Early 20th Century Art
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Modernism emerged in the early 20th century as an artistic rejection of traditional styles and a search for new forms of expression. Modern art movements like Fauvism, Cubism, Futurism, and Surrealism embraced abstraction, avant-garde styles, and psychological exploration. Artists experimented with color, form, collage, and non-representational styles to communicate emotions and new social realities in an industrializing world.
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Early 20th Century Art
- 2. Modernism • After 1900 artistic innovation in Europe and the US increased in a rapid succession of movements, or “isms”. The modern movement lasted through the first half of the 20th Century. • Search for new forms of expression in a new era characterized by industrialization, rapid social change, and advances in science and the social sciences. • Modernism rejects old, traditional ideas and styles in art and design. • Modern art allows for more interpretation
- 4. The Avant Garde • Avant garde (French) means before the group • Avant-garde art is cutting-edge and does not try to appeal to average people • Radical and Surprising / Shocking • Revolutionary - breaks with tradition • Critical of political and social institutions
- 5. Abstraction Abstraction involves simplifying and changing shape and form to be less realistic / less naturalistic • Universal • Interpretation More Open • Expressive • Effect of Photography (Move away from Realism – “the camera can take real images”) • Multiple Views (element of time and movement)
- 6. Color and Form • Continuing from the 19th Century (influence of Impressionism, Post- Impressionism, and artists such as Van Gogh and Gaugin) • Symbolism of Color • Focus on Formal Elements (shape, line, space, color, texture) as a way to communicate • Emotion / Feeling
- 7. Influence of Psychology Developments in the study of Psychology New understanding of Psychology influenced artists Many artists befriended psychologists Sigmund Freud • developed psychoanalysis in early 20th century • wrote The Interpretation of Dreams in 1900 Carl Jung • Further studies of dreams and the subconscious / unconscious mind • Art Therapy
- 8. Effects of Wars People, including artists greatly affected by war • World War I (1914 – 1919) • World War II (1939 – 1945) • Russian Revolution (1917 – 1923) • Spanish Civil War (1937) Some Modern art was reactionary against war (Look toward Idealism / Utopianism / Purity) Search for Truth as a result of politics / political propaganda
- 9. Influence of Ancient Art / Art from Other Cultures • Looking for new inspiration • International influence • Tapping into “primitive cultures” • Appreciation of artifacts from other cultures as art • Interest especially in African art
- 10. Major Early 20th Century Art Movements • Fauvism • Expressionism • Cubism • Futurism • De Stijl • Suprematism / Constructivism • Dadaism • Surrealism
- 11. • Used pure hues (unmixed colors from the color wheel) • Rejected “imitative” colors (colors that imitate real life) to create “stronger reactions” to their work • Color as a conveyer of meaning / symbolism Fauvism
- 12. Henri Matisse, Red Room, 1908 – 1909, Oil on Canvas
- 13. Henri Matisse, Red Room, 1908 – 1909, Oil on Canvas Matisse was one of the main artists in the Fauvist group Feeling of warmth and comfort in the room Used color to express emotions
- 14. Expressionism • “Raw human emotion” • Expressiveness of form – distorted color, line, shape, etc. • Movement started in Germany in 1905 • Die Brucke (The Bridge) • Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider)
- 15. Egon Shiele, Self-Portrait, 1911, Drawing (Gouache and pencil on paper)
- 16. Egon Shiele, Self-Portrait, 1911, Drawing (Gouache and pencil on paper) Physical and psychological torment Use of line and textures to convey feeling
- 17. Max Beckmann, Night, 1918 – 1919, Oil on Canvas
- 18. Max Beckmann, Night, 1918 – 1919, Oil on Canvas Violence and brutality in society Rape, torture, theft Work is “powerful” and honest
- 19. Wassily Kandinsky, Improvisation 28, 1912, Oil on Canvas
- 20. Non-representational – based on formal elements (line, color, shape) Avant-Garde Expressive style Der Blaue Reiter (Blue Rider) Group Expression of inner feelings / spiritualityWassily Kandinsky, Improvisation 28, 1912, Oil on Canvas
- 21. Cubism • Cubists rejected naturalistic / realistic art • Preferred using abstract shapes and forms • Viewing the subject from many different angles using geometric forms • Neutral Colors • Interested in connecting music to visual art • Analytic Cubism – first phase of cubism started by Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso • Synthetic Cubism – Collage (mixed media) – materials from different sources
- 22. Pablo Picasso Les Demoiselles d’Avignon Oil on Canvas, 1907
- 23. Pablo Picasso Les Demoiselles d’Avignon Oil on Canvas, 1907 • This work led to Picasso’s development of Cubist style • Five nude female figures (prostitutes from a brothel in Barcelona, Spain) • Radical break from traditional compositions and perspective • Still Life in foreground • Two of the faces inspired by African masks (saw African art in Paris museum)
- 25. Georges Braque, The Portuguese, 1911, Oil on Canvas
- 26. Georges Braque, The Portuguese, 1911, Oil on Canvas Analytic Cubism Based on an image of a Portuguese musician (connection between visual art and music) Perception of 2-D and 3-D space Contains numbers and letters – 2-D Neutral colors – pure color eliminated in early cubism
- 27. Pablo Picasso, Still Life with Chair-Caning, 1911-1912, Oil and Collage on Canvas
