The document defines anatomical terms and references used to describe the human body. It discusses anatomical position, the three anatomical planes (medial, transverse, frontal), five body regions (head, neck, trunk, upper extremities, lower extremities), five body cavities (cranial, abdominal, thoracic, pelvic, spinal) and organs within each cavity. It also describes the four abdominal quadrants and main organs within each quadrant, and explains how anatomical references are used to describe the location of wounds or injuries on a patient's body.
introduction to human anatomy for master degree studentDiribaErko
Introduction to human anatomy for master degree .this is prepared to show the student how to study human anatomy clearly and in ashort period of time without difficulty.it include the meaning of anatomy,terminology
INTRODUCTION TO THE
HUMAN BODY
ANATOMY is the study of the structure of the
body and of the relationship of its constituent
parts to each other.
In regional anatomy a geographical study is
made and each region, e.g., arm, leg, head,
chest, etc., is found to consist of a number of
structures common to all regions such as bones,
muscles, nerves, blood vessels and so on.
From this study it follows that a number of
different systems exist.
My first lecture on anatomy for B.Sc Nursing I year students. My PPT covers introductory part, the anatomical and directional terms used. Hope you like it.
What are Anatomy and Physiology?
Anatomy: the word anatomy is derived from a Greek word “Anatome” meaning to cut up. It is the study of structures that make up the body and how those structures relate with each other.
The study of anatomy includes many sub specialties. These are Gross anatomy, Microscopic anatomy, Developmental anatomy and Embryology.
Gross anatomy studies body structure with out microscope. Systemic anatomy studies functional relationships of organs within a system whereas Regional anatomy studies body part regionally. Both systemic and regional approaches may be used to study gross anatomy.
Microscopic anatomy (Histology) requires the use of microscope to study tissues that form the various organs of the body.
Physiology: the word physiology derived from a Greek word for study of nature. It is the study of how the body and its part work or function.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
introduction to human anatomy for master degree studentDiribaErko
Introduction to human anatomy for master degree .this is prepared to show the student how to study human anatomy clearly and in ashort period of time without difficulty.it include the meaning of anatomy,terminology
INTRODUCTION TO THE
HUMAN BODY
ANATOMY is the study of the structure of the
body and of the relationship of its constituent
parts to each other.
In regional anatomy a geographical study is
made and each region, e.g., arm, leg, head,
chest, etc., is found to consist of a number of
structures common to all regions such as bones,
muscles, nerves, blood vessels and so on.
From this study it follows that a number of
different systems exist.
My first lecture on anatomy for B.Sc Nursing I year students. My PPT covers introductory part, the anatomical and directional terms used. Hope you like it.
What are Anatomy and Physiology?
Anatomy: the word anatomy is derived from a Greek word “Anatome” meaning to cut up. It is the study of structures that make up the body and how those structures relate with each other.
The study of anatomy includes many sub specialties. These are Gross anatomy, Microscopic anatomy, Developmental anatomy and Embryology.
Gross anatomy studies body structure with out microscope. Systemic anatomy studies functional relationships of organs within a system whereas Regional anatomy studies body part regionally. Both systemic and regional approaches may be used to study gross anatomy.
Microscopic anatomy (Histology) requires the use of microscope to study tissues that form the various organs of the body.
Physiology: the word physiology derived from a Greek word for study of nature. It is the study of how the body and its part work or function.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
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Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
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Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
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This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
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2. 1. Define anatomical position.
2. Identify and describe the three anatomical planes.
3. List the five regions of the human body.
4. List the five body cavities and the organs they contain.
5. Describe the location of a wound on a patient using
anatomical references.
6. Name the four abdominal quadrants.
7. Identify and label the main internal organs located in
each abdominal quadrant.
3. Patient standing
erect with arms down
at the sides, palms
facing forward.
“Right” and “left”
refers to the patient’s
right and left.
ANATOMICAL POSITION
4. CONVENTIONAL REFERENCES
Refers to imaginary planes that divide the body in
two halves, in different orientations.
Medial plane: Imaginary plane that divides the body
in two halves — Left half and right half.
Transverse plane: Imaginary plane that passes
through the navel and divides the body in two halves
— the superior half and inferior half.
