This document describes the automation and virtual simulation of a laboratory-based mini thermal power plant. The researchers automated the plant by replacing manually operated valves with motorized valves and adding sensors to measure parameters like liquid level, pressure, and temperature. A virtual simulation model of the entire automated system was created using LabVIEW to allow remote monitoring and control. The automation and virtual simulation improve the efficiency and operation of the mini power plant and provide an educational tool for students to learn about power plant systems.
PID-based temperature control device for electric kettleIJECEIAES
A normal electric kettle usually is intended to boil water until boiling point and cannot be controlled. Most of the kettle does not provide the temperature display for user to track the current temperature reading. Thus, this project is inspired from the shortcoming of most kettles that are sold at the market. By using Arduino microcontroller, a device is developed to control water temperature inside electric kettle. To provide automated temperature control, PID controller is chosen since it can provides precise water temperature control with less fluctuation. The device is also equipped with the display of the current water temperature and desired temperature. The device is tested to an electric kettle and the performance of PID controller in controlling water temperature is compared to on-off controller. An analysis is performed based on the amount of fluctuation with respect to desired temperature to verify the efficacy of the designed circuit and controller. It is found that the developed device and PID controller are capable to control the water temperature inside kettle based on the desired temperature set by user with less amount of fluctuation
Test Rig for Measurement of Spark Advance Angle and Ignition System Using AT8...IJSRD
An electronic ignition control system for internal combustion engine, notably for motor vehicles, which comprises a rotary member revolving at engine speed and provided with two reference marks Which the position correspond to the maximum ignition advance angle and to the minimum ignition advance angle, respectively , said reference marks defining at least one area on said rotary member, a sensor disposed in close vicinity of said rotary member so as to detect the moments of passage of said references marks and at least one up and down counter for counting pulse, said rotary member further comprising a third references marks separate from the first two reference marks aforesaid so as to define two successive areas scanned in succession by said sensor, while a first up and down counter positively counts the pulse from a first area and negatively counts, during passage of second area the pulse from second clock system adapted to emit pluses at a frequency programmable according to the desired ignition advance law, the resetting of said up and down counter being utilized for producing ignition spark. Finally up and down counter calculates the final value of the advance angle. After calculating the final value of advance angle signal send to the ignition box to ignition coil, and ignition coil operate the spark as per advance angle.
It is most compact and precise presentation for the students doing their summer training from ntpc in control and instrumentation department.
Any kind of information can be taken from this slide regarding the controlling process the plant.
The electronics and communication students can get all information that is sufficient for the presentation on ntpc-singrauli
PID-based temperature control device for electric kettleIJECEIAES
A normal electric kettle usually is intended to boil water until boiling point and cannot be controlled. Most of the kettle does not provide the temperature display for user to track the current temperature reading. Thus, this project is inspired from the shortcoming of most kettles that are sold at the market. By using Arduino microcontroller, a device is developed to control water temperature inside electric kettle. To provide automated temperature control, PID controller is chosen since it can provides precise water temperature control with less fluctuation. The device is also equipped with the display of the current water temperature and desired temperature. The device is tested to an electric kettle and the performance of PID controller in controlling water temperature is compared to on-off controller. An analysis is performed based on the amount of fluctuation with respect to desired temperature to verify the efficacy of the designed circuit and controller. It is found that the developed device and PID controller are capable to control the water temperature inside kettle based on the desired temperature set by user with less amount of fluctuation
Test Rig for Measurement of Spark Advance Angle and Ignition System Using AT8...IJSRD
An electronic ignition control system for internal combustion engine, notably for motor vehicles, which comprises a rotary member revolving at engine speed and provided with two reference marks Which the position correspond to the maximum ignition advance angle and to the minimum ignition advance angle, respectively , said reference marks defining at least one area on said rotary member, a sensor disposed in close vicinity of said rotary member so as to detect the moments of passage of said references marks and at least one up and down counter for counting pulse, said rotary member further comprising a third references marks separate from the first two reference marks aforesaid so as to define two successive areas scanned in succession by said sensor, while a first up and down counter positively counts the pulse from a first area and negatively counts, during passage of second area the pulse from second clock system adapted to emit pluses at a frequency programmable according to the desired ignition advance law, the resetting of said up and down counter being utilized for producing ignition spark. Finally up and down counter calculates the final value of the advance angle. After calculating the final value of advance angle signal send to the ignition box to ignition coil, and ignition coil operate the spark as per advance angle.
