1. CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
It is known that in order to maintain and improve health status , prevent , and treat disease
and restore necessary public health services are provided and organized public health (public
health services ) are the best.
To be able to provide and organize the health services , many of which must be considered .
The most important is community service in question must be in accordance with the needs
of the community . But even if there were such conformity has been the agreement of all
parties , but in daily practice is not easy to provide and organize health services in question .
To overcome this , some sort of agreement has been obtained that the formulation of health
needs to be done if known health problems in the community . With a deal like this
diupayakanlah find existing health problems such society . Thus , based on the agreement
such as this , made various efforts to find and formulate health problems in the community .
The effort associated with determining the frequency , the spread and the factors that
influence the spread and frequency of health problems in the community sector in covered in
a special branch of science called by the name of Epidemiology .
Subject and object epidemiology is about health problems . Terms of the epidemiology ,
understanding of the health problems in the form of disease is very important . Due to a
variety of health problems that are actually not a disease will only have meaning if it has
something to do with the matter of disease . If a health problem is not anything to do with the
matter of disease . , Then the usual health problems are not too prioritized mitigation .
That is because of the importance about this disease , it is necessary to understand as well as
possible matters related to the disease . The interest in epidemiology least to recognize the
presence or absence of a disease in the community so that when no measurements were
missed or mixed up with other different diseases .
2. CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
A. Definition of Epidemiology
If the terms of the origin of the word , means science for understanding of the epidemiology
of population ( Greek : epi = on or about , demos = population , logos = knowledge ) . At this
time epidemiology is defined as the study of the frequency and distribution of health
problems in a group of humans and the factors that influence it .
Some are common sense and half lay , can be read in a dictionary or encyclopedia common
are as follows :
Webster 's New World Dictionary of the American Languange , Epidemiology is the
branch of medicine that investigates the causes and how to control the outbreaks .
Big Indonesian Dictionary terbtan Balai Pustaka , Ministry Bud Dik 1990: Epidemiology is
the study of the spread of infectious diseases in humans and factors that may affect the
spread.
The National Encyclopaedia published by PT Cipta Indonesia Adi Library , Jakrta 1989:
Epidemiology is a way to examine the spread of diseases or conditions , including population
health factors - factors that cause it .
B. Epidemiology Research
Simply put , epidemiological studies can be divided into two groups as follows :
Descriptive epidemiology , namely Cross Sectional Study / cross sectional studies /
prevalence studies or surveys .
Analytic epidemiology consists of :
1 . Non-experimental :
Study cohort / follow-up / incidence / longitudinal / prospective study . The cohort is defined
as a group of people . The purpose of the study sought due to ( illness ) .
Case-control studies / case control study / retrospective studies . Goal is to find the causes of
disease .
Ecological Studies . The study uses ecology as a source of material for the empirical
investigation of risk facto or characteristics that are in a constant state of society . For
example , air pollution caused by fuel combustion that occurs in big cities .
2 . Experimental . Where research can manipulate / control the factors that can influence
research results and declared as the best test to determine the cause and effect relationship
and tests related to the etiology , control , disease and to answer questions other scientific
problems . Experimental study was divided into 2 ( two ) , namely :
1 ) Clinical Trial . example :
Hypertension regimen in people with high blood pressure to prevent stroke .
Tetanus Toxoid Giving pregnant women to reduce the frequency of tetanus neonatorum .
2 ) Community Trial . Example : Giving Study of fluoride in drinking water substances .
C. Limitation of Epidemiology
At this time epidemiology is defined as the study of the frequency and distribution of health
problems in a group of the human family and the factors that influence it . Of such
restrictions , soon seen that in terms of epidemiology , there are three things that are the
principal :
a) The frequency of health problems
The frequency of health problems early is meant to refer to the magnitude of the health
3. problems found in a group of humans . To be able to know the frequency of a health problem
correctly , there are two main things to do : finding a health problem is to then proceed to
perform the measurement of the health problems that are found .
b ) Dissemination of health problems
The meaning here is that the spread of health problems appoint to the health problems of
grouping according to specific circumstances . Certain circumstances which meant a lot of
stuff , which in epidemiology divided into three types according to the characteristics of the
human (man ) , according to the place (place ) , and according to the time (time )
c ) Factors that memepengaruhi
What is meant by the factors that influence here is appoint to the causes of a health problem ,
both of which describe the frequency , distribution and explain the causes or the health
problems themselves . For that there are three basic steps that are commonly done to
formulate hypotheses about the causes in question , a test of hypothesis formulation that has
been compiled and then draw a conclusion against him . By knowing penybab a health
problem , it can be arranged further mitigation measures of the health problems .
D. Scope of Epidemiology
Like various other branches of science , epidemiology also has its own scope of activities .
The scope is simply can be divided into three types:
1 . Health problems as subject and object of epidemiology
Epidemiology is not just studying the problems of diseases , but also includes a very
extensive health problems found in society . Among the issues of family planning ,
environmental health issues , procurement of health workers , provision of health facilities
and so on . Thus , the subject and object of epidemiology related to overall health problems .
2 . Health problems in a group of human
Work in studying the epidemiology of health problems , will utilize data from the results of
an assessment of a group of people , whether it comes to diseases , family planning or
environmental health . Having analyzed and made known to cause reduction efforts as a
follow-up .
3 . Utilization data on the frequency and distribution of health problems in formulating the
cause of a health problem .
Epidemiological work will be able to know a lot about health issues and the cause of the
problem by analyzing the data on the frequency and spread of health problems that occur in a
group of people or society . By utilizing the difference then performed statistical tests , it can
be formulated causing health problems .