Frontal plane: Imaginary plane that divides the
body in two halves — anterior half and posterior
half.
ANATOMICAL PLANES
5.
6. PROXIMAL: Means close, or closer to the
point of reference given.
DISTAL: Means distant, or farther away
from the point of reference given.
EXTREMITIES AND SUBDIVISIONS
7. POSITIONAL TERMS
Prone: Lying face down, on the stomach.
Supine: Lying face up, on the back.
Lateral recumbent or “recovery”: lying on one
side of the body.
8. BODY REGIONS
For the purposes of this course we recognise five
regions:
Head: Skull, face, jaw (mandible)
Neck
Trunk: Thorax, abdomen, pelvis
Upper extremities: Shoulder joint (scapula,
clavicle and humerus), arm, elbow, forearm, wrist,
hand
Lower extremities: Hip joint (pelvis and femur),
thigh, knee, leg, ankle, foot.
9.
10.
11.
12. BODY CAVITIES
Cranial – houses and protects the brain. Made of
immovable joints.
Abdominal – least protected cavity
Thoracic – contains the heart, lungs and the great
vessels. Separated from the abdomen by the
diaphragm
Pelvic – contains the bladder and reproductive
organs. Consists of the ilium, pubis and ischium.
Iliac crests form the wings of the pelvis
Spinal – houses and protects the spinal cord
13. Cranial – houses and
protects the brain.
Made of immovable
joints.
14.
15.
16. ABDOMINAL QUADRANTS AND ORGANS
Abdomen has few
reference points & divided
into quadrants for
locating internal organs,
or describing the location
of an injury or pain.
A vertical plane and
horizontal plane whose
intersection point is the
navel, divide the abdomen
into four quadrants
17. ORGANS IN THE ABDOMEN:
The right upper quadrant contains the liver,
colon, pancreas and gallbladder.
The left upper quadrant contains the liver, spleen,
stomach, colon and pancreas.
The right lower quadrant contains the colon,
small intestines, major artery and vein to the right
leg, the ureter and appendix.
The left lower quadrant contains the colon, small
intestines, major artery and vein to the left leg and
the ureter.
18. ORGANS IN THE ABDOMEN:
In the midline area are located the
aorta, pancreas, small intestines,
bladder and spine
Hollow abdominal organs: stomach,
gallbladder, the large and small
intestines, and the urinary bladder and
the uterus
Solid abdominal organs: liver, spleen
and pancreas
21. Right lower quadrant
• colon
• small intestines,
• major artery and vein to the right leg,
• ureter
• appendix.
Left lower quadrant
• colon,
• small intestines,
• major artery and vein to the left leg
• ureter.
22. In the midline area are located the aorta, pancreas, small
intestines, bladder and spine.
Hollow abdominal organs:
• Stomach,
• Gallbladder,
• Large and small intestines
• Urinary bladder
• Uterus.
Solid abdominal organs:
• Liver,
• Spleen
• Pancreas.
24. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
The function of the respiratory system is to
deliver oxygen to the body and to remove
carbon dioxide from the body.
Air passing into and out of the lungs is known
as respiration.
Breathing in is called inspiration or inhaling.
Breathing out is called expiration or exhaling.
25.
26. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
The digestive system consists of the alimentary tract (food
passageway) and additional organs. The main function of the
digestive system is to mechanical and chemical.
The mechanical process includes chewing, swallowing, the rhythmic
movement of matter through the tract, and defecation (the
elimination of waste).
The chemical process consists of breaking down food into simple
components that can be absorbed and used by the body.
Excluding the mouth and the oesophagus, the organs of the
digestive system are in the abdomen. These organs include the
stomach, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and large
intestine.
27.
28. URINARY SYSTEM
The urinary system filters and excretes waste from
the body.
It consists of two kidneys and two ureters, one
urinary bladder and one urethra.
The ureters take urine from the kidneys to the next
part of the system – the bladder.
The bladder stores urine until it is passed through the
urethra and is excreted from the body.
29.
30.
31. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
• The reproductive system of the female consists of two ovaries, two
Fallopian tubes, the uterus, the vagina and external genitals.