It is most compact and precise presentation for the students doing their summer training from ntpc in control and instrumentation department.
Any kind of information can be taken from this slide regarding the controlling process the plant.
The electronics and communication students can get all information that is sufficient for the presentation on ntpc-singrauli
This is a presentation of research in the field of automation of steam turbines power upon 200MW of the group of Process Automation at Institute Mihajlo Pupin, Belgrade. In short, this is a model of steam turbine, which is used during the development of control algorithms steam turbine, power plant personnel training and optimization of steam turbine operation. The model has been adapted to work in real time and is applied in the form of hardware in the loop (HIL) simulation.
BTech Electronics & Communication Engineering Project for Embedded Systems on Temperature Controlled Fan using ATMega8 Controller and LM35 Temperature Sensor.
Diesel power plant,applications, components of DPP, different systems of DPP, plant layout, performance of DPP,advantages & disadvantages of diesel power plant, environmental impacts of DPP
THIS PPT IS MAINLY BASED ON HOW THE ELCTRONIC FUEL INJECTION SYSTEMS IN DIFFERENT VEHICLES AND IN THIS WE HAVE DISCUSSED DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES IN DIFFERENT VEHIOCLEWS AND THEIR MODELS ALSO AND THEIR SYSTEMS ALSO IN THE VEHICLES AND THEIR COMPONENTS AND THEIR USES ARE ALSO MENTIONED IN THIS PPT SO IT IS USEFUL FOR BOTH MECHANICAL AND ELECTRONICS STUDENTS
Group5(compressor and turbine) thermodynamic final presentationShakhawat Sohan
A compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume. An air compressor is a specific type of gas compressor. Compressors are similar to pumps: both increase the pressure on a fluid and both can transport the fluid through a pipe.
SQL Server 2016 porterà tantissime novità, tra cui, per quanto riguarda la programmabilità, il supporto al formato JSON. vedremo com'è possibile serializzare i risultati delle nostre query tramite la clausola FOR JSON, inclusa negli ultimi rilasci della piattaforma.
This is a presentation of research in the field of automation of steam turbines power upon 200MW of the group of Process Automation at Institute Mihajlo Pupin, Belgrade. In short, this is a model of steam turbine, which is used during the development of control algorithms steam turbine, power plant personnel training and optimization of steam turbine operation. The model has been adapted to work in real time and is applied in the form of hardware in the loop (HIL) simulation.
BTech Electronics & Communication Engineering Project for Embedded Systems on Temperature Controlled Fan using ATMega8 Controller and LM35 Temperature Sensor.
Diesel power plant,applications, components of DPP, different systems of DPP, plant layout, performance of DPP,advantages & disadvantages of diesel power plant, environmental impacts of DPP
THIS PPT IS MAINLY BASED ON HOW THE ELCTRONIC FUEL INJECTION SYSTEMS IN DIFFERENT VEHICLES AND IN THIS WE HAVE DISCUSSED DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES IN DIFFERENT VEHIOCLEWS AND THEIR MODELS ALSO AND THEIR SYSTEMS ALSO IN THE VEHICLES AND THEIR COMPONENTS AND THEIR USES ARE ALSO MENTIONED IN THIS PPT SO IT IS USEFUL FOR BOTH MECHANICAL AND ELECTRONICS STUDENTS
Group5(compressor and turbine) thermodynamic final presentationShakhawat Sohan
A compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume. An air compressor is a specific type of gas compressor. Compressors are similar to pumps: both increase the pressure on a fluid and both can transport the fluid through a pipe.
