hipo

1. HIPOTHALAMUS & HIPOFISIS

2. DEVELOPMENT OF PITUITARY (HYPOPHYSIS)
ADENOHYPOPHYSIS RATHKE’S POUCH
(P. DISTALIS (THE ROOF OF THE MOUTH)
P. TUBERALIS
P. INTERMEDIA)
HYPOPHYSIS
(PITUITARY)
NEUROHYPOPHYSIS DIVERTICULUM OF
(including: DEVELOPING BRAIN
NEURAL STALK
P. NERVOSA)
(Fig. 18.18)

3. Fig 18.18

4. THE HYPOTHALAMUS
• IN THE FLOOR AND INFERIOR PARTS
OF THE WALLS OF THIRD VENTRICLE
• CONTAINS NEUROSECRETORY CELLS
(ENDOCRINE FUNCTION): CLUSTERS
OF NEUROSECRETORY CELLS/NUCLEI
PRODUCE HORMONES
(RF/IF, oxytocine, ADH/vasopressin)
(RF: releasing factor; IF: inhibiting factor; ADH: antidiuretic
hormone)
(Fig. 18.5 & 18.6)

5. Hypothalamus

8. HYPOTHALAMUS - HYPOPHYSIS- TARGET GLAND
HYPOTHALAMUS
RF/IF OXYTOCINE/ADH
ADENOHYPOPHYSIS NEUROHYPOPHYSIS
TROPHIC
HORMONES (OXYT./ADH)
(TROPHINS)
TARGET GLANDS
HORMONES
CELLS/TISSUESCELLS/TISSUES

9. NEUROHYPOPHYSIS
SUPRAOPTIC ADH
NUCLEUS (+ OXYTOCIN)
(SON)
NEURONEURO
SECRETORYSECRETORY
CELLSCELLS
(hypothalamus)
PARAVENTRICULAR OXYTOCIN
NUCLEUS (PVN) (+ADH)
(ADH: antidiuretic hormone/vasopressin)
NEUROHYPOPHYSIS

10. NEUROSECRETION
NEUROSECRETORY CELL
(Activate)
Substances in the blood
CLUSTERS OF (glucose, peripheral hormones)
NEUROSECRETORY CELLS
IN THE HYPOTHALAMUS
• ARCUATE NUCLEUS (ARC) (Transported)
RF/IF ADENOHYPOPHYSIS
TROPHIC HORMONES Stored (in vesicles)
• SUPRAOPTIC NUCLEUS (SON)
ADH (+OXYTOCIN) Released
NEUROHYPOPHYSIS (into extracellular space)
• PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS (PVN) Capillaries (fenestrated,
plexus)
OXYTOCIN (+ ADH)
(veins)
NEUROHYPOPHYSIS Blood
TARGET CELLS
HORMONE SYNTHESIZED

11. PVN/SON OXYTOCIN
PVN/SON NERVE (Distention of the uterus during
labour/delivery
OX/ADH Suckling the nipple by the baby)
NEUROHYPOPHYSIS
PREGNANT UTERUS ONSET OF LABOUR
BREAST (MAMMILLARY GLAND) MILK LETDOWN
(smooth muscle/myoepithelium)
OO
XX
YY
TT
OO
CC
II
NN
(octapeptide)

12. VASOPRESSIN (ADH) SON/PVN
(octapeptide) (OSMORECEPTOR)
COLLECTING TUBULES INCREASED OSMOTIC PRESSURE
(kidney) OF THE BLOOD (Haemoconcentration)
INCREASED REABSORPTION
OF WATER
CONCENTRATED URINE
(in attempt to retain water)
RF/IF
ADENOHYPOPHYSIS Primary plexus
(cords/clumps of endocrine cells) Hypothalamohypophyseal
portal system
Trophic hormone
(Trophin
TARGET GLAND TARGET CELLS/TISSUESHORMONE
STRENOUS WORK
(in a hot environment)
HYPOTHALAMUS (ARC)
(RF/IF)
STRENOUS WORK INCREASED REABSORPTION
OF WATER
HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES TARGET CELLS

