17.histocompatability complex
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The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) is a cluster of genes found in all mammals that plays a key role in the immune system by helping distinguish self from non-self. MHC genes are organized into three classes: Class I presents antigens to cytotoxic T cells, Class II presents antigens to helper T cells, and Class III encodes proteins involved in immune functions. MHC molecules are highly polymorphic and vary considerably between individuals, helping the immune system recognize a wide variety of pathogens.
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MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX
MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEXDr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central Universuty), Sagar, MP
MHC A very important topic to the point of view for immunology here you will be able to learn about the detailed information of itMajor histocompatibility complex
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a collection of genes on chromosome 6 in humans that code for MHC molecules. MHC molecules are divided into three classes: class I molecules are found on almost all nucleated cells and present intracellular peptides; class II molecules are found on antigen-presenting cells and present extracellular peptides; class III molecules are secreted proteins with immune functions like complement components. MHC molecules present peptide fragments to T cells to trigger immune responses and also determine compatibility for organ transplants.
Major histocompatibility complex
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a cluster of genes found in all mammals that encodes proteins important for the immune system to distinguish self from non-self. MHC molecules are expressed on the cell surface and present peptide antigens to T cells. There are three main classes of MHC genes - class I presents endogenous peptides to cytotoxic T cells, class II presents exogenous peptides to helper T cells, and class III encodes non-antigen presenting proteins involved in immunity. MHC molecules have binding sites that allow them to bind a variety of peptide antigens through anchor residues, helping the immune system recognize a diverse array of pathogens. Polymorphism of MHC alleles within populations helps provide protection against rapidly mutating pathogens.
Mhc lecture notes
The document discusses the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), which plays a key role in immune response and organ transplantation. It describes the structure of MHC class I and II molecules, which present peptide fragments to T cells. MHC molecules are highly polymorphic and this variability allows recognition of diverse pathogens. The T cell receptor engages peptide-MHC complexes and accessory molecules provide costimulatory signals for T cell activation. Certain MHC alleles are associated with increased risk of various autoimmune diseases.
Major histocompatility complex (Antigen Presentation to T cells, Autoimmunity...
Major histocompatility complex (Antigen Presentation to T cells, Autoimmunity...Pradeep Singh Narwat
The document provides an overview of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, including their history, structure, organization and inheritance, and functions in antigen presentation and immune responses. MHC molecules are membrane-bound glycoproteins that are encoded by genes in the MHC locus and present antigen peptides to T cells to initiate adaptive immune responses against intracellular and extracellular pathogens.Chapter 1 The Basic Immunology
The study in immunology provides the fundamental understanding of how the human body defend itself against foreign organisms, materials or particles that have the ability to cause harm to host tissues.
MHC
This document provides information on MHC class I and class II molecules, including their structure, function, and role in antigen presentation. It discusses that MHC class I molecules are expressed on all nucleated cells and present intracellular antigens to CD8+ T cells. MHC class II molecules are expressed primarily on antigen presenting cells and present extracellular antigens to CD4+ T cells. The peptide binding grooves of MHC class I and II molecules differ in their structure and the size of peptides they can bind.
MHC MOLECULES
The document discusses the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in mammals. It notes that MHC acts as antigen presenting receptors and are involved in cell-cell interaction, antigen presentation, and recognition of self and non-self molecules. MHC is found on chromosome 6 in humans and is referred to as the HLA complex. MHC molecules are divided into three main classes - Class I MHC present antigens to cytotoxic T cells, Class II MHC present antigens to helper T cells, and Class III MHC genes encode complement components and cytokines. The structures and functions of Class I and Class II MHC molecules are described in detail.
Recommended
MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX
MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEXDr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central Universuty), Sagar, MP
MHC A very important topic to the point of view for immunology here you will be able to learn about the detailed information of itMajor histocompatibility complex
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a collection of genes on chromosome 6 in humans that code for MHC molecules. MHC molecules are divided into three classes: class I molecules are found on almost all nucleated cells and present intracellular peptides; class II molecules are found on antigen-presenting cells and present extracellular peptides; class III molecules are secreted proteins with immune functions like complement components. MHC molecules present peptide fragments to T cells to trigger immune responses and also determine compatibility for organ transplants.
Major histocompatibility complex
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a cluster of genes found in all mammals that encodes proteins important for the immune system to distinguish self from non-self. MHC molecules are expressed on the cell surface and present peptide antigens to T cells. There are three main classes of MHC genes - class I presents endogenous peptides to cytotoxic T cells, class II presents exogenous peptides to helper T cells, and class III encodes non-antigen presenting proteins involved in immunity. MHC molecules have binding sites that allow them to bind a variety of peptide antigens through anchor residues, helping the immune system recognize a diverse array of pathogens. Polymorphism of MHC alleles within populations helps provide protection against rapidly mutating pathogens.
Mhc lecture notes
The document discusses the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), which plays a key role in immune response and organ transplantation. It describes the structure of MHC class I and II molecules, which present peptide fragments to T cells. MHC molecules are highly polymorphic and this variability allows recognition of diverse pathogens. The T cell receptor engages peptide-MHC complexes and accessory molecules provide costimulatory signals for T cell activation. Certain MHC alleles are associated with increased risk of various autoimmune diseases.
Major histocompatility complex (Antigen Presentation to T cells, Autoimmunity...
Major histocompatility complex (Antigen Presentation to T cells, Autoimmunity...Pradeep Singh Narwat
The document provides an overview of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, including their history, structure, organization and inheritance, and functions in antigen presentation and immune responses. MHC molecules are membrane-bound glycoproteins that are encoded by genes in the MHC locus and present antigen peptides to T cells to initiate adaptive immune responses against intracellular and extracellular pathogens.Chapter 1 The Basic Immunology
The study in immunology provides the fundamental understanding of how the human body defend itself against foreign organisms, materials or particles that have the ability to cause harm to host tissues.
MHC
This document provides information on MHC class I and class II molecules, including their structure, function, and role in antigen presentation. It discusses that MHC class I molecules are expressed on all nucleated cells and present intracellular antigens to CD8+ T cells. MHC class II molecules are expressed primarily on antigen presenting cells and present extracellular antigens to CD4+ T cells. The peptide binding grooves of MHC class I and II molecules differ in their structure and the size of peptides they can bind.