SQL Server 2016 porterà tantissime novità, tra cui, per quanto riguarda la programmabilità, il supporto al formato JSON. vedremo com'è possibile serializzare i risultati delle nostre query tramite la clausola FOR JSON, inclusa negli ultimi rilasci della piattaforma.
Exercícios sobre conferências ambientais, conceitos demográficos, globalização, geopolítica e comércio internacional. Gabarito na última página do arquivo.
PASS Virtual Chapter - SQL Server Continuous DeploymentAlessandro Alpi
Dopo aver visto come effettuare la continuous integration terminiamo il ciclo di vita del nostro database effettuandone il deploy, includendo concetti come DevOps e automazione dei processi
PASS Virtual Chapter - Unit Testing su SQL ServerAlessandro Alpi
Con quanto segue andremo ad approfondire il concetto di unit test e, nella fattispecie, del testing tramite il framework free tSQLt, utilizzando t-sql e SQL Server Management Studio.
PASS Virtual Chapter - SQL Server Continuous IntegrationAlessandro Alpi
Build automatizzate, esecuzione di unit test, creazione di un pacchetto nuget, ecco cosa serve per essere pronti con SQL Server e la continuous integration
This is the work shop that I gave today at the Urban Media Makers Film Festival. The audition w watched is on my youtube channel. Rosalyncwilliams@gmail.com
[ENG] Sql Saturday 355 in Parma - New "SQL Server databases under source cont...Alessandro Alpi
We are used to see our code under source control. What about our databases? This topic is too often underestimated. Keeping database under our control (source controlled) brings many advantages in terms of organization and quality. The distributed work become rock solid and Continuous integration is simpler to implement. In addition, we can take many advantages from testing, automated deployment and all the stuff that brings the agile methodology available to the team. We will compare also third party tools in order to understand the differences between different vendors.
DevOpsHeroes 2016 - Realizzare Continouous Integration con SQL Server e Visua...Alessandro Alpi
In questa serie di slide vedremo come creare i build step su Visual Studio Team Services sfruttando gli add-on forniti da Red Gate, come DLM Automation 2: Build.
Introduction to operation and Control of Thermal Power PlantSWAPNILTRIVEDI6
The slides gives a brief introduction of operation and control of a Thermal power plant.
Posting from my personal Experience during my internship at Rajasthan Spinning and Weaving Mils (RSWM) Ltd. It gives a brief introduction of the installed 46 MW Generation system used by company along with the overall process.
The aim is to help undergraduate students to learn about the overall introduction to Power Plant engineering.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Development of a Bench-Top Air-to-Water Heat Pump Experimental ApparatusCSCJournals
A bench-top air-to-water heat pump experimental apparatus was designed, developed, and constructed for instructional and demonstrative purposes. This air-to-water heat pump experimental apparatus is capable of demonstrating thermodynamics and heat transfer concepts and principles. This heat pump experimental setup was designed around the vapor compression refrigeration cycle. This experimental apparatus has an intuitive user interface, reliable, safe for student use, and portable. The interface is capable of allowing data acquisition by a computer. A PC-based control system which consists of LabVIEW and data acquisition unit is employed to monitor and control this experimental laboratory apparatus. This paper provides details about the development of this unit and the integration of the electrical/electronic component and the control system.
AC-AC Voltage Controller of Power Supply for Heater on Drying SystemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The coconut fruits is very useful to be processed into cooking oil and it can meet the needs of
cooking for Indonesia people, But before the coconuts processed into oil , The coconuts should be dried
first. Usually the drying process is manually, that is dried in the sun. Unfortunately this way is not hygienic
and can’t b e done continuously, causing the coconut fungus overgrow. This paper proposes methode to
solve the problem above.This research makes the dryer coconut fruitssystem by using the heater.Dryer
system used for dry some coconut fruits that must be reduced the water content up to 5%, this dry
coconutis called copra. System requires heater which will be regulated the temperature. Heater
temperature setting is done by adjusting the heater supply voltage, and this is the task of ac to ac voltage
controller. Ac to ac voltage controller is a circuit converter is capable converting ac voltage with value 220
Vrms at 50 Hz frequency and have waveform pure sinusoidal become ac voltage frequency at 50 Hz with
an output voltage suitable with our need but the voltage waveform not impure sinusoidal or defective as a
result firing angle effects. The output voltage which we set determines the value of the heater temperature.
