Test 1

1. CH. 4 (pg 79-80) and CH. 21 (pg499)

2.  Used to describe locations of structural units
of the body, they include:
 Body Planes
 Body Directions
 Body Cavities
 Structural Units

3.  Anatomy
 Study of structure of an organism and their
parts
 Physiology
 The study of the functions of living organisms and
their parts
 -ology= study of
 Anatomic Position- describes the body in the
standard position; standing erect, arms at sides,
palms facing forward, and feet slightly apart.

4. The body is in an erect
posture with arms at
the sides and palms
turned forward.
When using directional
terms to describe the
body, it is assumed that
the body is in this
position

5.  Pathology – the scientific study of disease
 Disease – results from abnormalities of body
structure or function that prevent the body
from maintaining the internal stability that
keeps us alive and healthy.
 Pathophysiology
 Study of diseases and disorders within the
body
 Homeostasis
 Body and its systems work together to
maintain a constant state of balance in
which all systems of the body work
together and function cohesively

6. Survival depends on the body maintaining
relatively constant conditions within the
body.
Homeostasis: relative constancy of the internal
environment.
Disease or disorders can occur when
homeostasis is not maintained within the
body.
The body has mechanisms that act as heaters,
air pumps, and the like to maintain stable
conditions of its internal fluid environment.

7. Homeostatic controls can only maintain a
relative constancy.
Conditions do not remain absolutely constant, but
rather fluctuate near a normal, ideal value.
i.e. body temperature

8. List three factors that can lead to
disease and disorders within the
body

9.  Body Planes- imaginary vertical and
horizontal lines to divide the body into
sections for descriptive purposes.
 Vertical planes- are up and down planes;
 Midsagittal plane- divides the body into equal
left/right halves.
 Sagittal Plane- divides the body into unequal
left/right portions
 Frontal Plane- divides the body into anterior
(front) and posterior (back) portions

10.  Horizontal Plane- flat crosswise plane:
 Transverse Plane- divides the body into superior
(upper) and inferior (lower) portions; can be at
any level across the body.

11.  Sagittal – lengthwise plane
running from front to back.
Divides body into right and
left sides. Also called a
midsagittal plane when
right and left halves are
equal.
 Frontal (coronal) –
lengthwise plane running
from side to side. Divides
body into anterior (front)
and posterior (rear)
portions.
 Transverse – horizontal
plane. Divides body or any
of its parts into upper and
lower portions.

12.  Ventral- front of organ or body; opposite of
dorsal
 Dorsal- back of organ or body
 Anterior- in/towards front of organ or body.
 Posterior- situated in/towards the back of
organ or body; can also be used as reference
to dorsal surface of body.

13.  Superior- toward the head; upper; above.
Opposite of inferior. Eg. The head is superior to
the neck.
 Inferior- lower. Below, or toward the feet
 Cephalic- towards the head; pertaining to the
head
 Proximal- nearest the midline or beginning of
body structure. Opposite of distal. Nearest to
the trunk or point of origin. Eg. Elbow is
proximal to the wrist.

14.  Caudal- toward the lower part of body
 Distal – farthest from midline or beginning of
body structure. Away from the trunk or point
of origin
 Medial- toward the midline
 Lateral- toward the side; away from the
midline

15.  Supine – lying face
upward.
 Prone – lying face
downward.

16. The body can be subdivided into two major
portions:
 Axial: consists of head, neck, and torso or trunk.
 Appendicular: consists of the upper and lower
extremities.
(see figure 1-8)

17.  The body is not a solid structure.
 Made up of open spaces that contain
compact, well-ordered arrangements of
internal organs.
 The large abdominopelvic cavity is divided
into four quadrants. Used frequently by
health professionals for locating origin of
pain or location of abnormality.

18.  Two major body cavities are the dorsal and
ventral; spaces between the body that
contains and protects internal organs.
 Dorsal cavity- located at back of body and
head contains; head, nervous system organs,
coordinate body functions , divided into two
parts:
 Cranial cavity- within the skull, protects the
brain
 Spinal cavity- within the spinal column, protects
the spinal cord.

19.  Ventral cavity- along the front side of body,
contains:
 Thoracic cavity- protects the heart and lungs.
Diaphragm is the breathing muscle that separates
the thoracic and abdominal cavities
 Abdominal cavity- contains major organs of
digestive system
 Pelvic cavity- formed by the hip bones and it
contains the reproductive organs and excretory
system

21.  Inguinal- pertaining to the groin, entire lower
area of the abdomen
 Abdominopelvic cavity- abdominal &pelvic
cavities as one unit
 Regions- divides the abdomen into 9 parts:
 Hypochondriac region- located on the right/left
covered by the lower ribs
 Epigastric region- above the stomach

22.  Lumbar region- located on right/left side by
inward curve of spine
 Umbilical region- surrounds the umbilicus (belly
button or navel)
 Iliac region- located on right/left side over hip
bones
 Hypogastric- below the stomach

23.  Quadrants- the abdomen is also divided into
4 quadrants;
 RUQ- right upper quadrant
 LUQ- left upper quadrant
 RLQ- right lower quadrant
 LLQ- left lower quadrant

24.  Visceral- pertaining to internal organs
 Visceral peritoneum- inner layer membrane
surrounds organs
 Mesentery- fused double layer of parietal
peritoneum, attaches parts of the intestine
to interior abdominal wall
 Parietal Peritoneum- outer membrane lines
abdominal cavity

25.  Retroperitoneal- behind peritoneum: Ex.
Kidneys are retroperitoneal with one on each
side of the spinal column.
 Cells- basic structural/functional units of the
body. They are grouped together for tissues
&organs
 Cytology- study of anatomy, physiology,
pathology, and chemistry of the cell

26.  Tissue- group of specialized cells , join
together to perform certain (specific)
functions
 Muscle- has the ability to contract and relax
 Histology- study of structure, composition,
and function, of tissues
 Aplasia- absence of organ or tissue
 Anaplasia- change in structure of cells and in
their orientation to each other

27.  Dysplasia- abnormal growth or development
of cells, tissue, or organs
 Hypoplasia- underdevelopment of tissue or
organ
 Hyperplasia- enlargement of organ or tissue,
caused from increased number of cells in
tissues
 Pathologist- specialist of laboratory analysis
of tissue samples; confirms diagnosis
 Etiology- study of causes of disease

28.  Geriatrician- a doctor who specializes in the
treatment of older patients
 Idiopathic- disease of unknown cause
 Anomaly- a deviation from what is considered
normal
 -ectomy- surgical removal
 -ostomy- surgical creation of an opening to a
body surface
 Homeostais- maintains a constant internal
environment
 Adenomalacia- softening of a galnd
 Adenosis- any disease of a gland

29.  Nosocomial Infection- in a hospital or clinic
setting
 Atresia- congenital condition; absence of
normal opening to be tubular ( Ex. Anus)
 Epidemic- disease that has spread in a region
(group or area).
 Pandemic- disease that has spread worldwide
 Phenylketonuria- when a digestive enzyme is
missing
 Blood borne transmission- diseases that can
be spread through blood.

30.  Skeletal- the structure that shapes and
supports the body
 Peritonitis- inflammation of the peritoneum
 Adenosclerosis- hardening of a gland
 Pathogen- disease causing microorganism
 Adenectomy- surgical removal of a gland
 Endocrine- glands that secretes hormones
(chemicals) through the blood
 Adenitis- inflammation of a gland
 Adenoma- benign tumor of gland