This document discusses epidemiological research and treatment studies. It defines epidemiology as the scientific study of disease patterns in human populations and the application of this study to disease control. The aims of epidemiology are described as describing disease occurrence and distribution, identifying disease causes, and providing data to plan, implement and evaluate prevention and treatment services. Epidemiological studies include descriptive studies like case reports and surveys, and analytical studies like cross-sectional, cohort and case-control studies to test hypotheses. Disease prevention and control involves preventing disease sources, early diagnosis, treatment, quarantine, interrupting transmission, and preventing susceptible hosts through immunization and health education.

2. BIOT – 870
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL
RESEARCH AND TREATMENT
STUDIES
CLINICAL
BIOTECHNOLOGY
TOPIC
Sir Muhammad Aqeel
Bhutto

3. OUT LINES OF PRESENTATION
INTRODUCTION 1
1
EPIDEMOLOGY 2
2
DEFINITION 3
3
Basic Tenets 4
4
AIMS OF
EPIDEMIOLOGY
5
5
STUDIES 6
6
PREVENTION AND
CONTROL
7
7

4. INTRODUCTION TO
EPIDEMIOLOGICALSTUDIES
Prepared by Tazneel Rehman

5. • The term epidemiology is derived from the
Greek word
EPIDEMIC.
•– Epi means-Among, upon,
•– Demos means study population or people and
•– Logos means scientific study.
EPIDEMOLOGY

6. EPIDEMOLOGY
So
– it is the scientific study of the disease pattern in human
population.
– In broad sense, it is the study of effects of multiple factors on
human health.
– It is multidisciplinary subject involving those of the physician,
Biologists, Public Health experts, Health educators etc.

7. DEFINITIONOF EPIDEMIOLOGY
The STUDY of the DISTRIBUTION and
DETERMINANTS of HEALTH-RELATED
STATES in specified POPULATIONS, and
the application of this study to
CONTROL of health problems."

8. Basic Tenets of epidemiology
Target of a study in epidemiology is human Population as
Geographical area, Age, Sex, Ethnicity, Race etc.: the most common
population in epidemiology is the population is a given area or
country at a given time. Since the structure of population varies at
each time such variations also have to be taken in to consideration
during data analysis

9. Basic Tenets of epidemiology
All findings must relate to the defined population.
Enumeration is not enough in epidemiology, the population
at risk of developing that diseases need to be enumerated as
well.

10. Basic Tenets of epidemiology
Conclusions are based of
comparisons: comparing the rates of
diseases frequency among the exposed
and unexposed and the unexposed is
an important epidemiological method
Description of events by time, place
and person. Getting answer for when,
where and who are affected is very
important in epidemiology to
formulate hypothesis about its
causation. Other important aspects are
what, why and how of the events.

11. AIMSOF EPIDEMIOLOGY
According to the International Epidemiological
Association (IEA) Epidemiology has three main aims.
1. To describe and analyze diseases occurrence and
distribution in human populations;
2. To identify etiological factors in the pathogenesis of
diseases;
3. To provide the data essential to the planning,
implementation and evaluation of services for the
prevention, control and treatment of diseases and
to the setting up of priorities among those services

12. AIMSOF EPIDEMIOLOGY
The ultimate aims of epidemiology can be
concluded in to two followings points.
1. To eliminate or reduce the health problem or its
consequences and
2. To promote the health and wellbeing of society as
a whole

15. HIERARCHYOF EVIDENCE

16. • non-experimental
• there is no individual intervention
• individuals can be observed
prospectively, retrospectively, or
currently
Observational Studies

17. • Routine data
• Health and productivity profile
• Case studies/reports
• Case series
• Field surveys (ex KAP)
• Prevalence surveys
Descriptive Studies

18. Routine data
• Examination of data routinely
collected and submitted by
various animal facilities
– Slaughterhouses
– laboratories
Health and productivity profile

19. Case Report
Case series – collection of case reports

20. Field Survey
• Locally known as KAP survey-
“KAP” for knowledge,
attitudes and practices

21. Comparative studies testing a hypothesi
cross-sectional
(a snapshot; no idea on cause-and-effect
relationship)
cohort
(prospective; cause-and-effect relationship c
inferred)
case-control
(retrospective; cause-and-effect relationship
inferred)
Analytical Studies

22. DISEASESPREVENTIONANDCONTROL
Prevention of source or reservoir
 Early diagnosis
 Notification
 Epidemiological Investigation
 Isolation
 Treatment
 Quarantine

23. DISEASESPREVENTIONANDCONTROL
 Interruption of the
disease transmission
 Prevention of
susceptible host
• Immunization
• Health education