This document provides an overview of the osteology of the nose and zygomatic complex. It describes the development, parts, articulations, and blood supply of the nasal bones, nasal septum, lateral nasal wall, and inferior nasal concha. It also covers the development, parts, articulations, and muscle attachments of the zygomatic bone. The conclusion states that understanding the osteology of these structures is important for properly diagnosing and treating injuries to the nose and zygomatic bone.

1. Dr. Padmasree Patowary
MDS PART I

2. Contents
 INTRODUCTION
 IMPORTANCE OF NOSE ZYGOMATIC BONE FOR ORAL AND
MAXILLOFACIAL SURGURY
 NOSE
development
nasal septum
lateral wall of nose
blood supply
articulation
 ZYGOMATIC COMPLEX
development
determination of side
parts
muscles attachment
articulation
 CONCLUSION

3. INTRODUCTION
The branch of anatomy that deals with the
structure and function of bones and cartilage.
The key aspects of osteology are the skeletal
anatomy present, bone physiology and
morphology, growth and development in the
available material.

4. IMPORTANCE OF NOSE AND
ZYGOMATIC COMPLEX FOR ORAL AND
MAXILLOFACIAL SURGEON
The nose and zygoma plays an important role in the
facial contour for both cosmetic and functional
reasons,
Therefore zygomatic bone and nasal bone injuries
should be properly diagnosed and adequately treated
by oral and maxillofacial surgeons.

5. NOSE
The nose has a skeletal
framework that is partly
bone and cartilagious.
Bone - nasal bone which
forms the bridge of nose
and the frontal processes
of the maxilla.
Cartilage – superior nasal
conchea,inferior nasal
conchea,septal cartilage
and some small cartilage.

7. Deveolopment of nasal bone
It ossifies in membrane from one center which appears
during 3rd month of interuterine life.

8. The fleshy external end of the nasal septum is
sometimes also called columella. The nasal septum
contains bone and hyaline cartilage.
Nasal septum
Bony parts-
vomer bone
perpendicular plate of
ethmoid bone
Cartilaginous part
septal cartilage
septal processes of the inferior
nasal conchae

9. Vomar bone
Development : It ossifies in
membrane.Two centres appears
during eighth week on either side
of midline.These fuse by twelfth
week.
Rough ; triangular bone
Forming the inferior and posterior
portion of the nasal septum;

10. Each surface presents an oblique groove made by
the passage if nasopalatine vessels and nerve.
2 surfaces one on either side,form medial wall
of th corresponding nasal cavity
It is located in the midsagittal line
Articulates with the sphenoid, ethmoid, two
maxilla, and two palatine bones.

11. Perpendicular plate of ethmoid
bone
The ethmoid bone is a bone in
the skull that separates
the nasal cavity from
the brain.
It is located at the roof of
the nasal conchae, between
the two orbits.
The ethmoid has three
parts: cribriform
plate ethmoidal labyrinth
and perpendicular plate

12. The surfaces of the plate are smooth, except above, where
numerous grooves and canals are seen; these lead from
the medial foramina on the cribriform plate and lodge
filaments of the olfactory nerves.
Ossification
The ethmoid is ossified in the cartilage of the nasal
capsule by three centers: one for the perpendicular
plate, and one for each labyrinth.

13. At birth, the bone consists of the two labyrinths, which
are small and ill-developed. During the first year after
birth, the perpendicular plate and crista galli begin to
ossify from a single center, and are joined to the labyrinths
about the beginning of the second year
The labyrinths are first developed, ossific granules
making their appearance in the region of the lamina
papyracea between the fourth and fifth months
of fetal life, and extending into the conchae.

