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Sex Differences in Jealousy:
Evolution, Physiology, and
Psychology
Buss, Larsen, Westen, and Semmelroth

“(...) a state that is aroused by a perceived threat to a valued
relationship or position and motivates behavior aimed at
countering the threat.” (Buss et al., 1992)

“Men indifferent to sexual contact between their mates and
other men presumably experienced higher paternity
uncertainty, greater investment in competitors’
gametes, and lower reproductive success”
than did men who were motivated to attend to cues of
infidelity and to act on those cues to increase paternity
probability.” (Buss et al., 1992)
Therefore, over time, evolution through
means of natural selection managed to
“choose” jealous men over the not so
jealous.

General Hypothesis: The experience of
jealousy is felt differently for men and
women because of the different adaptative
problems posed to both sexes.
Distinction between sexual
and emotional infidelity.

Study 1
N=202 undergraduate students
(a) Imagining your partner forming a deep
emotional attachment to another person.
(b) Imagining your partner enjoying passionate
sexual intercourse with another person.
(emotional infidelity)
(sexual infidelity)

• 60% of the male sample chose partner’s
potential sexual infidelity in comparison to only
17% of the female sample (p < .001)
• 83% of the female sample chose partner’s
potential emotional infidelity as the most
worriesome of the two options.

Study 2
GOAL: To confirm the previous hypothesis through the use
of physiological measures.
Measures of autonomic arousal:
– Electrodermal Activity (EDA) via skin conductance;
– Pulse Rate (PR);
– Electromyographic (EMG) activity of the corrugator
supercilii muscle.

• Men showed significant increases in EDA during
the sexual imagery compared with the emotional
imagery (p < .0.5)
• Women showed significant increases in EDA to
the emotional infidelity image than to the sexual
infidelity image (p < .05)
Electrodermal Activity

Pulse Rate
• Men showed increase in PR to both images, but
significantly more so in response to the sexual
infidelity image (p < .05)
• Women showed elevated PR to both images, but
not differentially so.

Brow Contraction
• Men showed greater brow contraction to the
sexual infidelity image, and women showed the
opposite pattern (non significant, p < .13, p <
.12)

Study 3
GOAL: Replicate and extend the results of the two previous studies
by incorporating the experience of being in a committed relationship.
Results:
• Highly significant differences for men but not for women.
• 55% of the men who had experienced a committed
relationship reported more distress for sexual infidelity
whereas only 29% of the men that didn’t experience it felt
distressed by it.

Critical Limitations
• Undergraduate students
• No clear-cut distinction – Emotional vs. Sexual
• Imagined Infidelity ≠ Actual Infidelity
• Swinging (maybe?)

Genetic and Environmental Influences on Female SexualOrienta

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Gender Differences in Intimate Partner Violence Outcomes Jennifer E. Caldwell, Suzanne C. Swan, and V. Diane Woodbrown University of South Carolina Objective: This paper proposes a conceptual model for gender differences in outcomes of intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization, broadly conceived as including physical, sexual, emotional, and coercive control forms of abuse, as well as stalking. Method: Literature review of PsycInfo and PubMed databases. Results: The literature reviewed suggests these negative effects are not equally distributed by gender—studies indicate that women suffer disproportionately from IPV, especially in terms of injuries, fear, and posttraumatic stress. The review also finds that women experience greater decreases in relationship satisfaction as a result of IPV. Conclusions: Our review largely supports the contention of feminist theory that gender matters— but we would go further and say that what really matters is power; gender matters because it is so highly correlated with power. We propose that, due to cultural factors that typically ascribe higher status to the male gender, and men’s greater size and strength compared to women (on average), women are more likely than men to encounter contextual factors that disempower them and put them in situations—such as sexual abuse—that increase their risk of poor outcomes. Keywords: intimate partner violence, gender differences, gender symmetry, feminist theory, power Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a costly and debilitating health and social concern for families, communities, mental and physical health practitioners, the criminal justice system, policymakers, and society at large. In the past, IPV was conceptualized primarily as something men do to women; however, recent research has demonstrated that IPV is much more complex and multidimensional, defying simplistic expla- nations. For instance, gender symmetry, the no- tion that women are similarly or more aggres- sive than males in their intimate relationships (Johnson, 2006; Melton & Belknap, 2003; Straus, 2006; White, 2009), seems to apply for some types of IPV, but not others. Numerous studies have found that women commit equal (e.g., Katz, Kuffel, & Coblentz, 2002) or higher (Archer, 2000; Magdol et al., 1997) rates of physical aggression toward partners as compared to men, supporting gender symmetry theory. However, feminist theory, which views IPV as a gendered issue, is supported by studies finding that, relative to men, women experience more injuries (Archer, 2000), sexual victimization (Coker et al., 2002; Harned, 2001; Romito & Grassi, 2007; Slashinski, Coker, & Davis, 2003), and stalking (Tjaden & Thoennes, 2000) from current and former intimate partners. In addition, law enforcement reports find that 75% of domestic violence offenders are male (Sny- der & McCurley, 2008), and on a typical day in the United States, approximately three females, compared to one male, are the victims of inti- ...

