1. An Introduction to the
Human Body
By: Madiha Saleem
RM, BSN, MSN(Scholar) DIONAM DUHS
Dow University of Health Sciences
3/7/2022 Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 1
2. Objectives
At the end of this session leaner will be able to:
• Define the term Anatomy and physiology.
• Understand the relationship between A&P.
• Define level of organization of the body.
• Define anatomical position.
• Describe the various body planes.
• Define the body cavities.
• Discuss body cavities and list the organs lying within each cavity
• Identify abdominal pelvic region & quadrant
• Identify the organs present in Nine (9) abdominal pelvic regions.
• Briefly discuss the importance of abdominal pelvic quadrants and
regions
3/7/2022 Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 2
3. Introduction to Anatomy and
Physiology
Anatomy
• Anatomy is the study of internal and external
structures and physical relationship between
body parts.
• Anatomy is derived from Greek words
• Ana = Up
• Tomy = Cutting
3/7/2022 Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 3
4. Introduction to Anatomy and
Physiology
Physiology (Physio = nature logy study of)
is the sciences of body functions how the
body parts work
3/7/2022 Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 4
5. Subdisciplines of Anatomy and Physiology
There are two main types of the Anatomy.
• Microscopic Anatomy: It is study of internal
and external structures that can be seen with
help of microscope.
• Macroscopic Anatomy: It is study of structure
that can be seen with naked eyes.
3/7/2022 Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 5
6. Subdisciplines of Anatomy
• Embryology: It deals the structure that
emerges from the time of fertilized egg
through the 8th week in utero.
• Developmental Biology: Structures that
emerge from the time of the fertilized egg to
the adult form.
3/7/2022 Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 6
7. Subdisciplines of Anatomy
Histology: It is study of structures of the tissues.
Surface Anatomy: Anatomical landmarks on the
surface of the body through visualization and
palpation.
3/7/2022 Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 7
8. Subdisciplines of Anatomy
Gross Anatomy: Structure that can be examined
without using a microscope.
Systemic Anatomy: It is study of structures of
major organ systems .i.e. respiratory system,
digestive system etc.
3/7/2022 Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 8
9. Subdisciplines of Anatomy
Regional Anatomy: Specific regions of the
body such as the cephalic region, cervical
region, pelvic region etc.
Radiographic Anatomy: Body structure that
can be visualized with X-rays.
Pathological Anatomy: Structural Changes
(from gross to microscopic) associated with
disease.
3/7/2022 Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 9
10. Subdisciplines of Physiology
Neurophysiology: Functional Properties
of nerve cells.
Endocrinology: Hormones (Chemical
Regulate in the blood) and how they
control body function.
3/7/2022 Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 10
11. Subdisciplines of Physiology
Cardiovascular Physiology: Function of
the heart and blood vessels.
Immunology: How the body defends itself
against disease causing agent.
Respiratory Physiology: Function of the air
passageways and lungs.
3/7/2022 Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 11
12. Subdisciplines of Physiology
• Renal Physiology: Function of the kidney.
• Exercise Physiology: Changes in cell and
organ functions as a result of muscular activity.
• Pathophysiology: Functional Changes
associated with disease and aging.
3/7/2022 Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 12
13. Level of Structural Organization in the
Human Body
3/7/2022 Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 13
14. Directional Terms
1. Anterior (Ventral) The front, before
2. Posterior (Dorsal) The back, behind
3. Cephalic Head
4. Caudal Tail (coccyx in human)
5. Inferior Below, lower level
6. Superior Above, at the higher level
7. Medial Near the medial line
8. Lateral Away from medial line
9. Proximal Nearer to the attachment of limb to the trunk
10. Distal Away from attached base
11. Superficial Near or close to body surface
12. Deep Away from body surface
3/7/2022 Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 14
16. Anatomical Position
• The common names and corresponding
anatomical terms are indicated for specific
body regions.
• For Example the head is cephalic region
3/7/2022 Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 16
17. Body Planes
• The anatomical planes are different lines used
to divide the human body.
• There are three planes commonly used.
• Sagittal
• Coronal
• Transverse
Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 17
3/7/2022
18. Types of Body Planes
• A Sagittal Plane divides the body into right and left.
• A Transverse Plane divides the body horizontally
into a superior and an inferior portion.
• A Coronal Section is a cut that divides the body into
anterior and posterior portions.
Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 18
3/7/2022
22. Body Cavities
Many vital organs are suspended in internal chambers
called body cavities
Functions of body cavities:
• They protect delicate organs i.e. brain, spinal cord.
• They permit the significant changes in size and shape
of visceral organs i.e. heart, lungs, intestines, urinary
bladder.
Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 22
3/7/2022
23. Types of Body Cavities
There are two types of body cavities
1.Dorsal body cavity
2.Ventral body cavity
Types of dorsal cavity:
a. Cranial Cavity
Enclosed by the skull and contains the brain, eyes
and ears
b. Spinal Cavity
Enclosed by the spine and contains the spinal
cord
Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 23
3/7/2022
25. Dorsal Body Cavity
Types of ventral body cavity
a. Thoracic Cavity
Enclosed by the rib cage and contains the lungs and heart.
b. Abdominopelvic Cavity
Enclosed by abdomen and pelvic girdle
c. Abdominal Cavity
It contains the kidneys, ureters, stomach, intestines,
liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 25
3/7/2022
26. Pelvic Cavity
• Enclosed by the pelvis and contains bladder, anus and
reproductive system .
Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 26
3/7/2022
28. Pericardial Cavity
• It is a potential space between the parietal
pericardium and visceral layer.
• It contains a supply of serous fluid.
• The serous fluid that is found in this space is known
as the pericardial fluid.
Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 28
3/7/2022
37. RUQ
• Organs:
– Liver
– Gallbladder
– Duodenum
– Head of pancreas
– R adrenal gland
– R kidney
– Hepatic flexure of the colon
– Portion of the ascending and transverse colon
– Pylorus
3/7/2022 Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 37
39. RLQ
• Organs
– Lower pole of R kidney
– Cecum
– Appendix
– Ascending colon
– Rt Ovary and fallopian tube
– Rt spermatic cord
– Rt ureter
3/7/2022 Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 39
40. LUQ
• Organs:
– Left lobe of the liver
– Spleen
– Stomach
– Body of pancreas
– Left adrenal gland
– Left kidney
– Spleenic flexure of the colon
– Part of the transverse and descending colon
3/7/2022 Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 40
41. LLQ
• Organs
– Lower pole of Left kidney
– Sigmoid colon
– Part of the descending colon
– Left ovary and fallopian tube (Female)
– Left spermatic cord(Male)
– Left ureter
3/7/2022 Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 41
44. Abdominal 9 regions
• Right Hypochondriac Region
• Epigastric Region
• Left Hypochondriac Region
• Right Lumbar Region
• Umbilical Region
• Left Lumbar Region
• Right Iliac Region
• Hypogastric Region
• Left Iliac Region
3/7/2022 Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 44
48. Right Hypochondriac Region
• Liver
• Gall bladder
• Small intestine
• Ascending colon
• Transverse colon
• Right kidney
3/7/2022 Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 48
49. Epigastric Region
• Stomach
• Liver
• Pancreas (Body)
• Small intestine
• Transverse colon
• Right kidney
• Left kidney
• Right and left adrenal gland
• Right & Left Ureters
3/7/2022 Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 49
50. Left Hypochondriac Region
Stomach
Liver (tip)
Pancreas (tail )
Small Intestine
Transverse Colon
Descending
Spleen
Left and left kidney
3/7/2022 Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 50
51. Right Lumber
Liver (tip)
Gall Bladder
Small Intestine
Ascending Colon
Right Kidney
3/7/2022 Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 51
53. Left Lumber Region
Small Intestine
Descending Colon
Right and left kidney (tip)
3/7/2022 Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 53
54. Right Iliac Region
Small Intestine
Appendix
Cecum
Ascending Colon
Right Ovary
Right Fallopian Tube
3/7/2022
Madiha Saleem DIONAM-
DUHS
54
55. Hypogastric Region
Small Intestine
Sigmoid Colon
Rectum
Urinary Bladder
Uterus ( Female)
Vas Deferens (Male)
Seminal Vessicle (Male)
Prostate ( Male)
3/7/2022 Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 55
56. Left Iliac Region
Small Intestine
Descending Colon
Sigmoid Colon
Left Ovary (Females)
Left Fallopian Tube (Females)
3/7/2022 Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 56
58. Reference
Tortora J.G, Derkison, B. principle of Anatomy
and physiology (11th Ed) USA john Willey &
Sons, inc
3/7/2022 Madiha Saleem DIONAM-DUHS 58