14. Lateral wall of nose
Its partly bony, partly cartilaginous and partly made up
only of soft tissues.
The bony part is formed from before backwards by the
following bones:
 Nasal
 Frontal process of maxilla
 Lacrimal
 Labyrinth of ethimoid with superior and middle nasal
conchae
 Inferior nasal conchae

15.  Perpendicular plate of palatine bone together with its
orbital and sphenoid processes
 Medial pterygoid plate
The cartilaginous part is formed by
 Superior nasal
cartilage
 Inferior nasal
cartilage
 3 or 4 small cartilage
of the ala

17. The frontal process of
the maxilla (nasal
process) is a strong
plate, which projects
upward, medialward,
and backward, by the
side of the nose, forming
part of its lateral
boundary

18. Medial or nasal surface
The medial or nasal surface
presents a longitudinal
furrow, corresponding to the
crest on the lateral surface.
The area in front of this
furrow forms part of the
middle meatus of the nose;
that behind it articulates
with the ethmoid, and
completes some of
the anterior ethmoidal cells.

19. The bone found in
superior nasal concha
is part of the ethmoid
bone.
The back part of the
medial surface of
the ethmoid is
subdivided by a narrow
oblique fissure,
the superior meatus of
the nose, bounded
above by a thin, curved
plate, the superior
nasal concha.
Superior nasal concha

20. Middle nasal conchae
The medial surface of
the labyrinth of
ethmoid consists of a
thin lamella, which
descends from the
under surface of
the cribriform plate,
and ends below in a
free, convoluted
margin, the middle
nasal concha.
Lateral wall of nasal cavity,
showing ethmoid bone in position. (Middle
nasal concha is at bottom of pink region.)

21. It is rough, and marked above by numerous grooves,
directed nearly vertically downward from the cribriform
plate; they lodge branches of the olfactory nerves, which
are distributed to the mucous membrane covering
the superior nasal concha.
The nasal surface forms the
lateral wall of nasal cavity, just
in front of the medial
pterygoid plate (Fig. 1.31). It is
marked by two horizontal
bony ridges, the conchal crest
below and the ethmoidal crest
above.

22. INFERIOR NASAL CONCHA
The inferior nasal concha is ossified from a single
center, which appears about the fifth month of fetal
life in the lateral wall of the cartilaginous nasal
capsule.

23. The inferior nasal concha (inferior turbinated
bone or inferior turbinal/turbinate) is one of
the turbinates in the nose.
Each inferior nasal concha is considered a pair of facial
bones since they arise from the maxillae bones and
projects horizontally into the nasal cavity.

24. Inferior nasal concha visible in center in yellow

25. SURFACES
Medial surface
•Convex
•Perforated by numerous apetures
Lateral surface
•Concave
•Forms part of the inferior
meatus
Right inferior nasal concha. Medial
surface. Right inferior nasal concha.
Lateral surface.

26. Borders
borders
upper
Posterior
With the conchal
crest of palatine
Middle
Present 3 walls
marked processes
inferior
It is free thick and
cellular in
structure

27. Processes
Lacrimal process : a small pointed process projecting
uowards at the junction of anterior ¼ and posterior ¾
of the bone.
Ethmoidal process : an irrugular process projecting
upwards behind the lacrimal process.
Maxillary process : projects downwards and laterally;
overlaps the lower part of maxillary hiatus in front and
closes the maxillary sinus to a cinsiderable degree.

29. Superiorly the medial plate is prolonged on to the
under surface of the body as a thin lamina,
named the vaginal process, which articulates in
front with the sphenoidal process of the palatine
and behind this with the ala (wing) of the vomer.

30. The cartilage of the
septum (or septal cartilage,
or quadrangular cartilage)is
composed of hyaline
cartilage.It is somewhat
quadrilateral in form, thicker
at its margins than at its
center, and completes the
separation between the nasal
cavities in front.
Cartilage of the septum

31. BLOOD SUPPLY
There is a rich blood supply to the nasal cavity. In some
animals, such as dogs, the capillary beds flowing
through the nasal cavity help cool the blood flow to
the brain.
Blood supply comes from branches of both
the internal and external carotid artery, including
branches of the facial artery and maxillary artery.

