This document provides an overview of quantitative research designs, including descriptive and experimental designs. Descriptive designs are used to describe subjects that are usually measured once, and include descriptive surveys, normative surveys, document analysis, comparative studies, correlational studies, and evaluative studies. Experimental designs measure subjects before and after a treatment and include true experiments and quasi-experiments. Correlational research measures the association between two variables. The document discusses different quantitative methodologies and provides an example of how to describe the methodology in a research study. It also includes an activity that asks the reader to classify example research topics as descriptive, experimental, or correlational in design.

1. PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
Q2- MODULE 1 (Week 1)
Quantitative Research
Designs
1

2. 1. What quantitative mode of research involving investigation of
dependent and independent variables through control and
manipulation?
A. Correlational Study C. Feasibility Study
B. Experimental Study D. Trend Analysis
2. What are the two general types of experimental designs?
A. Hard and soft experimental
B. Specific and general designs
C. Hard and weak experimental
D. Weak and true experimental
3. What type of sampling that needs to select the sample size more than
once?
A. Cluster sampling C. Simple random sampling
B. Multi-stage sampling D. Stratified sampling

3. 4. What is the primary factor in determining whether research is true
experimental or quasi-experimental?
A. Conditioning applied C. Sources of data
B. Selecting the participants D. Technique adapted
5. After selecting the participants or subjects in experimental research, what is
the next thing to do?
A. Conduct an experiment
B. Decide on the type of design
C. Determine the variables
D. Specify the problem or topic
6. What is an example of quasi-experimental design?
A. One-shot case study
B. Static-group pre-test-post-test
C. Randomized pre-test-post-test
D. Time-series design

4. 7. What is the most used non-experimental research in the field of
humanities and social sciences?
A. Correlational Research C. Observational Research
B. Historical Research D. Survey Research
8. What design is used if the study is on “the relationship between
the value orientation of radio soap opera listeners and their
socioeconomic status”?
A. Anthropological Study C. Experimental Study
B. Correlational Study D. Feasibility Study
9. What is known as the subset of the population?
A. Data C. Universe
B. Sample D. Variable

5. 10. Which of the following may not be considered as a research study?
A. Fame or Destiny is the Hindrance to Personal Survival
B. Rocks, Earthquakes and Physical Hazards: Analysis and Its Implications to
Communal Health-related Problems
C. The Correlates of Single-player Games with Multidimensional Facilities to
Actual Field Learning
D.The Effectiveness of Lecture and Discussion in Learning Senior High School
Students’ Biological Concepts
11. What is the suited research design for this research title, “The Effects of Twitter
on the Communication Etiquette of Students”?
A. Correlational C. Experimental
B. Descriptive D. Ex post facto
12. Mr. Martin would like to know further the type of social media used between the
male and female SHS students of Don Sergio Osmeña Sr. Memorial National
High School. What is the appropriate research design to be used in his study?
A. Correlational C. Experimental
B. Descriptive D. Quasi-Experimental

6. 13. Which of the following illustrates a quantitative study?
A.Academic performance of high school students
B.Attributes to malnutrition in children
C.Public opinion to the corruption in our country
D.All the above
14. What type of sampling when every element has an equal chance of
getting selected to be the part sample? It is used when we don’t have
any kind of prior information about the target population.
A.Cluster sampling C. Simple random sampling
B.Multi-stage sampling D. Stratified sampling
15. Which of the following is NOT belong to the group?
A.Case study C. Ex post fact
B.Comparative D. Normative

7. Quantitative Research Designs
Quantitative Research Designs are either descriptive (subjects usually measured
once) or experimental (subject measured before and after treatment). It utilizes
more statistical tests to explain the nature, characteristics, relationships, and
differences of variables (Chico & Matira 2016; Vizcarra 2003).
Descriptive Designs
Descriptive design is the most used method of investigation in educational research.
This is attributable to the fact that descriptive design is easier to conduct compared
to other designs. It does not mean however that this is less important than other
research methods. Descriptive studies are useful in obtaining the prevailing status
or condition of the problem which are essential in understanding the past and the
future. In this module, descriptive design is classified into six. 7

8. descriptive-survey, descriptive-normative survey, descriptive- documentary,
descriptive-comparative, descriptive-correlational; and descriptive- evaluative.
1.Descriptive survey. This type is suitable wherever the subjects vary among
themselves, and one is interested to know the extent to which different
conditions and situations are obtained among these subjects. A survey is useful
in: (1) providing the value of facts, and (2) focusing attention on the most
important things to be reported
2.Descriptive-normative survey. The term normative is sometimes used because
surveys are frequently made to ascertain the normal or typical condition for
practice, or to compare local tests results with a state or national norm.
3.Descriptive documentary. The documentary method is used when data
cannot be obtained through questionnaires or observation. For example, this is
best demonstrated when a researcher attempts to determine the relationship
between the extent of socialization and academic performance of indigent
students. 8