The output voltage is set from the firing angle of the triac component using the addition and decreasing
angle values. Based on the results of experiments that have been done, if the drying chamber which has
volume 135.2 liters and the temperature regulated at 700 C then the heater with a power requirement of
400 W should receive supply 216 V from ac to ac voltage controller. So the triac of ac to ac voltage
controller fired on 0.55 radians so that the to ac voltage controller that gets 220 V input voltage can
produce 216 V output voltage.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Recruiting in the Digital Age: A Social Media MasterclassLuanWise
In this masterclass, presented at the Global HR Summit on 5th June 2024, Luan Wise explored the essential features of social media platforms that support talent acquisition, including LinkedIn, Facebook, Instagram, X (formerly Twitter) and TikTok.
An introduction to the cryptocurrency investment platform Binance Savings.Any kyc Account
Learn how to use Binance Savings to expand your bitcoin holdings. Discover how to maximize your earnings on one of the most reliable cryptocurrency exchange platforms, as well as how to earn interest on your cryptocurrency holdings and the various savings choices available.
Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit and TemplatesAurelien Domont, MBA
This Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit was created by ex-McKinsey, Deloitte and BCG Management Consultants, after more than 5,000 hours of work. It is considered the world's best & most comprehensive Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit. It includes all the Frameworks, Best Practices & Templates required to successfully undertake the Digital Transformation of your organization and define a robust IT Strategy.
Editable Toolkit to help you reuse our content: 700 Powerpoint slides | 35 Excel sheets | 84 minutes of Video training
This PowerPoint presentation is only a small preview of our Toolkits. For more details, visit www.domontconsulting.com
Premium MEAN Stack Development Solutions for Modern BusinessesSynapseIndia
Stay ahead of the curve with our premium MEAN Stack Development Solutions. Our expert developers utilize MongoDB, Express.js, AngularJS, and Node.js to create modern and responsive web applications. Trust us for cutting-edge solutions that drive your business growth and success.
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Implicitly or explicitly all competing businesses employ a strategy to select a mix
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involves recognizing relationships between elements of the marketing mix (e.g.,
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Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey throu...dylandmeas
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey through Full Sail University. Below, you’ll find a collection of my work showcasing my skills and expertise in digital marketing, event planning, and media production.
Company Valuation webinar series - Tuesday, 4 June 2024FelixPerez547899
This session provided an update as to the latest valuation data in the UK and then delved into a discussion on the upcoming election and the impacts on valuation. We finished, as always with a Q&A
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Building Your Employer Brand with Social MediaLuanWise
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In this keynote, Luan Wise will provide invaluable insights to elevate your employer brand on social media platforms including LinkedIn, Facebook, Instagram, X (formerly Twitter) and TikTok. You'll learn how compelling content can authentically showcase your company culture, values, and employee experiences to support your talent acquisition and retention objectives. Additionally, you'll understand the power of employee advocacy to amplify reach and engagement – helping to position your organization as an employer of choice in today's competitive talent landscape.
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Bindu Pillai, Dhara Trivedi, Vishal Mehta & Nilam Patel
from the boiler. The output shaft of the turbine is coupled to the alternator. A panel mounted tachometer is provided to
measure the turbine speed. A set of electrical bulbs and a water rheostat are used to utilize the electrical power produced by
the alternator. Exhaust steam from the turbine is let out to the atmosphere or to a condensor using the exhaust valves. A
separate centrifugal pump is provided to circulate the cooling water through the condensor. An evacuating pump is used to
remove the condensate from the condensor.
The setup is manually operated with a power generation capacity of 5kVA, alternator rotating at 3000 r.p.m
producing maximum of 3kW of which 1kW is used to illuminate the bulbs and rest is bypassed to the rheostat for heating
water in the tank. The used steam is passed through the condensor and converted to water. The fuel (diesel) consumption is
40 litres/hour and the boiler efficiency is 22%. Experimental set-up of mini thermal power plant is shown in figure 1.