MHC MOLECULES
The document discusses the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in mammals. It notes that MHC acts as antigen presenting receptors and are involved in cell-cell interaction, antigen presentation, and recognition of self and non-self molecules. MHC is found on chromosome 6 in humans and is referred to as the HLA complex. MHC molecules are divided into three main classes - Class I MHC present antigens to cytotoxic T cells, Class II MHC present antigens to helper T cells, and Class III MHC genes encode complement components and cytokines. The structures and functions of Class I and Class II MHC molecules are described in detail.
HLA structure
The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC):
- Is located on chromosome 6 and contains genes such as HLA that play a role in distinguishing self from non-self.
- Genes are organized into three classes: class I present antigens to T cells, class II present antigens to T helper cells, and class III genes produce immune system proteins.
- MHC molecules are highly polymorphic and inherited as sets (haplotypes) from each parent, allowing presentation of a wide variety of antigens.
MHC major histocompatibility complex
The document discusses the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), which are surface proteins that play an important role in identifying antigens and presenting them to T cells. It covers the different classes of MHC molecules, their structures, functions in immunity, and examples in humans (HLA) and mice (H-2 complex). MHC molecules present peptide fragments on their surface and interact specifically with T cells through anchor residues on the peptides. They are essential for self/non-self discrimination, defense against infection, and transplantation compatibility.
Major histocompatability complex
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a set of genes found in all mammals that encodes cell surface proteins essential for the immune system to distinguish self from non-self. The MHC is involved in antigen presentation, immune cell interactions, and determining compatibility for transplantation. In humans, MHC genes are located on chromosome 6 and are divided into three main classes: Class I presents antigens to cytotoxic T cells, Class II presents antigens to helper T cells, and Class III encodes proteins involved in inflammation. Differences in MHC proteins determine an individual's ability to mount immune responses to pathogens.
Major Histocompatibility complex & Antigen Presentation and Processing
The document discusses the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and antigen processing and presentation. It describes MHC molecules as polymorphic glycoproteins that play a role in discriminating self from non-self and participate in both humoral and cell-mediated immunity. MHC class I molecules present endogenous antigens on most nucleated cells and interact with CD8+ T cells. MHC class II molecules present exogenous antigens on antigen-presenting cells and interact with CD4+ T cells. Antigens are processed into peptides of appropriate size and bound motifs to be presented in the binding groove of MHC molecules.
Major Compatibility Complex & Transplantation
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) located on chromosome 6 encodes human leukocyte antigen (HLA) proteins that are important for the success of organ transplants. There are two classes of MHC proteins - class I proteins found on all cells and class II proteins found on antigen presenting cells. Compatibility of the HLA proteins between donor and recipient is important to prevent immune rejection, as mismatched HLA proteins will trigger an immune response. Laboratory tests such as HLA typing by DNA sequencing or serology are used to match donors and recipients as closely as possible based on their MHC genes to improve transplant success.
MHC: Major Histocompetability Complex
The document discusses the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and its role in immune recognition. It notes that Gorer and Snell in the 1930s discovered that mouse skin grafts were rejected between mice of different blood groups, showing tissue recognition is based on genetics. They coined the term MHC to describe the genes controlling this tissue recognition. MHC molecules present peptides and are highly polymorphic within and between species, allowing an organism to distinguish self from non-self. The MHC in humans is called the HLA complex.
Mhc
The MHC encodes antigen presenting molecules that display peptide fragments to T cells to initiate immune responses. It contains three regions - Class I MHC presents intracellular peptides to CD8+ T cells, Class II MHC presents extracellular peptides to CD4+ T cells, and Class III MHC encodes complement proteins. MHC molecules are highly polymorphic and individuals inherit multiple alleles from each parent. This polymorphism allows presentation of a wide range of peptides and enhances immune responses against pathogens. MHC matching is important for transplantation, as mismatch can lead to graft rejection through T cell recognition of foreign MHC.
Major histocompatibility complex (mhc)
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a set of surface proteins that present antigens to T cells. MHC molecules are classified into two groups: Class I MHC molecules are expressed on all nucleated cells and present intracellular antigens to CD8+ T cells. Class II MHC molecules are mainly expressed on antigen-presenting cells and present extracellular antigens to CD4+ T cells. MHC molecules play an important role in organ transplantation by determining tissue compatibility and in the immune response by ensuring the correct response is mounted against different pathogens.
The complement system
The complement system is a part of the immune system that helps or complements the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens from an organism. It is part of the innate immune system, which is not adaptable and does not change over the course of an individual's lifetime.
consists of three pathways: 1. alternative
2. classical
3. lectin pathway
Immune tolerance
This document discusses antigens, self-tolerance, and the mechanisms by which the immune system avoids attacking self-antigens. It explains that lymphocytes can recognize virtually any antigen due to random rearrangement of gene segments. While autoreactive lymphocytes are constantly generated, the immune system remains tolerant of self-antigens through central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms. Central tolerance eliminates many autoreactive T and B cells early in development in primary lymphoid organs. Peripheral tolerance then controls responses of mature lymphocytes to self-antigens in secondary lymphoid organs.
SIMILARITIES BETWEEN CLASS I AND CLASS II
Both MHC class I and class II are synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, found on the surface of antigen presenting cells, and their expression is co-dominant. MHC class I presents endogenous antigens to CD8 T cells and binds peptides of 8-10 amino acids, while MHC class II presents exogenous antigens to CD4 T cells and binds peptides of 13-18 amino acids. After binding, MHC class I triggers lysis of infected cells by cytokines, while MHC class II triggers antibody formation by B cells.
Mhc hla
The document provides an overview of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing. It discusses that MHC molecules present antigen fragments to T cells and are classified into classes I, II, and III. MHC proteins in humans are called HLA genes and are located on chromosome 6. The document describes HLA classification, functions in infectious disease, graft rejection, and autoimmunity, as well as genetics and methods of HLA typing including serotyping, phenotyping, and allele names.
Antigen
Antigen is a substance that induces an immune response through the formation of antibodies or activation of T cells. Antigens can be proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, or lipids. Immunogens are antigens that are capable of inducing an immune response on their own due to their large size, while haptens require a carrier molecule. Antigenicity refers to the ability to bind antibodies, while immunogenicity is the ability to induce an immune response. Factors like molecular size, chemical composition, dose, and route of administration can influence a substance's immunogenicity. Adjuvants are substances that enhance the immune response to an immunogen when used together.