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Notes from class: · Sex VS. Gender · Sex = Biology Gender = Social Construction · Male = XY chromosomes Female = XX chromosomes · Masculine/ Androgynous/ Feminine: · Gender Identity: · A person's perception of having a particular gender, which may or may not correspond with their birth sex. · Sexual Orientation: · Who you are attracted to. · Heterosexual, Bisexual, Pansexual, A- Sexual, Gay/ Lesbian. · Corpus Callosum: · a broad band of nerve fibers joining the two hemispheres of the brain. Chapter 2 Theoretical Approaches to Gender Development Knowledge Challenge: When do most children understand that they are male or female and that their sex is not going to change? How does a person develop a standpoint? Which sex has a documented hormonal cycle? A student of mine named Jenna told me that theory bores her because it has nothing to do with “real life.” But the premier social scientist Kurt Lewin disagreed when he insisted, “There is nothing so practical as good theory.” What he meant, and what I tried to explain to Jenna, is that theories are very practical. They help us understand, explain, and predict what happens in our real lives and in the world around us. Theoretical Approaches to Gender A theory is a way to describe, explain, and predict relationships among phenomena. Each of us uses theories to make sense of our lives, to guide our attitudes and actions, and to predict others’ behavior. Although we’re not always aware of the theories we hold, they still shape how we act, how we expect others to act, and how we explain, or make sense of, what we and others say and do. In this sense, theories are very practical. Among the theories that each of us has are ones we use to make sense of men’s and women’s behaviors. For instance, assume that you know Kevin and Carlene, who are 11-year-old identical twins. In many ways, they are alike; yet they also differ. Carlene is more articulate than Kevin, and she tends to think in more integrative ways. Kevin is better at solving analytic problems, especially ones that involve spatial relations. He also has better-developed muscles, although he and Carlene spend equal time playing sports. How you explain the differences between these twins reflects your implicit theory of gender. If put a lot of trust in biology, you might say that different cognitive strengths result from hemispheric specialization in male and female brains. You might also assume that Kevin’s greater muscle development results from testosterone, which boosts musculature, whereas estrogen programs the body to develop less muscle and more fat and soft tissue. Then again, if you believe socialization shapes development, you might explain the twins’ different cognitive skills as the result of what parents reward. Similarly, you might explain the disparity in their muscle development by assuming that Kevin is more encouraged and more rewarded than Carlene for engaging in activities that build muscles. These are only two of .