Figure 1: Experimental Set-up of Mini Thermal Power Plant
POWER PLANT AUTOMATION
Automation of the mini thermal power plant was carried out in 3 phases:
Feasibility study of automating the plant and creating virtual simulation- The problems of the existing set-up was
identified and the scope of automating the plant was worked out. To support the idea of automation, first a virtual
simulation model was created.
Identifying the required sensors and actuators, its installation and testing- To address the problems with the
existing set-up different manually operated valves were replaced by motorized valves, sensors and actuators were
introduced at the required location. The installation was carried out and the entire set-up was automated. The
automated set-up was then tested for its performance in terms of efficiency, plant operation and monitoring.
Implementation of SCADA for the mini thermal power plant- Once the automated set-up was successfully tested
the next step was to establish remote access to the plant operation by implementing SCADA.
Problems with the Existing Set-up
The following problems were identified with the existing set-up:
No diesel pump to feed diesel into the diesel storage tank.
No indicator for water level and diesel level for water tank and diesel tank respectively.
All the valves of power plant setup are manually operated.
No accurate devices for the measurement of the process parameters.
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Automation and Virtual Simulation of Laboratory Based Mini Thermal Power Plant
Skilled man power required for operating the complete power plant.
No monitoring system available at power plant setup.
Scope of Automating the Plant
The existing plant was manually operated one and hence there was a need to replace the manually operated valves
with the motorized valves. To sense the liquid level, pressure and temperature, respective sensors had to be identified.
Some modification in pipelines was required and fianlly the whole system had to be integrated with PID controller.
Virtual Simulation of Mini Thermal Power Plant
The simulation of the entire automated setup of laboratory based mini thermal power plant was carried out in
LabVIEW-2010 by using DSC (Data logging and Supervisory Control) module. The Virtual simulation of lab based mini
thermal power plant is shown in figure 2. To start the plant put on the start (toggle) switch. If the tank is empty at initial
stage then the level sensor S2 will sense the signal and it will pass feedback signal to cRIO (PID Controller) which will
actuate Valve1 and allow water to feed into the water tank from water sump by Pump1. As level reaches up to 1000 mm,
S1will sense the signal and pass the feedback signal to cRIO (PID Controller)
and Pump1 immediately stops,
simultaneously Valve2 will be open. It remains fully open during the operation of the plant and Pump3 continuously
supplies water to the boiler.
Figure 2: Virtual Simulation of Mini Thermal Power Plant
In the same way if the oil tank is empty , level sensor S4 will sense the signal and it will give a feedback signal to
cRIO (PID Controller) which will actuate Valve3 and it will open. When the oil level reaches upto 700 mm, the level
sensor S3 will sense the signal and actuate Valve4 and it will be closed. When the level goes below 200mm, Valve3 will
open again. The initial steam temperature in the boiler is 29˚C. The bypass valve remains fully open until the steam
temperature reaches 135 ˚C (the maximum limit is 190 ˚C). At this temperature, the bypass valve will be closed and
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Bindu Pillai, Dhara Trivedi, Vishal Mehta & Nilam Patel
Valve5 will be open. Steam passes through the turbine, and in between there is a pressure transmitter and a temperature
sensor T1 mounted on the pipe line which will sense the pressure and temperature of the steam. As the steam temperature
crosses 170 ˚C the globe valve opens and the steam enters the turbine which in turn rotates the alternator connected to it. At
3000 rpm it generates 3kW power out of which 1kW is used to lit the 3 bulbs shown in the out-put panel. The used steam is
passed through the condensor and converted to water. Temperature sensor T2 and T3 sense the inlet and outlet water
temperature. The monitoring panel in the simulation reflects the status of the valves, pumps and sensors. Red color
indicates “OFF” and green indicates “ON” status in the simulation of any device at a particular time.
Benefits of Virtual Simulation
Virtual simulation is useful for understanding the real time working of power plant.