32. Lymph Drainage of the Nasal Cavity
The lymph vessels draining the vestibule end in the
submandibular nodes.
The remainder of the nasal cavity is drained by vessels
that pass to the upper deep cervical nodes.
Sphenopalatine and Greater palatine arteries, branches of
the maxillary artery.
Anterior ethmoidal artery, a branch of the ophthalmic
artery
Branches of facial artery supplying the vestibule of the
nasal cavity.
The named arteries of the nose are:

34. Articulations
The nasal articulates with four bones:
two of the cranium
the frontal and ethmoid
two of the face
the opposite nasal and the maxilla.

35. ZYGOMATIC COMPLEX

36. It is a small and
quadrangular and is
situated at the upper and
lateral part of the face
It forms the prominece
of the cheek ,part of the
lateral wall and floor of
the orbit and parts of the
temporal and
infratemporal fossa

37. Its helps to form
lateral wall and floor of orbit
anterior walls of temporal and
infratemporal fossa
Developement
The zygomatic bone is generally described
as ossifying from three centers— one for the malar and
two for the orbital portion; these appear about the eighth
week and fuse about the fifth month of fetal life.

38. Mall describes it as being ossified from one center which
appears just beneath and to the lateral side of the orbit.
After birth, the bone is sometimes divided by a horizontal
suture into an upper larger, and a lower smaller division.
In some quadrumana the zygomatic bone consists of two
parts, an orbital and a malar.

39. DETERMINATION OF SIDE
1. Postero-superior border which
resembles the italic letter “f” faces upward and
backward.
2. Frontal process points upward.
3. Lateral surface is convex and
faces forward and laterally.

40. PARTS
3 surfaces
LATERAL (MALAR)
MEDIAL(TEMPORAL)
SUPERIOR(ORBITAL)
5 borders
antero-superior (orbital)
anteror –inferior(maxillary)
postero-superior (temporal)
postero-inferior
postero-medial
2 processes
frontosphenoidal process
maxillary process
orbital process
temporal process

41. Surfaces
1.Lateral (malar) surface:
convex
faces forward and
laterally and forms bony
prominence of cheek;
easily felt.
Presents :
zygomatico-facial
foramen :usually
single,sometimes
doubles
Transmit- zygomatico
facial vessels and nerve.

42. 2.Medial(temporal) surface-
concave
forms parts of temporal and
infra temporal fossa.
Presents:
1.Rough anterior part
2.smooth posterior part
3.zygomatico temporal
Transmits: Zygomatico temporal
vessels and nerve.
3. Superior( orbital)surface-
smooth and slightly
concave;
faces medially upward and
slightly forward
Transmits: Vessels and nerves of the
same name.

43. Left zygomatic bone. Temporal surface

44. PROCESS
frontosphenoidal
process
maxillary process
orbital process
temporal process

45. Process
The frontosphenoidal process is
thick and serrated, and
articulates with the zygomatic
process of the frontal bone. On
its orbital surface, just within the
orbital margin and about 11 mm.
below the zygomaticofrontal
suture is a tubercle of varying size
and form, but present in 95 per
cent. of skulls
The maxillary process presents a
rough, triangular surface which
articulates with the maxilla.

46. The orbital process is a thick, strong plate, projecting
backward and medial ward from the orbital margin.
The temporal process is long narrow and serrated
which articulates with the zygomatic process of the
temporal

47. MUSCLES ATTACHMENT

49. Articulations
The zygomatic
articulates
with four bones
The frontal,
sphenoidal,
temporal,
 maxilla.
Articulation of left palatine bone with
maxilla.

50. CONCLUTION
Nose and zygomatic complex are important bony and
cartilagious part of human body. Through Osteology
of nose and zygomatic complex learns about the bones
in both an anatomical and physiological manner. In
doing so, we can better understand related aspects
about these, we can understand better ways to treat ,
find certain ways to mend and aid fractured or broken
bones.