Mhc and disease susceptibility
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) plays a key role in the immune system by presenting antigens and distinguishing self from non-self. It is located on chromosome 6 in humans and contains genes like HLA that determine disease susceptibility. MHC molecules come in two classes: class I present intracellular peptides and class II present extracellular peptides. Variants in MHC genes can increase risk for certain diseases, like a variant in HLA-DQ increasing susceptibility to type 1 diabetes. Loss of MHC diversity in some populations like cheetahs can also lead to increased disease emergence due to a less broad range of antigens recognized.
Immunology (Innate and adaptive immune systems) (ANTIGENS (Ag))
The document provides an overview of immunology and the immune system. It defines key terms like immunity, the immune system, and immune response. It describes the two main branches of the immune system: innate (natural) immunity and adaptive (acquired) immunity. The innate system provides non-specific resistance and is the body's first line of defense. The adaptive system provides antigen-specific immunity and develops memory to enhance the response. The document also outlines the major cells involved in the immune response, including lymphocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells. It discusses the functions of phagocytic cells in phagocytosis and intracellular/extracellular killing of pathogens.
Antibody Structure and Function
This document discusses the structure and function of antibodies (immunoglobulins). It notes that antibodies are glycoproteins found in blood and composed mostly of polypeptide chains. The five major classes of antibodies are IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE. Each antibody class has a specific structure and plays unique roles in the immune response, such as antigen recognition, complement activation, and providing immunity to newborns. The document focuses on the structures and functions of IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies. IgG is the most abundant antibody in serum and provides various immune functions. IgM is the first antibody produced during infection and is efficient at complement activation. IgA is mainly found in secret
Mhc.anu
The document discusses the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), which consists of glycoproteins found on cell surfaces that present antigens to T cells. MHC molecules are divided into class I and class II. Class I molecules are found on all nucleated cells and present antigens to CD8+ T cells, while class II molecules are found on antigen-presenting cells and present antigens to CD4+ T cells. The MHC was first identified as important for tissue graft compatibility.
Antibodies and their types with functions
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are Y-shaped glycoproteins produced by plasma cells that recognize and bind to specific antigens. They have a variable region that binds to antigens and a constant region that interacts with other immune system components. The five main classes of antibodies are IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE, which differ in structure and function. Antibodies play a key role in humoral immunity by neutralizing pathogens, agglutinating foreign cells, and activating the complement system and effector cells of the immune system.
Type 1 hypersensitivity
The presentation includes an overview of hypersensitivity and type 1 hypersensitivity with certain pictures elaborating the mechanism. The presentation also talks about asthma very briefly as an example of type 1 hypersensitivity.
Complement system
COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
LECTIN PATHWAY
MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX
REGULATION OF COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
PATHWAYS FOR COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION
MHC-I, MHC-II & MHC-III
Major Histocompatibility Complex
MHC:
• Major Histocompatibility Complex
– Cluster of genes found in all mammals
– Its products play role in discriminating self/non-self
– Participant in both humoral and cell-mediated immunity
• MHC Act As Antigen Presenting Structures
• In Human MHC Is Found On Chromosome 6
– Referred to as HLA complex
• In Mice MHC Is Found On Chromosome 17
– Referred to as H-2 complex
• Genes Of MHC Organized In 3 Classes
– Class I MHC genes
• Glycoproteins expressed on all nucleated cells
• Major function to present processed Ags to TC
– Class II MHC genes
• Glycoproteins expressed on macrophages, B-cells, DCs
• Major function to present processed Ags to TH
– Class III MHC genes
• Products that include secreted proteins that have immune functions. Ex. Complement system, inflammatory molecules
MHC-I, MHC-II & MHC-III
Major Histocompatibility Complex
MHC:
• Major Histocompatibility Complex
– Cluster of genes found in all mammals
– Its products play role in discriminating self/non-self
– Participant in both humoral and cell-mediated immunity
• MHC Act As Antigen Presenting Structures
• In Human MHC Is Found On Chromosome 6
– Referred to as HLA complex
• In Mice MHC Is Found On Chromosome 17
– Referred to as H-2 complex
• Genes Of MHC Organized In 3 Classes
– Class I MHC genes
• Glycoproteins expressed on all nucleated cells
• Major function to present processed Ags to TC
– Class II MHC genes
• Glycoproteins expressed on macrophages, B-cells, DCs
• Major function to present processed Ags to TH
– Class III MHC genes
• Products that include secreted proteins that have immune functions. Ex. Complement system, inflammatory molecules
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HLA structure
The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC):
- Is located on chromosome 6 and contains genes such as HLA that play a role in distinguishing self from non-self.
- Genes are organized into three classes: class I present antigens to T cells, class II present antigens to T helper cells, and class III genes produce immune system proteins.
- MHC molecules are highly polymorphic and inherited as sets (haplotypes) from each parent, allowing presentation of a wide variety of antigens.
MHC major histocompatibility complex
The document discusses the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), which are surface proteins that play an important role in identifying antigens and presenting them to T cells. It covers the different classes of MHC molecules, their structures, functions in immunity, and examples in humans (HLA) and mice (H-2 complex). MHC molecules present peptide fragments on their surface and interact specifically with T cells through anchor residues on the peptides. They are essential for self/non-self discrimination, defense against infection, and transplantation compatibility.
Major histocompatability complex
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a set of genes found in all mammals that encodes cell surface proteins essential for the immune system to distinguish self from non-self. The MHC is involved in antigen presentation, immune cell interactions, and determining compatibility for transplantation. In humans, MHC genes are located on chromosome 6 and are divided into three main classes: Class I presents antigens to cytotoxic T cells, Class II presents antigens to helper T cells, and Class III encodes proteins involved in inflammation. Differences in MHC proteins determine an individual's ability to mount immune responses to pathogens.
Major Histocompatibility complex & Antigen Presentation and Processing
The document discusses the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and antigen processing and presentation. It describes MHC molecules as polymorphic glycoproteins that play a role in discriminating self from non-self and participate in both humoral and cell-mediated immunity. MHC class I molecules present endogenous antigens on most nucleated cells and interact with CD8+ T cells. MHC class II molecules present exogenous antigens on antigen-presenting cells and interact with CD4+ T cells. Antigens are processed into peptides of appropriate size and bound motifs to be presented in the binding groove of MHC molecules.
Major Compatibility Complex & Transplantation
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) located on chromosome 6 encodes human leukocyte antigen (HLA) proteins that are important for the success of organ transplants. There are two classes of MHC proteins - class I proteins found on all cells and class II proteins found on antigen presenting cells. Compatibility of the HLA proteins between donor and recipient is important to prevent immune rejection, as mismatched HLA proteins will trigger an immune response. Laboratory tests such as HLA typing by DNA sequencing or serology are used to match donors and recipients as closely as possible based on their MHC genes to improve transplant success.