9. 4.Descriptive comparative. This design is used to compare and contrast
representative samples from two or more groups of subjects in relation to
certain designated variables that occur in normal conditions. The results
obtained from these analyses are frequently not generalized in a population.
5.Descriptive-correlational. This design is used to investigate the direction and
magnitude of relationships among variables. Likewise, it is designed to study
the changes in one characteristics or phenomenon which correspond to the
changes in another or with one another. A wide range of variable scores is
necessary to determine the existence of relationships. Thus, the sample should
reflect the full range of scores, if possible, on the variables being measured.
6.Descriptive-evaluative. This design involves making a judgment of worth or value.
It allows the researcher to delineate, obtain, and provide information
that is useful for judging decision alternatives when conducting a program or
service. It can be formative (process) or summative (outcome). 9

10. Experimental Designs
This design describes what will be. It means that a researcher must determine the
effects of variables being manipulated together with the main objectives of the
study. The main objectives of the study are the dependent variables or the output of
the study.
The factors that influence dependent variables are the independent variables. The
following table presents the two major designs in quantitative research, namely the
experimental and non-experimental designs (Cristobal & Cristobal, 2017).

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Correlational Research Designs
Correlational research is sometimes known as associational research because it
measures the extent or magnitude of association between two variables. This is
another form descriptive research because it only measures the existing
relationships of variables. The difference however is when the major purpose of
the study is to compare two important variables. The following are useful in
determining the correlation coefficient of the variables studied: (1) Pearson
Product Moment Coefficient of Correlation, (2) Special Correlation techniques that
include Spearman Rank, Kendall Tau, Point Biserial and Phi Coefficient.
Quantitative Research Methodology
To write the research design for your research, it is customary first to mention the
research methodology used. Definitions or descriptions of the methodology may
then be lifted from authors. The section should end with a short discussion on
why you have chosen that particular methodology by relating it to your topic and
the objectives of your study (Chico & Matira, 2016).

12. Below is a sample of the Research Methodology as presented by Moral
(2012).
This study used the descriptive survey method. According to Creswell (1994), the
descriptive method of research is to gather information about the present existing
condition. A survey on the radio soap opera listeners’ age, gender, civil status,
educational background, occupation, and religion was done with the view of
obtaining their profile on attitudes and values diversity. The study also surveyed
the type of radio dramas listened to base from radio stations since these variables
were conditioned by the radio soap opera listeners’ demographic profile.
Moreover, the study gathered data on listeners’ core values framework, this being
assumed to be dependent on the cultural diversity of the respondents.

13. Activity #2
Instructions: Classify the type of quantitative research designs of the following
research titles/topics as to Descriptive, Experimental, and Correlational.
1. Academic Performance and Gender
2. Vocabulary Skills through Context Clues
3. Profile of Generation Z
4. Community Services and Action Research of Master Teachers
5. Extent of Productivity of Casual Employees
6.Level of Performance of Engineering Students in their Licensure Exam
7. Performance of Private Institutions Compared to that of Government
Institutions
8. Difference brought by Anesthesia on the Length of Time it Takes for a Patient
to Fall Asleep
9. Level of Effectiveness of ICT in the Awareness of Students along Academic
Institutions, Media, and Economic Status
10. Core Values and Types of Radio Soap Opera of the Respondents

14. At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
1.Define sampling and other technical terms about sampling.
2.Determine the population and the sample size of your study
employing statistically accepted formulas.
3.Compare-contrast the sampling methods; and
4.Pick out an appropriate sampling method for your chosen research
topic.
14

15. 15
Identifying the Population to be studied
The term population refers to the aggregate or totality of all the objects,
subjects, members that conform to a set of specifications. In
quantitative studies, the researcher identifies the population to be
studied during the planning phase.
According to Vizcarra (2003), sample is the representative of your study
to answer questionnaires or as participants. In a descriptive study,
usually the respondents are very large. If you consider them all, it entails
a lot of money, time, and effort. When taken honestly and accurately, the
sample could provide valid information similar to what is expected of the
whole universe of the study.
In research, sampling is a word that refers to your method or process of
selecting respondents or people to answer questions meant to yield data

16. 16
for a research study. While sampling frame is the term used to mean the
list of the members of such population from where you will get the
sample (Paris in Baraceros, 2016).
Furthermore, when the sample is not representative of the population,
selection bias is a possibility. A typical source of bias in population studies
is age or socioeconomic status: people with extreme values for these
variables tend not to take part in the studies. Thus, a high compliance
(the proportion of people contacted who end up as subjects) is
important in avoiding bias (Chico & Matira, 2016).
Advantages of Sampling
The advantages of sampling are as follows (Calmorin & Calmorin, 2007):
1.It saves time, money, and effort. The researcher can save time, money,
and effort because the number of subjects involved is small.

