The course objectives are to define epidemiology, understand epidemiological principles, describe disease causation, calculate disease measures, differentiate study designs, investigate outbreaks, and identify factors affecting study validity. The syllabus then provides details on topics to be covered including introduction to epidemiology, communicable disease epidemiology, and the natural history of disease.
Makalah epidemiological
This document provides an introduction and overview of epidemiology. It discusses:
1. Epidemiology is the study of disease distribution, determinants, and frequency in human populations. It aims to prevent disease, reduce impact, and improve health.
2. Descriptive epidemiology describes the magnitude of health problems in terms of person, place, and time using narrative, tables, graphs or maps. Analytical epidemiology also seeks to identify factors that cause health problems.
3. Epidemiology has objectives like obtaining frequency and distribution data on disease to reveal causes, test hypotheses, and obtain information to plan prevention and priority health issues.
Makalah epidemiological
This document provides an introduction and overview of epidemiology. It discusses:
1. Epidemiology is the study of disease distribution, determinants, and frequency in human populations. It aims to prevent disease, reduce impact, and improve health.
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3. Epidemiology has objectives like obtaining frequency and distribution data on disease to reveal causes, test hypotheses, and obtain information to plan prevention and priority health issues.
Makalah epidemiological
This document discusses epidemiology and provides definitions and concepts. It can be summarized as:
1. Epidemiology is the study of disease distribution, determinants, and frequency in human populations with the goal of prevention and health improvement.
2. Descriptive epidemiology describes the magnitude of health issues while analytical epidemiology seeks to identify causal factors.
3. Epidemiology has broad applications including surveillance, research, planning, and evaluation of health programs and services. It examines various disease and health determinants.
Epidemiology and mortality,morbidity slideshare
This document defines epidemiology and describes its approaches and uses. It discusses descriptive and analytical epidemiology and how epidemiology is used to study disease distribution, risk factors, and implement prevention measures. It also outlines key epidemiological terms like incidence, prevalence, and mortality rates and how they are used to measure disease burden and assess community health.
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2. concept of health
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