MHC: Major Histocompetability Complex
The document discusses the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and its role in immune recognition. It notes that Gorer and Snell in the 1930s discovered that mouse skin grafts were rejected between mice of different blood groups, showing tissue recognition is based on genetics. They coined the term MHC to describe the genes controlling this tissue recognition. MHC molecules present peptides and are highly polymorphic within and between species, allowing an organism to distinguish self from non-self. The MHC in humans is called the HLA complex.
Mhc
The MHC encodes antigen presenting molecules that display peptide fragments to T cells to initiate immune responses. It contains three regions - Class I MHC presents intracellular peptides to CD8+ T cells, Class II MHC presents extracellular peptides to CD4+ T cells, and Class III MHC encodes complement proteins. MHC molecules are highly polymorphic and individuals inherit multiple alleles from each parent. This polymorphism allows presentation of a wide range of peptides and enhances immune responses against pathogens. MHC matching is important for transplantation, as mismatch can lead to graft rejection through T cell recognition of foreign MHC.
Major histocompatibility complex (mhc)
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a set of surface proteins that present antigens to T cells. MHC molecules are classified into two groups: Class I MHC molecules are expressed on all nucleated cells and present intracellular antigens to CD8+ T cells. Class II MHC molecules are mainly expressed on antigen-presenting cells and present extracellular antigens to CD4+ T cells. MHC molecules play an important role in organ transplantation by determining tissue compatibility and in the immune response by ensuring the correct response is mounted against different pathogens.
The complement system
The complement system is a part of the immune system that helps or complements the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens from an organism. It is part of the innate immune system, which is not adaptable and does not change over the course of an individual's lifetime.
consists of three pathways: 1. alternative
2. classical
3. lectin pathway
Immune tolerance
This document discusses antigens, self-tolerance, and the mechanisms by which the immune system avoids attacking self-antigens. It explains that lymphocytes can recognize virtually any antigen due to random rearrangement of gene segments. While autoreactive lymphocytes are constantly generated, the immune system remains tolerant of self-antigens through central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms. Central tolerance eliminates many autoreactive T and B cells early in development in primary lymphoid organs. Peripheral tolerance then controls responses of mature lymphocytes to self-antigens in secondary lymphoid organs.
SIMILARITIES BETWEEN CLASS I AND CLASS II
Both MHC class I and class II are synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, found on the surface of antigen presenting cells, and their expression is co-dominant. MHC class I presents endogenous antigens to CD8 T cells and binds peptides of 8-10 amino acids, while MHC class II presents exogenous antigens to CD4 T cells and binds peptides of 13-18 amino acids. After binding, MHC class I triggers lysis of infected cells by cytokines, while MHC class II triggers antibody formation by B cells.
Mhc hla
The document provides an overview of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing. It discusses that MHC molecules present antigen fragments to T cells and are classified into classes I, II, and III. MHC proteins in humans are called HLA genes and are located on chromosome 6. The document describes HLA classification, functions in infectious disease, graft rejection, and autoimmunity, as well as genetics and methods of HLA typing including serotyping, phenotyping, and allele names.
Antigen
Antigen is a substance that induces an immune response through the formation of antibodies or activation of T cells. Antigens can be proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, or lipids. Immunogens are antigens that are capable of inducing an immune response on their own due to their large size, while haptens require a carrier molecule. Antigenicity refers to the ability to bind antibodies, while immunogenicity is the ability to induce an immune response. Factors like molecular size, chemical composition, dose, and route of administration can influence a substance's immunogenicity. Adjuvants are substances that enhance the immune response to an immunogen when used together.
Mhc and disease susceptibility
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) plays a key role in the immune system by presenting antigens and distinguishing self from non-self. It is located on chromosome 6 in humans and contains genes like HLA that determine disease susceptibility. MHC molecules come in two classes: class I present intracellular peptides and class II present extracellular peptides. Variants in MHC genes can increase risk for certain diseases, like a variant in HLA-DQ increasing susceptibility to type 1 diabetes. Loss of MHC diversity in some populations like cheetahs can also lead to increased disease emergence due to a less broad range of antigens recognized.
Immunology (Innate and adaptive immune systems) (ANTIGENS (Ag))
The document provides an overview of immunology and the immune system. It defines key terms like immunity, the immune system, and immune response. It describes the two main branches of the immune system: innate (natural) immunity and adaptive (acquired) immunity. The innate system provides non-specific resistance and is the body's first line of defense. The adaptive system provides antigen-specific immunity and develops memory to enhance the response. The document also outlines the major cells involved in the immune response, including lymphocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells. It discusses the functions of phagocytic cells in phagocytosis and intracellular/extracellular killing of pathogens.
Antibody Structure and Function
This document discusses the structure and function of antibodies (immunoglobulins). It notes that antibodies are glycoproteins found in blood and composed mostly of polypeptide chains. The five major classes of antibodies are IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE. Each antibody class has a specific structure and plays unique roles in the immune response, such as antigen recognition, complement activation, and providing immunity to newborns. The document focuses on the structures and functions of IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies. IgG is the most abundant antibody in serum and provides various immune functions. IgM is the first antibody produced during infection and is efficient at complement activation. IgA is mainly found in secret
Mhc.anu
The document discusses the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), which consists of glycoproteins found on cell surfaces that present antigens to T cells. MHC molecules are divided into class I and class II. Class I molecules are found on all nucleated cells and present antigens to CD8+ T cells, while class II molecules are found on antigen-presenting cells and present antigens to CD4+ T cells. The MHC was first identified as important for tissue graft compatibility.
Antibodies and their types with functions
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are Y-shaped glycoproteins produced by plasma cells that recognize and bind to specific antigens. They have a variable region that binds to antigens and a constant region that interacts with other immune system components. The five main classes of antibodies are IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE, which differ in structure and function. Antibodies play a key role in humoral immunity by neutralizing pathogens, agglutinating foreign cells, and activating the complement system and effector cells of the immune system.
Type 1 hypersensitivity
The presentation includes an overview of hypersensitivity and type 1 hypersensitivity with certain pictures elaborating the mechanism. The presentation also talks about asthma very briefly as an example of type 1 hypersensitivity.