17. 2. It is more effective. Sampling is more effective if every individual of the
population without bias has an equal chance of being included in the
sample and data are scientifically collected, analyzed, and interpreted.
3. It is faster, cheaper, and economical. Since sample is only “drop in a
bucket,” the collection, tabulation, presentation, analysis and
interpretation of data are rapid and less expensive due to small number
of subjects and few copies of the questionnaires are used.
4. It is more accurate. Fewer errors are made due to small size of data
involved in collection, tabulation, presentation, analysis, and
interpretation.
5. It gives more comprehensive information. Since there is a thorough
investigation of the study due to small sample, the results give more
comprehensive information because all members of the population have

18. an equal chance of being included in the sample.
When choosing a sample size, we must consider the following
issues:
(Engineering Statistics Handbook)
What population parameters we want to estimate
Cost of sampling (importance of information)
How much is already known
Spread (variability) of the population
Practicality: how hard is it to collect data
How precise we want the final estimates to be
Moreover, the use of formulas (i.e., Slovin’s & Calmorin’s) is one of the
factors to consider in determining the sample size (Sevilla in Calmorin,
2003 ).

22. For instance, the total
population (N) is 900; the
standard value (V) at 1% or 0.01
and the proportion (p) of a
target population is 50% or 0.50.
Then, the sample size is
computed as follows:
Given:
N = 900
V =2.58
Se = 0.01
P =0.50

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After obtaining the size of the sample, you may now determine the sampling
techniques to be employed. There are two general types of sampling, namely:
1.Probability random sampling
2.Non-probability sampling
Probability random sampling. This is a type of sampling in which all members of the
population are given a chance of being selected. This is also called scientific
sampling.
a.Restricted random sampling. This type of sampling design involves certain
restrictions intended to improve the validity of the sample. However, this design
is applicable only when the population being investigated is homogeneous.
Restricted random samples drawn from a homogeneous population are likely to
arrive at accurate values of the population characteristics.
b.Unrestricted random sampling. This is the best random sampling design due to no
restrictions imposed, and every member in the population has an equal chance of
inclusion in the sample.

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c. Systematic sampling. It is a method of selecting every nth element of the
population (e.g. every fifth, eight, ninth, or eleventh element). After the size of the
sample has been determined, the selection of the sample follows.
Example:
Teachers’ Population = 15,345 Sample size using Slovin’s formula =
390 Computation of the nth= n/N
15,345/390 = 39.34 or 39 = is the distance
Therefore, your respondents are #39, 78, 117, 156, 195, etc. until you have taken the
total computed sample size of 390.
d.Cluster sampling. This is used in large-scale studies in which the population is
geographically spread out. In these cases, sampling procedures may be difficult
and time-consuming. Example: blocks or districts, in a municipality or city
composed of population individuals and are selected either by random sampling
or systematic sampling. This design is advantageous when individuals in the
blocks or districts belong to heterogeneous group.

26. 26
d. Stratified random sampling. This technique of sampling is used by making
subdivisions of the total population into smaller groups to represent the sample of
the study. For every group, the proportional sample will be drawn. In the event
that each group still contains a large population after the subdivision is made,
proportional or equal allocation may be employed. For instance, an institution
may have 5,000 students, of which 3,500 are females and 1,500 males. The
sample size of 3,500 is 244 are drawn by random technique from the
subpopulation or stratum of females and 232 from the subpopulation or stratum
of males.

27. Table 9.2:
Computed Sample Sizes
for Different Population
(N) at 0.01 Level of
Probability to a
Proportion of 0.50

28. a. Multistage sampling. This design is done in several stages. It can
be two-stage, three- stage, four-stage, five-stage, and many
others depending on the number of sampling to be used. In this
design the population individuals are grouped into a hierarchy of
units, and sampling is done consecutively. For instance, in the
nationwide study, the regions are chosen as the first stage;
provinces as the second stage; municipalities, third stage;
barangay, fourth stage. Hence, sampling is in four stages.
Non-probability sampling. This is a process of selecting
respondents in which the members of the entire population do
not have an equal chance of being selected as samples. These
are cases in which a sample is given priority instead of other
members. This is also termed as non-scientific sampling.