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Creating effective learning environment Assignment: How Will You Respond? Grade k-3 Imagine you are the grade level team leader and one of your colleagues is Mr. Willard. Response to the following questions. Using APA style helpful reference or other reference. (150-300 words) 1. Explains the advice you would provide Mr. Willard using the response to behavior strategies you read about this week or other reference? 2. Three strategies he could implement when these behaviors occur with student is blurting out and being off task. 3. At least two strategies you feel would not be best for handling student behavior. Helpful Reference Long, N. J. (2015). Perspectives on conflict in the classroom after fifty years. Reclaiming Children & Youth, 24(1), 9–14. Szwed, K., & Bouck, E. C. (2013). Clicking away: Repurposing student response systems to lessen off-task behavior. Journal of Special Education Technology, 28(2), 1–12. Reinke, W. M., Herman, K. C., & Stormont, M. (2013). Classroom-level positive behavior supports in schools implementing SW-PBIS: Identifying areas for enhancement. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 15(1), 39–50. Chapter 5 Gender and Gender Roles Sex, Gender, and Gender RolesSex: whether one is biologically female, male, or intersexGenetic sex: chromosomal and hormonal sex characteristicsAnatomical sex: our physical sex; gonads, uterus, vulva, vagina, or penisGender: social and cultural characteristics associated with being male or femaleGender identity: gender one believes self to be 2 Sex and Gender IdentityAssigned genderBased on anatomical appearanceGender variationsGender identityInternalized feeling of femaleness or malenessGender roleThe attitudes, behaviors, rights, and responsibilities that society associates with each sexInfluenced by culture, age, ethnicity, other factors 3 Gender-RolesGender-role stereotype: A rigidly-held oversimplified belief concerning all males or all femalesGender-role attitude:The belief one has for self and others concerning what’s appropriate for male or female traitsGender-role behavior:Activities or behaviors a person engages in as a female or male 4 Masculinity and FemininitySexes seen as polar opposites in traditional Western view, e.g. “opposite sex”Different qualities associated with different gendersSexismSome qualities are biologically based, some culturally based Gender and Sexual OrientationGender, gender identity, and gender role are conceptually independent of sexual orientationHowever, many assume they are closely relatedHeterosexuality has been assumed to be part of masculinity and femininityTherefore, some believe that gay men can’t be masculine and lesbian women can’t be feminine. Gender and Sexual OrientationStudies show a link between individuals’Negative attitudes towards gay and lesbian peopleAnd those individuals’ adherence to traditional gender roles Gender TheoryWhat is our relationship between our biological sex as male o.

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This is the full synthesis paper I wrote for the final project of PSY 8500-53, Advanced Gay Men's Issues at Alliant International University. It goes in conjunction with the presentation of the same (or similar) title. There is more information here, and it is more detailed. A deeper discussion on clinical implications, such as using this intervention with trauma survivors - all gay men are trauma survivors, e.g., historical, systemic, and insidious trauma. If someone is interested, here it is.

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1. Sex Differences in Jealousy: Evolution, Physiology, and Psychology Buss, Larsen, Westen, and Semmelroth

2. Paternity Uncertainty

3. Potential Loss of Investment

4. The Answer is . . .

6. “(...) a state that is aroused by a perceived threat to a valued relationship or position and motivates behavior aimed at countering the threat.” (Buss et al., 1992)

7. “Men indifferent to sexual contact between their mates and other men presumably experienced higher paternity uncertainty, greater investment in competitors’ gametes, and lower reproductive success” than did men who were motivated to attend to cues of infidelity and to act on those cues to increase paternity probability.” (Buss et al., 1992) Therefore, over time, evolution through means of natural selection managed to “choose” jealous men over the not so jealous.

8. General Hypothesis: The experience of jealousy is felt differently for men and women because of the different adaptative problems posed to both sexes. Distinction between sexual and emotional infidelity.

9. Study 1 N=202 undergraduate students (a) Imagining your partner forming a deep emotional attachment to another person. (b) Imagining your partner enjoying passionate sexual intercourse with another person. (emotional infidelity) (sexual infidelity)

10. • 60% of the male sample chose partner’s potential sexual infidelity in comparison to only 17% of the female sample (p < .001) • 83% of the female sample chose partner’s potential emotional infidelity as the most worriesome of the two options.

11. Study 2 GOAL: To confirm the previous hypothesis through the use of physiological measures. Measures of autonomic arousal: – Electrodermal Activity (EDA) via skin conductance; – Pulse Rate (PR); – Electromyographic (EMG) activity of the corrugator supercilii muscle.

12. • Men showed significant increases in EDA during the sexual imagery compared with the emotional imagery (p < .0.5) • Women showed significant increases in EDA to the emotional infidelity image than to the sexual infidelity image (p < .05) Electrodermal Activity

13. Pulse Rate • Men showed increase in PR to both images, but significantly more so in response to the sexual infidelity image (p < .05) • Women showed elevated PR to both images, but not differentially so.

14. Brow Contraction • Men showed greater brow contraction to the sexual infidelity image, and women showed the opposite pattern (non significant, p < .13, p < .12)

15. Study 3 GOAL: Replicate and extend the results of the two previous studies by incorporating the experience of being in a committed relationship. Results: • Highly significant differences for men but not for women. • 55% of the men who had experienced a committed relationship reported more distress for sexual infidelity whereas only 29% of the men that didn’t experience it felt distressed by it.

16. Critical Limitations • Undergraduate students • No clear-cut distinction – Emotional vs. Sexual • Imagined Infidelity ≠ Actual Infidelity • Swinging (maybe?)

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