Complement system
COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
LECTIN PATHWAY
MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX
REGULATION OF COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
PATHWAYS FOR COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION
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Major Histocompatibility complex & Antigen Presentation and Processing
Major Histocompatibility complex & Antigen Presentation and Processing
Immunology (Innate and adaptive immune systems) (ANTIGENS (Ag))
Immunology (Innate and adaptive immune systems) (ANTIGENS (Ag))
Similar to 17.histocompatability complex
MHC-I, MHC-II & MHC-III
Major Histocompatibility Complex
MHC:
• Major Histocompatibility Complex
– Cluster of genes found in all mammals
– Its products play role in discriminating self/non-self
– Participant in both humoral and cell-mediated immunity
• MHC Act As Antigen Presenting Structures
• In Human MHC Is Found On Chromosome 6
– Referred to as HLA complex
• In Mice MHC Is Found On Chromosome 17
– Referred to as H-2 complex
• Genes Of MHC Organized In 3 Classes
– Class I MHC genes
• Glycoproteins expressed on all nucleated cells
• Major function to present processed Ags to TC
– Class II MHC genes
• Glycoproteins expressed on macrophages, B-cells, DCs
• Major function to present processed Ags to TH
– Class III MHC genes
• Products that include secreted proteins that have immune functions. Ex. Complement system, inflammatory molecules
MHC-I, MHC-II & MHC-III
Major Histocompatibility Complex
MHC:
• Major Histocompatibility Complex
– Cluster of genes found in all mammals
– Its products play role in discriminating self/non-self
– Participant in both humoral and cell-mediated immunity
• MHC Act As Antigen Presenting Structures
• In Human MHC Is Found On Chromosome 6
– Referred to as HLA complex
• In Mice MHC Is Found On Chromosome 17
– Referred to as H-2 complex
• Genes Of MHC Organized In 3 Classes
– Class I MHC genes
• Glycoproteins expressed on all nucleated cells
• Major function to present processed Ags to TC
– Class II MHC genes
• Glycoproteins expressed on macrophages, B-cells, DCs
• Major function to present processed Ags to TH
– Class III MHC genes
• Products that include secreted proteins that have immune functions. Ex. Complement system, inflammatory molecules
5. MHC.ppt
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules present peptide antigens to T cells and are highly polymorphic. MHC molecules are classified into three main classes - Class I molecules present intracellular peptides to CD8+ T cells, Class II present extracellular peptides to CD4+ T cells, and Class III genes encode complement proteins. MHC molecules have a peptide-binding groove that binds short peptides for presentation to T cells. MHC polymorphism generates a diverse repertoire of molecules that can present a wide variety of peptides and mount immune responses against pathogens.
MHC.pptx
The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) is a set of genes located on chromosome 6 that encode MHC molecules displayed on cell surfaces. MHC molecules control the immune response through recognition of self and non-self antigens. There are two main classes of MHC molecules - Class I molecules present intracellular peptides to CD8+ T cells, while Class II molecules present extracellular peptides internalized by antigen presenting cells to CD4+ T cells. MHC molecules play a crucial role in the immune system through antigen presentation and recognition.
Antigen processing and MHC
1. The MHC molecules present peptide antigens to T cells. Class I MHC present intracellular peptides to CD8+ T cells, while class II MHC present extracellular peptides taken up by endocytosis to CD4+ T cells.
2. Antigens are processed through different pathways depending on if they are intracellular or extracellular. Intracellular antigens are degraded by the proteasome and transported into the ER by TAP to bind class I MHC. Extracellular antigens are endocytosed and degraded in lysosomes to bind class II MHC.
3. The peptide-MHC complexes are then transported to the cell surface for recognition by T cell receptors.
MHC--M.Sc--III sem--07.07.20.pptx
The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) refers to a set of genes that code for MHC proteins found on the surfaces of cells. These proteins help the immune system recognize foreign substances by presenting antigen fragments to T cells. There are three main classes of MHC molecules: class I molecules present antigens to CD8+ T cells on nearly all nucleated cells; class II molecules present antigens to CD4+ T cells and are found on antigen-presenting cells; class III molecules encode for other immune system proteins. MHC molecules have a groove that binds peptides for presentation to T cells, allowing the immune system to detect infected or damaged cells.
Major Histocompatibility Complex.ppt
The document summarizes the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), which encodes proteins that play a role in self/non-self discrimination. It describes the structure and function of MHC class I and class II molecules. MHC class I presents endogenous antigens to CD8+ T cells, consisting of an alpha chain, beta-2 microglobulin chain, and a short peptide. MHC class II presents exogenous antigens to CD4+ T cells, consisting of alpha and beta chains that bind longer peptides. Both are membrane-bound glycoproteins that present antigen to T cells via peptide-binding clefts.
MHC, STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
1. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) helps the immune system recognize foreign substances. It is expressed on nearly all cells and plays a crucial role in organ transplant compatibility.
2. MHC molecules are classified into three types - MHC class I presents antigens to T cells within cells, MHC class II presents antigens to T cells between cells, and MHC class III encodes proteins unrelated to antigen presentation.
3. Antigens are processed through two pathways - the cytosolic pathway for endogenous antigens and the endocytic pathway for exogenous antigens - and bound to MHC molecules for presentation to T cells, which triggers an immune response against foreign or transplanted tissues that do not match the recipient's MHC.
Hla typing 2
HLA forms part of the Major Histocompatibility Complex located on chromosome 6. It comprises two classes - Class I antigens (HLA-A, B, C) expressed on all nucleated cells and present antigens to cytotoxic T cells, while Class II antigens (HLA-DR, DQ, DP) are expressed on antigen presenting cells and present antigens to helper T cells. Molecular typing techniques like PCR and sequence-based typing provide high resolution results for HLA typing without requiring viable cells.
Hla and antigen presentation dr. ihsan alsaimary
Dr. ihsan edan abdulkareem alsaimary
PROFESSOR IN MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY
ihsanalsaimary@gmail.com
mobile : 009647801410838
university of basrah - college of medicine - basrah -IRAQ
Major histocompatibility complex CH.U
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a collection of genes that encode glycoproteins found on the surface of mammalian cells. MHC proteins present antigens and help the immune system distinguish self from nonself. There are two major classes of MHC molecules: class I molecules present antigens to cytotoxic T cells on all nucleated cells, while class II molecules present antigens to helper T cells on antigen-presenting cells that have engulfed foreign antigens. Together, MHC molecules play a key role in cell-cell interaction and initiating adaptive immune responses.
