There are several key ways to prevent infections caused by microorganisms, including controlling vectors like mosquitoes and houseflies, sterilization using heat, chemicals, or radiation, and immunization. Vectors can be controlled by covering food, disposing of waste properly, using insecticides, and cleaning areas where larvae may live. Sterilization aims to kill pathogens through processes like applying steam, chemicals like antiseptics and disinfectants, or radiation. Immunization stimulates the body's immune system to produce antibodies to fight pathogens by exposing it to weakened or dead forms of viruses and bacteria typically through vaccines.

1. Ways to prevent infection caused by microorganism

2. Most of the disease can be treated Prevention is better than treatment

3. Ways to prevent infection caused by microorganism.. Control the vectors Sterilisation Immunisation

4. Pathogens Microorganism that bring harmful to human and living thing

5. CONTROLLING THE VECTORS

6. Vectors a carrier, especially the animal that transfers an infective agent from one host to another

7. Control the vectors How to control vectors such as mosquitoes and houseflies?

8. HOUSEFLY

10. Control ofhouseflies

11. ADULT HAUSEFLIES LAY EGGS ON FOOD AND GARBAGE Way of prevention? 1. Cover food properly 2. Dispose all wastes in covered bin

12. MICROORGANISM ATTACH TO THE BODY OF THE ADULT HOUSEFLY HOW TO KILL? By using insecticides

13. PUPAE CAN BE FOUND IN A DARK NAD DRY PLACE How to get rid of it? Clean house regularly

14. Larvae live in food, garbage and sewage What to do? Cover the food properly

15. MOSQUITOES

18. WAYS OF CONTROLLING…. USING PESTICIDES They Hide In Dark… Spray To Kill The Adult

19. SPRAY OIL TO WATER SURFACE

20. STERILISATION : )

21. STERILISATION Is the way to kill pathogens that caused infections

22. 3 ways of sterilisation Use of heat Use of chemical Use of radiation

24. Use of heat By using steam and heated air Leave no foreign matter on the sterilised object ( tidakmeninggalkanbahanasingpadaobjek yang telahdisteril.)

26. Look at the wound….

27. Some iodine solution is applied to this wound.. why? To kill the grow of germs

28. 2 types of chemical used for sterilisation…. Antiseptic Disinfectant

29. Antiseptics Destroy (memusnahkan) or stops the growth of germs on living thing. Applied to skin and mucous membrane Must be strong enough to kill germ and not to the tissues

32. Most are powerful chemicals to sanitise clothes, rooms, utensil in hospital.

34. Use of radiations

36. immunisation : ) Immunity is the ability of human body to fight against foreign substances such as patogens Imunitiadalahkemampuanbadanuntukmelawanbahanasingsepertipatogen

38. IMMUNITY Is due to the presence of white blood cells White blood cells produce antibody to fight pathogens in our body

39. Immune system The immune system is the body’s main defence against pathogens. - It recognizes, attacks, destroys and “remembers” each type of pathogen that enters the body.

40. There are two types of immunity Active immunity (body produces antibodies) Passive immunity (body received antibodies)

42. Active immunity is divided into Natural active immunity Artificial active immunity

43. Natural Active Immunity i. - Develops naturally after a person is infected with a pathogen. - Very effective and may last for life. - Examples: recovery from diseases such as chicken pox and mumps.

44. ii. Artificial active immunity - acquired through immunization - Involves the use of vaccine that contains weakened pathogen. Vaccination or immunisationis a process in which vaccine containing dead or weakend pathogens is given to stimulate body to produce antibodies. - Examples: injection of vaccines to agains tuberculosis (BCG), poliomelitis and hepatitis B

45. Passive immunity is divided into Natural passive immunity Artificial passive immunity

51. Importance of Immunity • Helps to prevent the spread of diseases. • Vaccination is used to fight infection and prevent epidemic outbreaks of disease or deaths.