- 28. Pablo Picasso, Still Life with Chair-Caning, 1911-1912, Oil and Collage on Canvas Synthetic Cubism New Medium of collage (from French word “to stick”) Illusion of real seat of a chair with real rope as a frame Jou – from “Journal” (French newspaper) also word refers to “play” and to “game”
- 29. Pablo Picasso, Guernica, 1937, Oil on Canvas
- 31. Pablo Picasso, Guernica, 1937, Oil on Canvas • Spanish Civil War bombing in Guernica, Spain (Picasso was Spanish) • Horrors of War • Based on images from black and white photos in newspaper • Later Cubist style • Symbolism • References to Spain - Bull and Horse
- 32. Comparison
- 33. Futurism Began as a literary movement in Italy in 1909, but later included visual arts, film, theater, music, and architecture Inspired by the Cubists Artists had a socio-political agenda Published several manifestos – a written document that explains the overall intentions of the group – in this case, advocating a revolution in society and art
- 34. Umberto Boccioni Unique Forms of Continuity in Space 1913 Bronze
- 35. Umberto Boccioni, Unique Forms of Continuity in Space, 1913, Bronze sculpture Feeling of Motion Symbolic of Dynamic modern life Figure moving ahead in a brave, new world
- 36. Suprematism • Russian movement • Pure language of shape and color • Non-objective (no recognizable image) • Based on Inner Feelings
- 37. Kazimir Malevich, Suprematist Composition: Airplane Flying, 1915, oil on canvas
- 38. Feeling unattached to objects “The Suprematist artist does not observe and does not touch – they feel” Dynamic movement of shapes Kazimir Malevich, Suprematist Composition: Airplane Flying, 1915, oil on canvas
- 39. Constructivism • Art movement that began in Soviet Union after the Russian Revolution • Experimented with new materials • Moving toward the future
- 40. Vladimir Tatlin, Monument to the Third International, 1919-1920, model (wood, iron, glass)
- 41. Vladimir Tatlin, Monument to the Third International, 1919-1920, model (wood, iron, glass) “Tatlin’s Tower” Design for a monument to honor the Russian Revolution Tower never built (only model) Idealism / Utopia Would have been twice as tall as the Eiffel Tower
- 42. De Stijl • De Stijl means “the style” • Movement formed by a group of young artists in Holland in 1917 • Believed in “birth of a new age” • Integration of Art and Life • Focus on Universal, rather than the individual
- 43. Piet Mondrian, Composition in Red, Blue, and Yellow, 1930, Oil on Canvas
- 44. Piet Mondrian, Composition in Red, Blue, and Yellow, 1930, Oil on Canvas Piet Mondrian was one of the founders of the de Stijl movement (Holland) Believed the primary colors and values are the purest colors to create harmony in a composition Influenced by Cubism (Mondrian saw Analytic Cubism in Paris in 1917)
- 45. Garrit Rietveld, Schröder House (Utrecht, Holland), 1924
- 46. Garrit Rietveld Schröder House (Utrecht, Holland) 1924 • Built for an eccentric client who was a widow with three children who preferred to have no interior walls (open space) • built for an “active life” with adaptability of the space • Rietveld applied the principles of deStijl throughout the house (rectilinear shapes / squares and rectangles, primary colors, asymmetry) • Rietveld later moved into the house with his client after his wife died (he lived there until his death in 1985) • The house has since been fully restored and is now a museum
- 47. chair designed by Garrit Rietveld, 1918
- 48. Comparison
- 49. Dadaism • Random word chosen from a French-German Dictionary • Irrational and Intuitive • Reaction to “insane” spectacle of war • Anti-tradition • Artistic and Literary Movement • Dada is a “state of mind”
- 50. Marcel Duchamp, Fountain, 1917, Ready-made sculpture
- 51. Marcel Duchamp, Fountain, 1917, Ready- made sculpture “Ready-made” sculpture Challenged the idea of What is art? Radical, avant- garde
- 52. Hannah Hoch, Cut with the Kitchen Knife, 1919-1920, Photomontage (collage)
- 53. Hannah Hoch, Cut with the Kitchen Knife, 1919-1920, Photomontage Chaotic and contradictory Images of German Military leaders, Dada artists, dancers, animals, etc. Self-portrait in the lower corner Found text – “The Great dada World”
- 54. Surrealism • Dada artists joined the Surrealist movement • Dreams and the Unconscious Mind (Psychology) • Bring together outer and inner reality
- 55. Rene Magritte, The Treachery of Images, 1928 – 1929, Oil on Canvas
- 56. Rene Magritte, The Treachery of Images, 1928 – 1929, Oil on Canvas Ceci n’est pas une pipe (This is not a pipe) Discrepancy between the image of the pipe and the text (relationship of text and image) The illusion of art Treachery - dishonesty (from an old French word meaning to trick)
- 57. Rene Magritte, The Son of Man, 1964, Oil on Canvas
- 58. Rene Magritte, The Son of Man, 1964, Oil on Canvas Traditional of Northern European portrait painting (Magritte was Belgian) Modern man Symbolism of the Apple, clouds, water, wall, etc.
- 59. Salvador Dali, The Persistence of Memory, 1931, Oil on Canvas
- 60. Salvador Dali The Persistence of Memory 1931, Oil on Canvas Time and Memory Landscape from Dali’s childhood in Spain Dreamlike
- 61. Frida Kahlo, The Two Fridas, 1939, Oil on Canvas
- 62. Frida Kahlo, The Two Fridas, 1939, Oil on Canvas • Kahlo is associated with the Surrealist Movement, but she never officially joined the movement • She was half Mexican and half German • Double Self-portrait - physical and emotional pain • Frida was in a serious streetcar accident as a university student • Reference to retablo painting - traditional Mexican folk art involving Catholic iconography • “My paintings are not a dream, they are my reality”