29. a.Convenience sampling. It is also called accidental or incidental
sampling. The respondents are obtained on the availability or
preference of the researcher. Those that can be easily reached
individually are usually considered. In a survey, only those with
whom the researcher can easily communicate are chosen. This
type of sampling does not entail too much money, time or effort.
b.Purposive sampling. It involves the handpicking of subjects. This
is also called judgmental sampling. For example, in a study
involving diabetic patients, the researcher uses a list of diabetic
patients and chooses the necessary number of respondents.
c.Quota sampling. The word “quota” means desired quantity or
allocation. As used in research, quota respondents are chosen
based on characteristics needed in t h e investigation. For

30. example, if the quota is at least 50 respondents, those who
possess similar characteristics are included, regardless of how
they are chosen.
d.Voluntary sampling. Since the subjects you expect to participate
in the sample are the ones volunteering to constitute the
sample, there is no need for you to do any selection process.
e.Snowball sampling. Similar to snow expanding or rolling rapidly,
this sampling method does not give a specific set of samples.
This is true for a study involving unspecified group of people.
Dealing with varied groups of people such as street children,
mendicants, drug dependents, call center workers, informal
settlers, street vendors, and the like is possible in this kind of
non-probability sampling.

31. ____1. List of names representing the target population
2. Fishbowl technique, roulette wheel, and table of random numbers
3. Population is first divided into different strata
4. Scientific sampling
5. Representative of your study
6. Desired quantity or allocation
7. Population is geographically spread out
8. Totality of all the subjects, members that conform to a set of specifications
9. No specific number of respondents
10. Selecting every nth element of the population
31

32. Activity #2
Instructions: Write P if the sentence talks about probability
sampling; otherwise, write NP on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Checking every 13th student in the list
2. Interviewing some people you meet on the campus
3. Dividing 50 persons into groups
4. Choosing subjects behaving like majority members of SSG of school
5. Choosing a group of subjects among several groups
6. Choosing respondents capable of helping you meet the aim of your
study
7. Choosing sample by chance but through an organizational pattern
8. Matching people’s traits with the population members’ traits
9. Having people willing to be chosen as respondents
10. Letting all members in the population join the selection process

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Assessment
1. Which is known as the process of selecting a number of participants for
a study in such a way that they represent the large group from which
they were selected?
A. Data collection C. Research design
B. Random assignment D. Sampling
2. Which type of sampling Mr. Kintanar use to draw a sample that is not
biased?
A. Concurrent C. Non-probability
B. Random D. None of the above
3. Which of the following is not likely to be used to stratify a sample for a
study investigating the use of a computerized Algebra Program?
A. Ethnicity C. Number of siblings
B. Gender D. Socio-economic status

35. 4. What is a sampling frame?
A.A list of all the units in the population from which a sample will be
collected
B.A summary of the various stages involved in designing a survey
C.A wooden frame used to display tables of random numbers
D.An outline view of all the main clusters of units in a sample
5. Which of the following is NOT a type of non-probability sampling?
A.Convenience sampling C. Snowball sampling
B.Quota sampling D. Stratified random sampling
6. How does snowball sampling helps the researcher?
A.Access deviant or hidden populations
B.Overcome the problem of not having an accessible sampling frame
C.Theorize inductively in a qualitative study
D.All of the above

36. 7. Which of the following findings can be generalized to the population from
a study of young single mothers at a university?
A.All single mothers in all universities
B.All young single mothers in that society
C. All young single mothers at that university
D.All young women at that university
8. Which of following advantages of sampling does NOT belong to the group?
A.It gives more comprehensive information.
B.It is laborious to prepare
C. It is more accurate
D.It is more effective
9. What should be the population to use samples to estimate something from
the population of the study?
A.The same C. Nothing like
B.Larger population D. Sample only

37. 10. What is sample size of 4500 population?
A. 247 C. 249
B. 248 D. 250
11. Which formula is used when you have limited information
about the characteristics of the population and are using a
non-probability sampling procedure? n = N 1 + Ne2
A. Baracero’s formula C. Cristobal’s formula
B. Calmorin’s formula D. Slovin’s formula
12. What is the sample size of 200 populations?
A. 141 C. 155
B. 151 D. 161

38. 13. What type of quantitative research design that is used to gather information
from groups of people by selecting and studying samples chosen from a
population?
A. Ex post facto C. Normative
B. Correlational D. Survey
14. Which of the following is not considerable in choosing a sample size?
A. Cost of sampling importance of information
B. Decrease of the population
C. How much is already known
D. Population parameters we want to estimate
15. Which is important while performing an experiment?
A. Change the control setup
B. Record observations and measurements
C. Reach a conclusion
D. Test many different variables at the same time