• The female reproductive system provides the egg (ovum) which is
fertilized by the male’s sperm.
32. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
The reproductive system of the male consists of two testes, a
seminal duct, accessory glands, and the penis.
The male reproductive system provides the sperm which fertilizes
the female’s ovum.
33. NERVOUS SYSTEM
The nervous system is composed of the brain, the spinal cord and
nerves.
The nervous system has two major functions: communication and
control.
This system lets a person be aware of and react to the environment.
It coordinates the body’s responses to stimuli and keeps body systems
working together.
The nervous system has three main parts: the central nervous system,
the peripheral nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.
The central nervous system consists of the brain and the spinal cord.
The peripheral nervous system consists of the nerves.
The autonomic nervous system regulates functions throughout the
body
34.
35. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
The endocrine glands regulate the body by secreting hormones
directly into the bloodstream.
These glands affect physical strength, mental ability, stature,
reproduction, hair growth, voice pitch, and behaviour.
The secretions from these tiny glands can affect how people think,
act and feel.
Each gland produces one or more hormones. Some of the glands
in the endocrine system are the thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals,
ovaries, testes, and the pituitary.
36.
37. MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
The musculoskeletal system is made up of the skeleton and muscles.
This system helps to give the body shape and to protect internal
organs.
Muscles also provide for movement.
The skeleton shapes the human body with its bony framework.
The bone consists of living cells and non-living matter.
The non-living matter contains calcium compounds that help make
the bone hard and rigid.
Without bones, the body would collapse.
The skeleton is held together mainly by ligaments, tendons and
layers of muscle.
The three kinds of joints are immovable like the skull, slightly
movable like
the spine, and freely movable like the elbow or the knee.
38.
39.
40. MAJOR AREAS OF THE SKELETON
The skull has several broad, flat bones that form a hollow shell. The top,
including the forehead, back, and sides of this shell make up the
cranium.
The spinal column houses and protects the spinal cord.
The spinal column is the main supportive bony structure of the body and
consists of 33 bones called vertebrae.
The spine is divided into five major sections: the cervical spine, the
thoracic spine, the lumbar spine, the sacrum and the coccyx.
The thorax, or rib cage, protects the heart and lungs – vital organs of the
body.
They are enclosed by 12 pairs of ribs and are attached at the back to the
spine.
The top 10 pairs are also attached in the front to the sternum, or
breastbone. The lowest portion of the sternum is called the xiphoid
process.
44. The pelvis, or hip bones, consists of the ilium, pubis, and ischium. Iliac
crests from the “wings” of the pelvis.
The pubis is the anterior portion of the pelvis.
The ischium is the posterior portion.
The shoulder girdle consists of the clavicle (collar bone) and the
scapulae (shoulder blades).
The upper extremities extend from the shoulders to the fingertips.
The arm (shoulder to elbow) has one bone known as the humerus.
The bones in the forearm (elbow to wrist) are the radius and the ulna.
The lower extremities extend from the hips to the toes.
The bone in the thigh, or upper leg, is known as the femur. The bones in the
lower leg (knee to ankle) are the tibia and fibula. The kneecap is called the
patella.
45. The Upper Extremities
The bones of the upper
extremities are:
Shoulder joint
Arm, humerus
Elbow joint
Radius
Ulna
48. SKIN
The skin protects the body from the outside world.
It also protects the deep tissues from injury, drying out, and
invasion by bacteria and other foreign bodies.
The skin also helps to regulate the body temperature, aids in getting
rid of water and various salts, and helps to prevent dehydration.
The skin also acts as the receptor organ for touch, pain, heat, and
cold.
The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin and contains cells
that give it colour.
The dermis, or second layer, contains a vast network of blood
vessels.
The deepest layers of the skin contain hair follicles, sweat and oil
glands, and sensory nerves. Just under the skin is a layer of
subcutaneous fatty tissue.
49.
50. Define anatomical position
Identify and describe the three anatomical planes
Identify the five regions of the human body
List the five body cavities and the organs they
contain
Describe the location of a wound on a patient using
anatomical references
Name the four abdominal quadrants
Identify the main internal organs located in each
abdominal quadrant
REVIEW