The simulation can be used as a virtual lab to give training to the students & professionals.
Installation and Testing
During the installation the manually operated valves of the existing set-up are replaced by the motorised valves.
Globe valve is located at the outlet pipe of the boiler. It is actuated only when the temperature of steam reaches 170˚C and
pressure of steam reaches 5bar. All other manually operated valves are replaced by automatic ball valves. Electric solenoid
actuator is used to actuate the valves. Level sensor is installed in the water tank and the diesel tank to sense the water level
& diesel level, total four thermocouples are used to sense temperature- temperature of steam at boiler outlet, inlet
temperature of turbine, inlet temperature of the condensor and outlet temperature of the condensor, one pressure transmitter
is used to sense the pressure of the steam at boiler outlet and all the sensors are integrated with the valves to provide signals
to actuate them. After the required modification in pipeline the whole system was integrated with PID controller as shown
in figure 3.
Figure 3: Automated Set-up of Laboratory Based Mini Thermal Power Plant
Benefits of Power Plant Automation
Indication of water level and diesel level in the tank can be acknowledged with the help of level sensor.
Automatic valves reduce operating time of plant.
PID controller controls the globe valve automatically as per the preset temperature and pressure.
Produced power is utilized for charging an I.C. Engine battery charger, to run pump for recirculation of water to
the condensor, to run fans of thermal engineering laboratory.
5. Automation and Virtual Simulation of Laboratory Based Mini Thermal Power Plant
Improvement in boiler efficiency by 6%.
79
Automatic controller based operation improved the process monitoring and made plant operation easy.
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) of Mini Thermal Power Plant
SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition) generally refers to industrial control systems, computer
systems that monitors and controls industrial, laboratory, infrastructure or facility-based processes. A SCADA simulation
of a laboratory based mini thermal power plant was developed using LabVIEW-2010 data logging and supervisory control
(DSC) module which has a capacity to supervise the plant operation and perform data acquisition.
Features of SCADA Simulation
Supervisory Control of Mini Thermal Power Plant
The SCADA system of mini thermal power plant includes mini thermal power plant layout and indicators for onoff condition of various valves and sensors of plant.
Data Acquisition in Mini Thermal Power Plant
The main objective of data acquisition system is to acquire data from temperature sensor, pressure sensor and
level sensor of mini thermal power plant. Data acquisition tab is shown in figure 4. Operator can monitor data acquired
from various sensors like temperature sensor, pressure sensor and level sensor. Value of steam temperature and steam
pressure, at a particular time, can be monitored through this simulation along with High and Low position of the level
sensor.
Process Monitoring with PID Controller
Operator can monitor position of globe valve and motorized damper with help of PID controller and based on the
preset temperature and pressure values, control the % opening of the valve.
Historical Data
SCADA simulation features viewing of historical data in the form of plots. Operator can view data of various
process parameters such as tmeperature at globe valve, temperature at condensor inlet and outlet acquired.
Figure 4: SCADA Simulation
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Bindu Pillai, Dhara Trivedi, Vishal Mehta & Nilam Patel
CONCLUSIONS
Due to automation of the plant the boiler efficiency was improved from 22% to 28%. Fuel consumption was
reduced from 40litres/hour to 33litres/hour. Plant operation is more efficient due to automatic valves, sensors and PID
controller. Better utilisation of the output to charge I.C. Engine battery, lighting bulbs and fans of the laboratory and
driving the condensate pump. Power plant operation can be monitored through SCADA from a remote location.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors wish to thank Dr. Piyush Gohil, Professor & Head, Mechanical Engineering Department and Dr.
N.D. Shah, Principal-Faculty of Technology and Engineering (Chandubhai S. Patel Institute of Technology- Changa)
Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa for their encouragement and support in undertaking the research
work. Special thanks to the Management for their financial and moral support.
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17. Altech, steam turbine test rig, Instruction manual and Energy machine, installation and maintenance
for ECOTHERM (steam boiler).
18. www.ni.com/labview/labviewdsc.
19. www.dewetron.cz/pdf/1msw078_082a.
manual