Major Histocompatibility Complex
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules display antigen peptides on the surface of cells to be recognized by T cells. There are two main types of MHC molecules: class I molecules present intracellular peptides to CD8+ T cells on most nucleated cells, while class II molecules present extracellular peptides to CD4+ T cells on antigen-presenting cells like dendritic cells and macrophages. MHC molecules bind peptides promiscuously but polymorphisms among individuals influence peptide binding. Dendritic cells are especially effective at antigen capture and presentation to initiate primary T cell responses.
MHC
This document discusses the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and its class I and class II molecules. It describes the structure and components of MHC class I and II molecules, including their peptide binding grooves. MHC class I molecules are expressed on nearly all nucleated cells and present peptides from intracellular pathogens to cytotoxic T cells. MHC class II molecules are only expressed on antigen-presenting cells and present peptides from extracellular pathogens to helper T cells. The MHC genes are highly polymorphic in human populations, contributing to diversity in antigen presentation.
Mhc
The document discusses the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), which controls a major part of the immune system. It defines MHC as a set of cell surface proteins expressed on all nucleated cells and encoded by a large gene family. MHC molecules play a role in antigen presentation, autoimmune diseases, and transplantation. MHC genes in humans are found on chromosome 6 and are divided into three classes - class I expressed on all tissues, class II expressed mainly by antigen presenting cells, and class III encoding complement and TNF proteins. MHC molecules participate in discriminating self from non-self and in both humoral and cell-mediated immunity by presenting antigens.
HLA and antigen presentation
HLA refers to Human Leukocyte Antigens. HLA forms part of the major Histocompatibility complex (MHC)
IGNTU-eContent-392458762550-B.Sc-Biotechnology-4-Dr.PrashantKumarSingh-IMMUNO...
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a cluster of genes located on chromosome 6 in humans that encodes proteins involved in the immune system's recognition of self and non-self. The MHC includes class I, II, and III genes. Class I genes produce molecules that present intracellular peptides to cytotoxic T cells, while class II genes produce molecules that present extracellular peptides to helper T cells. Antigens are processed through either the cytosolic or endocytic pathway and bound to MHC molecules to be presented at the cell surface for recognition by T cells.
Major Histocompatibility Complex
Some potential causes of the immune system attacking the self in autoimmune diseases include:
- Genetic predisposition - Genes coding for the variety of MHC molecules can influence susceptibility. A T cell's ability to respond is determined by MHC genotype. Differences in MHC alleles' ability to present autoantigens can play a role.
- Environmental triggers - Factors like infections, drugs, trauma, etc. may trigger autoimmunity in genetically susceptible individuals by molecular mimicry or other mechanisms.
- Loss of tolerance - Failure to eliminate self-reactive lymphocytes during development or maintain peripheral tolerance can allow self-reactivity.
- Hormonal factors - Many autoimmune diseases are more common in women and fluctuate with horm
A Short Note on MHC Molecules
The document provides information about MHC molecules. It discusses that MHC molecules are classified into two types - Class I and Class II. Class I molecules are expressed on all nucleated cells and present intracellularly derived peptides to CD8+ T cells. Class II molecules are only expressed on antigen presenting cells and present extracellularly derived peptides to CD4+ T cells. It describes the structure of Class I and Class II molecules and the pathways of antigen processing and loading of peptides onto MHC molecules. It also discusses T cell recognition of peptide-MHC complexes and the process of cross-presentation.
MHC & Transplantation pptx
2. HLA human leukocyte antigens:
Alloantigen – differ among members of same species
present on surface of cells, encoded on HLA genes
Genes clustered on MHC, located on short arm of chromosome6.
HLA Genes
HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C → Class I MHC proteins
HLA-D → DP, DQ, DR → Class II MHC proteins
Class III Genes for → C2, C4, TNF, Lymphotoxin LT
2 haplotypes, maternal and paternal sets
Polymorphic (many alleles) HLA-A – 47, HLA-B – 88, HLA-C – 29, HLA-D - 300
3. Every person has single allele at each locus. So inherit
two haplotypes – 1 maternal on chromosome 6, 1 paternal set.
Each allele can make 2 class I & 2 class II proteins. Co- dominant. Proteins by both are expressed.
Each person can make 12 HLA proteins 3 each at class I and II loci, from both chromosomes
Minor antigens by genes at other sites. Body proteins with 1 or more different amino acid → weak immune response → slow rejection of graft.
4. Class I MHC: glycoprotein. Present on All nucleated cells
20 proteins encoded by A, 40 by B, 8 by C gene locus
45,000 Mol. wt. Heavy chain non covalently bound to β2 microglobulin. Similar to Ig molecule. Highly polymorphic. Importance is recognition of self & non self. Hypervariable region at N terminal region. constant region binds to CD 8 of cytotoxic T cell
5. Class II MHC: glycoprotein. Highly polymorphic
Present on Macrophages, B cell, Dendritic cell Spleen, Langerhans cell (skin)
Made up of 2 polypeptides (mol wt. 33000, 28000) non covalently bound. Constant region for CD4 protein of helper T cell
Functions of Major Histocompatibility Complex MHC
1. Positive selection of T cells in thymus
2. Antigen presentation
6. Present antigens to T cells which recognize antigen only if associated to self class I or II MHC → immune response - MHC restriction.
Success of organ or tissue transplant - compatibility of donor & recipient MHC genes. If HLA proteins differ → immune response → rejection of graft. Minor antigens → slow rejection.
Autoimmune diseases: occur in individuals who carry
certain MHC genes
7. Auto graft: Transfer of individuals own tissue to another site in the body. Permanently accepted
Syngeneic graft: Transfer of tissues between genetically identical individuals e.g identical twins
Xenograft: Transfer between different species.
Allograft: Transfer between members of same species. Usually rejected unless immunosuppressive drugs given e.g from one human to another.
8. Allografts are rejected by a process known as allograft reaction.
In an acute allograft reaction;
vascularization of the graft is normal initially, but in 11-14 days, marked reduction in circulation and mononuclear cell infiltration occurs, with eventual necrosis.
This is called a primary (first-set) reaction
A T-cell-mediated reaction is the main cause of rejection of many types of grafts, e.g., skin, but antibodies contribute to the rejection of certain transplants, especially bone marrow
9. If a second allograft from the same donor is applied to a sensi
Rendon MHC presentation, A Brief Introduction.