E. Benefits of Epidemiology
of the limits and scope of understanding , the method of epidemiology as a collection of
observations that cover various fields of science also have a fairly broad benefits , especially
in public health science and medical science in general . However the main benefit
substantially epidemiology in outline epidemiology can essentially be grouped in outline as
follows :
1 ) To recognize and understand the disease and other health problems . In accordance with
the limitations , it is useful to be able to outline the epidemiology and understand the
occurrence and spread of diseases and health problems , as well as the factors that influence it
.
4. 2 ) To complete the ' body of knowledge ' and ' scientific history of the disease ' . An
epidemiological observations should always be an attempt to ' research ' the results of which
are expected to be complete the ' natural history of disease ' which is also the ' body of
knowledge ' of the disease or condition in question .
3 ) To be applied in an attempt to control and prevention of disease or health problems .
Every effort is always more to complement our understanding of the ' natural history of
disease ' is nothing but the point is that we can find a way out in an effort to address the
problem of disease earlier .
F. Role in solving health problems in the community
Review the explanation of notion of epidemiology , as well as its scope , an epidemiologist or
epidemiologists have important roles in public health . There are several roles epidemiologist
in public health , which are:
Locate / identify the factors that affect the incidence of health problems or disease in a
given society in search of the data for the prevention and how to prevent it .
Preparing the data / information for the purposes of health programs to assess the health
status in the community as well as provide an overview of the threatened population groups .
Help assess some of the results of health programs .
Develop a methodology to analyze disease and how to cope , both individual diseases ( but
analyzed in the group ) and extraordinary events ( KLB ) / outbreaks in the community .
Epidemiology also has important benefits in solving public health problems is to give an
overview ( description ) about the spread ( distribution ) , and the large extent of health
problems and other factors explain the interaction of agent , host and environment , outlining
the population groups at risk and high risk the group of residents who do not have risk ,
evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency as well as the success of the activities , which helps
health administrative work planning ( planning ) , monitoring ( observation ) , and evaluation
( evaluation ) , explains the causes of health problems that can be structured steps to alleviate
poverty , to explain the natural progression of a disease , to explain the circumstances of a
health problem are: epidemic , pandemic , endemic , and sporadic .
5. CHAPTER III
CLOSING
A. conclusions
Epidemiology is defined as the study of the frequency and distribution of health problems in
a group of humans and the factors that influence it .
Simply put , epidemiological studies can be divided into two groups as follows :
Descriptive epidemiology , namely Cross Sectional Study / cross sectional studies /
prevalence studies or surveys .
Analytic epidemiology consists of :
non-experimental
Experimental .
At this time epidemiology is defined as the study of the frequency and distribution of health
problems in a group of the human family and the factors that influence it . Of such
restrictions , soon seen that in terms of epidemiology , there are three things that are the
principal :
a) The frequency of health problems
b ) Dissemination of health problems
c ) Factors that memepengaruhi
There are several roles epidemiologist in public health , which are:
Locate / identify the factors that affect the incidence of health problems or disease in a given
society in search of the data for the prevention and how to prevent it .
Preparing the data / information for the purposes of health programs to assess the health
status in the community as well as provide an overview of the threatened population groups .
Help assess some of the results of health programs .
Develop a methodology to analyze disease and how to cope , both individual diseases ( but
analyzed in the group ) and extraordinary events ( KLB ) / outbreaks in the community .
Epidemiology also has important benefits in solving public health problems , namely :
gives an overview ( description ) about the spread ( distribution ) , and the large extent and
other health problems .
factors explain the interaction agent , host and environment .
Population groups that outlines the risk and high- risk groups to the population that has no
risk .
evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency as well as the success of the activities .
administrative work which helps health planning ( planning ) , monitoring ( observation ) ,
and evaluation ( evaluation ) .
explain the causes of health problems that can be composed mitigation measures .
Can explain the natural progression of a disease .
Can describe the state of a health problem are: epidemic , pandemic , endemic , and
sporadic .
6. REFERENCES
Anwar , asrul.dr.m.ph.1988 . Introduction to Epidemiology . Jakarta : PT . Binarupa script
Sutrisna , Method Bambang.dr.MHSc.1986.Pengantar Epidemiology . Jakarta : PT . Dian
people .
Basic Material Module FKM UNDIP Epidemiology 2010.
Epidemiology Budioro.B.2007.Pengantar Edition II . . Semarang : Board Publisher Undip .
7. INTRODUCTION
Praise and Gratitude I pray to God the Almighty, because of the blessings and abundance
rahmatnyalah then I must finish an essay in a timely manner.
Here the author presented a paper entitled
"Epidemiology"
Through this preface first writer apologized and pleaded proclamation which the contents of
this paper when there is a shortage and there are posts that I make less precise or menyinggu
reader feeling.
I hereby dedicate this paper with gratitude and may God Almighty bless this paper so as to
provide benefits.
Raha, Maret 2014
AUTHOR
8. TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE..................................................................................................... i
TABLE OF CONTENTS..........................................................................
ii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION.................................................................. 1
1.1 Background 1......................................................................................... 1
CHAPTER II DISCUSSION.....................................................................
2
A. Definition of Epidemiology 1................................................................ 2
B. Epidemiology Research 1....................................................................... 2
C. Limitation of Epidemiology 1.................................................................. 2
D. Scope of Epidemiology 1.....................................................................
3
E. Benefits of Epidemiology 1 ..................................................................... 3
F. Role in solving health problems in the community................................ 4
CHAPTER III CLOSING........................................................................... 5
3.1Kesimpulan...........................................................................................
5
3.2 Saran..................................................................................................... 5
REFERENCES ................................................ ............................................ 6