14. ALDOSTERON & REGULATION OF BLOOD
PRESSURE
• THE NEGATIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM THAT REGULATES THE
SECRETION OF ALDOSTERON AND CONTROLS BLOOD PRESSURE
BLOOD VOL. INCREASES
TO NORMAL
START
BLOOD VOL. DECREASES
BLOOD PRESSURE DECREASES
KIDNEY RELEASES RENIN
INTO BLOODSTREAM
RENIN CONVERTS ANGIOTENSINOGEN
INTO ANGIOTENSIN I (AI)
AI PASSES THROUGH LUNGS,
IS CONVERTED INTO AII
AII CIRCULATES IN BLOODSTREAM STIMULATES ZONA GRANULOSA
OF ADRENAL GLAND TO RELEASE ALDOSTERONE; AII ALSO ACTS AS VASOCONSTRICTOR
BLOOD PRESS. INCREASES
TO NORMAL
KIDNEY:
INCREASE REABSORPTION OF WATER
(WATER RETENTION)
SODIUM & WATER REABSORPTION
INCREASE BLOOD VOL. IN
ASSOCIATION WITH INCREASED INGESTION
OF SALT & WATER

15. Oxytocin
ADH
TSH
ACTH
Gonadotropins:
LH, FSH
Prolactin
GH

16. FIG 13-4

17. ADENOHYPOPHYSIS
TROPHIC HORMONES HORMONES ACTING DIRECTLY
(TROPHINS) ON PERIPHERAL TISSUES
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Growth Hormone (GH)/Somatostrophin)
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Prolactin (Luteotrophic Hormone/LTH)
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
PARS INTERMEDIA Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)
Pigment formation

18. HYPOTHALAMUS
• Menggabungkan fungsi-fungsi yang
memelihara homeostasis kimia dan suhu
• Berfungsi bersama dengan sistem limbik
• Mengendalikan keluarnya hormon-hormon
dari pituitari anterior dan posterior

19. Figure 11-3: Autonomic control centers in the brain

20. HYPOTHALAMUS
Mensintesis dan melepaskan hormon-hormon
hypophysiotropic :
– Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
– Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
– Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
– Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
– Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
– Prolactin-releasing factor (PRF)
– Prolactin-inhibitn hormone (PIH)

21. HYPOTHALAMUS
• Mensintesis hormon-hormon
hypophysiotropic dalam badan sel neuron
yang berlokasi dalam hypothalamus
• Membawa hormon turun melalui akson
dan tersimpan dalam akhir syaraf (nerve
endings)
• Mensekresi hormon-hormon dalam
nadi/denyutan (pulses)

22. HYPOTHALAMUS: Mensekresi Hormon
Hypophysiotropic
• Dipengaruhi oleh emosi
• Dapat dipengaruhi oleh status metabolik
setiap individu
• Dihantarkan ke pituitari anterior melalui
sistem portal hypothalamic-hypophyseal
• Biasa memulai tahapan/urutan 3 hormon

23. Negative Feedback Controls:
Long & Short Loop Reflexes
Figure 7-14: Negative
feedback loops in the
hypothalamicanterior
pituitary pathway

24. Negative Feedback Controls:
Long & Short Loop Reflexes
Figure 7-15: Control pathway for cortisol secretion

25. Endocrine Control: Three Levels of
Integration
Figure 7-13: Hormones of the hypothalamic-anterior pituitary pathway

26. ANTERIOR PITUITARY
MENSEKRESI HORMON-HORMON TROPIC SECARA PULSATILE

27. ANTERIOR PITUITARY

28. ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES
Growth Hormone (GH, Somatotropin): hormon
utama yang bertanggung jawab terhadap pengaturan
pertumbuhan tubuh, dan penting dalam metabolisme
Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH): menstimulasi
sekresi hormon thyroid & pertumbuhan kelenjar thyroid
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH): menstimulasi
sekresi kortisol oleh korteks adrenal & memacu
pertumbuhan korteks adrenal