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a cluster of genes found in mammals that plays a key role in the immune system by helping the body distinguish self from non-self. The MHC was discovered through studies of inbred mouse strains and includes polymorphic glycoproteins divided into three main classes. MHC Class I and II are best known for presenting antigen peptides and interacting with T-cell receptors. Genes in the MHC are highly polymorphic, linked, and inherited as haplotypes from each parent. This polymorphism allows recognition of a diverse range of antigens and is advantageous for the immune system.
Similar to 17.histocompatability complex (20)
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12.immune system
The document discusses the immune system and its components. It describes the immune system as the body's natural defense system that helps fight infections. The immune system is made up of two types of immunity: innate/natural immunity and adaptive/acquired immunity. Innate immunity provides immediate defense against pathogens while adaptive immunity has antigen-specific memory cells that mount faster and stronger responses upon reexposure. The major cells that mediate these responses are described.
14. cells clonal selection and proliferation 200
The document discusses the development and activation of B cells. It describes the different stages of B cell development from pro-B cells to mature B cells. Upon antigen recognition by membrane-bound antibodies, B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells and memory B cells. B cell activation involves signaling cascades that are triggered upon binding of antigen to the B cell receptor, leading to proliferation, cytokine production and differentiation.
16.complements!!!!!!!!!
The document discusses the complement system, which consists of over 30 proteins that work together to help antibodies clear pathogens from the body. It summarizes the three complement activation pathways: classical, lectin, and alternative. The classical pathway is activated by antigen-antibody complexes, the lectin pathway by mannose-binding proteins, and the alternative pathway through spontaneous activation of C3. All three pathways result in the formation of C3 and C5 convertases that cleave complement proteins, and ultimately form the membrane attack complex to lyse cells. The complement system also promotes inflammation, chemotaxis, opsonization, and activation of B cells.
18.cytokines
Cytokines are small proteins that are secreted by white blood cells and other cells to regulate immune responses and inflammation. They act as chemical messengers and bind to receptors on target cells to exert their effects. Some key properties of cytokines include pleiotropism, redundancy, synergy, and antagonism. Cytokines can induce effects through autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine signaling. Major classes of cytokines include interleukins, chemokines, colony stimulating factors, tumor necrosis factors, interferons, transforming growth factors, and lymphokines/monokines. Cytokines play an important role in defense against pathogens and have diverse effects on cell growth, differentiation, and death.
13.immunoglobulin's in biochemistry
The document discusses the structure and classes of antibodies (immunoglobulins). It notes that antibodies have a Y-shaped structure consisting of two heavy chains and two light chains. The heavy chains have four or five constant domains, while the light chains have two domains. There are five classes of antibodies - IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD, and IgE - which differ in structure and function. IgG is the most abundant antibody and can cross the placenta, while IgM is the first antibody produced against new pathogens. IgA is found in secretions and protects mucosal surfaces.
11.nucleic acid
1. The document discusses nucleic acids, their structures and functions. It describes nucleosides, nucleotides, DNA, RNA and their components.
2. Synthetic nucleotide analogs are discussed that are used as chemotherapy drugs and antivirals by interfering with DNA replication. Zidovudine and 5-fluorouracil are highlighted as examples.
3. The clinical cases provided are used to explain how zidovudine works against HIV and how 5-fluorouracil inhibits cancer cell proliferation.
10.analytical biochemistry
This document discusses analytical biochemistry techniques for isolating and sequencing proteins. It covers cell disruption methods like sonication, centrifugation types including differential and density gradient, and spectrophotometry. Cell disruption is needed to extract proteins from cells. Centrifugation separates particles based on size, shape and density. Differential centrifugation separates with increasing g-force while density gradient centrifugation uses a medium with increasing density. Spectrophotometry analyzes light absorption of substances using Lambert's and Beer's laws.
7.membrane
The document discusses biological membranes and their structure and function. It explains that membranes are composed of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates which form a lipid bilayer. Proteins embedded in this bilayer help facilitate transport of molecules into and out of cells. The fluid mosaic model represents membranes as a fluid bilayer with integral proteins floating within. Transport across membranes occurs through diffusion, channels, pumps and carrier proteins. Membrane structure and function is vital and some genetic disorders impact membranes.
9.amino acids and proteins structures and chemistry
1. Amino acids are organic compounds with amino and carboxyl groups that are the building blocks of proteins. They exist in L- and D-stereoisomers and can be classified based on their variable R groups.
2. Proteins have primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary levels of structure. The primary structure is the amino acid sequence, and secondary structures include alpha helices and beta sheets formed by hydrogen bonding. Tertiary structure describes the folding of the polypeptide chain, and quaternary when multiple polypeptide chains assemble.
3. Mutations affecting collagen, alpha-1-antitrypsin, hemoglobin, and other proteins can lead to diseases like
4.water
The document discusses water, acids, bases and buffers. It provides details on the structure and properties of water, including its role in biological systems. Water's unique hydrogen bonding allows it to exist in solid, liquid and gas states at normal temperatures and pressures. The document also examines acid-base balance in the human body. Key mechanisms for regulating pH include buffers in the blood, respiration through the lungs, and excretion by the kidneys. The bicarbonate buffer system is the most important for maintaining blood pH near 7.4.
5.carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are one of the most abundant classes of organic compounds found in nature. They include monosaccharides (simple sugars), oligosaccharides (short chains of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds), and polysaccharides (long chains of monosaccharides). Monosaccharides can undergo structural isomerism and stereoisomerism. In aqueous solutions, monosaccharides often exist as cyclic structures through intramolecular reactions between a carbonyl group and hydroxyl group. Important carbohydrate reactions include mutarotation, reduction, oxidation, and glycoside formation. Disaccharides are formed from two monosaccharide units linked by a glycosidic bond. Common examples include maltose, lactose, and
8. amino acids and proteins structures and chemistry
Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. They contain both amino and carboxyl groups and come in L- and D-forms based on their chirality. There are 20 standard amino acids which are classified by the properties of their R-groups. Amino acids join together via peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains. Proteins attain their structure through four levels - primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. Secondary structures include alpha helices and beta sheets formed by hydrogen bonding. Tertiary structure describes the 3D folding of a single polypeptide chain. Quaternary structure involves interactions between multiple polypeptide subunits.
6.structure and chemistry of fatty acids and lipids
This document provides an overview of lipid structure and chemistry. It begins by outlining learning objectives about lipids and their biomedical importance. It then defines lipids and discusses their characteristics. The document classifies lipids into simple lipids, compound lipids, derived lipids, and miscellaneous lipids. It describes the structures and functions of fatty acids, glycerol, phospholipids, glycolipids, and sterols. The roles of essential fatty acids and deficiencies are also summarized. The document provides details on lipid nomenclature and isomerism.
3.biochemical thermodynamics
Thermodynamics describes changes in heat and energy during chemical reactions and equilibria. It provides insight into reaction equilibrium, feasibility under conditions, and molecular bonding forces. The document discusses key thermodynamic concepts like open and closed systems, the laws of thermodynamics, enthalpy, entropy, and free energy - and how these can be used to determine if reactions will occur spontaneously. Living organisms are considered open systems that exchange heat and matter with their environments.
Biochemical thermodynamics
Thermodynamics describes changes in heat and energy during chemical reactions and equilibria. It provides insight into reaction equilibrium, feasibility under conditions, and molecular bonding forces. The document discusses key thermodynamic concepts like open and closed systems, the laws of thermodynamics, enthalpy, entropy, and free energy - and how these relate to biochemical reactions in living organisms.
Introduction to Biochemistry
The document outlines the history and importance of biochemistry. It discusses how biochemistry evolved from the idea that living organisms cannot be explained solely by physics and chemistry, to demonstrating that biological molecules obey natural laws. Key events included identifying that respiration and combustion use oxygen, producing urea without living tissue, discovering DNA and its role in heredity. Biochemistry is crucial for medicine as physiological functions arise from biochemical reactions. It involves studying isolated biomolecules and how their interactions maintain life. Understanding biochemistry provides insights throughout anatomy, physiology, pharmacology and other health sciences.
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17.histocompatability complex
- 1. Major Histocompatibility Complex Watch the video for more explanation https://oke.io/hjdm
- 2. MHC • Major Histocompatibility Complex – Cluster of genes found in all mammals – Its products play role in discriminating self/non-self – Participant in both humoral and cell-mediated immunity • MHC Act As Antigen Presenting Structures • In Human MHC Is Found On Chromosome 6 – Referred to as HLA complex • In Mice MHC Is Found On Chromosome 17 – Referred to as H-2 complex
- 3. • Genes Of MHC Organized In 3 Classes – Class I MHC genes • Glycoproteins expressed on all nucleated cells • Major function to present processed Ags to TC – Class II MHC genes • Glycoproteins expressed on M, B-cells, DCs • Major function to present processed Ags to TH – Class III MHC genes • Products that include secreted proteins that have immune functions. Ex. Complement system, inflammatory molecules MHC
- 4. • Class I MHC Genes Found In Regions A, B and C In Humans (K and D In Mice) • Class II MHC Genes Found In Regions DR, DP and DQ (IA and IE In Mice) • Class I and Class II MHC Share Structural Features – Both involved in APC • Class III MHC Have No Structural Similarity To Class I and II – Ex. TNF, heat shock proteins, complement components Class I, II and III MHC
- 6. • MHC Products Are Highly Polymorphic – Vary considerably from person to person • However, Crossover Rate Is Low – 0.5% crossover rate – Inherited as 2 sets (one from father, one from mother) – Haplotype refers to set from mother or father • MHC Alleles Are Co-dominantly Expressed – Both mother and father alleles are expressed • Inbred Mice Haplotypes Are Designated With Italic Superscript – Ex. H-2b – Designation refers to entire set of H-2 alleles MHC Genes Are Polymorphic
- 7. Inheritance Of HLA Haplotypes
- 8. • Comprised of 2 molecules – chain (45 kDa), transmembrane – 2-microglobulin (12 kDa) – Non-covalently associated with each oth • Association Of Chain and 2 Is Required For Surface Expression • Chain Made Up Of 3 Domains (1, 2 and 3) • 2-microglobulin Similar To 3 • 1 And 2 Form Peptide Binding Cleft – Fits peptide of about 8-10 a/a long • 3 Highly Conserved Among MHC I Molecules – Interacts with CD8 (TC) molecule Class I MHC Molecule
- 10. • Comprised of and chains – chain and chain associate non-covalently • and chains Made Up Of Domains – 1 and 2 ( chain) – 1 and 2 ( chain) • 1and 1 Form Antigen Binding Cleft • and Heterodimer Has Been Shown To Dimerize • CD4 Molecule Binds 2/2 domains Class II MHC Molecule
- 11. Class I And II Similarity
- 13. • Several Hundred Allelic Variants Have Been Identified In Humans • However, up to 6 MHC I And 12 MHC II Molecules Are Expressed In An Individual • Enormous Number Of Peptides Needs To Be Presented Using These MHC Molecules • To Achieve This Task MHC Molecules Are Not Very Specific For Peptides (Unlike TCR and BCR) • Promiscuous Binding Occurs – A peptide can bind a number of MHC – An MHC molecule can bind numerous peptides Class I And II Specificity
- 14. • MHC Is One Of The Most Polymorphic Complexes Known • Alleles Can Differ Up To 20 a/a • Class I Alleles In Humans: 240 A, 470 B, 110 C • Class II Alleles In Humans: HLA-DR 350 , 2 ! • HLA-DR – genes vary from 2-9 in different individuals!!!, – 1 gene ( can combine with all products increasing number of APC molecules) • DP (2 , 2 ) and DQ (2 , 3 ) Class I And II Diversity And Polymorphism
- 16. • Peptides Presented Thru MHC I Are Endogenous Proteins • As Few As 100 Peptide/MHC Complex Can Activate TC • Peptide Features – size 8-10 a/a, preferably 9 • Peptides Bind MHC Due To Presence Of Specific a/a Found At The Ends Of Peptide. Ex. Glycine @ Position 2 Class I MHC Peptides
- 19. • Peptides Presented Thru MHC II Are Exogenous – Processed thru endocytic pathway • Peptides Are Presented To TH • Peptides Are 13-18 a/a Long • Binding Is Due To Central 13 a/a • Longer Peptides Can Still Bind MHC II – Like A long hot dog • MHC I Peptides Fit Exactly, Not The Case With MHC II Peptides Class II MHC Peptides
- 21. • Expression Is Regulated By Many Cytokines – IFN, IFN, IFN and TNF Increase MHC expression • Transcription Factors That Increase MHC gene Expression – CIITA (Transactivator), RFX (Transactivator) • Some Viruses Decrease MHC Expression – CMV, HBV, Ad12 • Reduction Of MHC May Allow For Immune System Evasion MHC Expression