29. ANTERIOR PITUITARY
Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH): Wanita:
menstimulasi pertumbuhan dan perkembangan folikel
ovarium, memacu sekresi estrogen oleh ovarium.
Pria: dibutuhkan untuk produksi sperma
Luteinizing Hormone (LH): Wanita: bertanggung
jawab untuk ovulasi, pembentukan corpus luteum dalam
ovarium, dan pengaturan sekresi ovarium pada hormon
seks wanita. Pria: menstimulasi sel dalam testes untuk
mensekresi testosterone
Prolactin: Wanita: menstimulasi perkembangan
payudara dan produksi susu. Pria: berperan dalam fungsi
testicular

30. ANTERIOR PITUITARY
Mensintesis berbagai hormon pituitari anterior
pituitary oleh berbagai macam populasi sel.
Corticotropes - ACTH
Lactortropes - Prolactin
Somatotropes - GH
Thyrotropes - Thyrotropin
Gonadotropes - FSH, LH

31. • Stimulasi Hypothalamic – dari CNS
• Stimulasi Pituitary–dari hypothalamic trophic Hs
• Stimulasi kelenjar Endocrine –dari pituitary trophic
Hs
Pengaturan Endokrin: Three Levels of
Integration

32. Pathologies: Over or Under Production
Figure 7-19: Negative feedback by exogenous cortisol

33. Pathologies: Due to Receptors
Figure 7-20: Primary and secondary hypersecretion of cortisol

34. POSTERIOR PITUITARY
Terdiri atas akhiran akson dari badan sel dalam
hypothalamus (supraoptic dan paraventricular)
Axons melintas dari hypothalamus menuju ke
posterior pituitary melalui traktus
hypothalamohypophysial
Hormon-hormon Posterior pituitary disintesis dalam
badan sel dalam neuron dalam nukleus supraoptic dan
paraventricular

35. POSTERIOR PITUITARY
Hormon-hormon yang disintesis dalam hypothalamus
ditransportasi turun sepanjang akson menuju ke
akhiran pada posterior pituitary
Hormon-hormon disimpan dalam vesikel-vesikel
dalam posterior pituitary sampai dengan dilepaskan ke
dalam sirkulasi
Principal Hormones: Vasopressin & Oxytocin

36. Figure 7-12: Synthesis, storage, and release of posterior pituitary hormones

37. POSTERIOR PITUITARY
Oxytocin:
Disintesis sebagai hormon prekursor:
prepro-oxyphysin
Bekerja utamanya pada payudara dan uterus
Meningkatkan kontraksi otot polos Vas
Deferens

38. POSTERIOR PITUITARY
Vasopressin
Osmolalitas plasma dimonitor oleh
osmoreceptors dalam hipothalamus
Peningkatan osmolalitas plasma menstimulasi
sekresi vasopressin
Perubahan sedikit saja di atas tekanan osmotik
plasma normal ( 285 mosm/kg) menstimulasi
dilepaskannya vasopressin

39. POSTERIOR PITUITARY
Sekresi vasopressin juga distimulasi oleh:
1. Penurunan volume darah yang
banyak
2. Penurunan tekanan darah

40. POSTERIOR PITUITARY
Kerja Vasopression :
Menurunkan ekskresi air oleh ginjal (V2
receptors)
Constricts blood vessels (V1 receptors)
Meningkatkan hormon adrenocorticortropin
(V1B receptors)

41. Summary of the Endocrine System
Figure 7-2-3: ANATOMY SUMMARY: Hormones

42. Summary of the Endocrine System
Figure 7-2-2: ANATOMY SUMMARY: Hormones