This document provides an overview of antimicrobial agents (AMAs), including a brief history, classifications, characteristics of ideal antibiotics, factors to consider when choosing an AMA, indications, contraindications, problems associated with AMA use, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. It covers topics such as the distinction between bacteriostatic and bactericidal mechanisms, advantages and disadvantages of each, and common causes of AMA treatment failure.
Antibiotic originally was intended to cure and treat disease. However, because of lack of proper education and awareness campaign, antibiotics now are widely abuse and misuse. Such abuse and misuse of antibiotics today are the culprit why we have emergence of new diseases and Bacterial Resistance.
This document provides an overview of general microbiology. It discusses the history of microbiology, including early pioneers like Hooke, van Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur, and Koch. It also covers the basic classification of microorganisms into domains, including bacteria, archaea, protists, fungi and viruses. Specific sections are dedicated to bacteria, including their structures, growth patterns, shapes, and gram-positive and gram-negative examples. The document aims to introduce the key topics within general microbiology.
this slides includes overview of antimicrobial drugs, their classifications, antimicrobial resistance, adverse effects and toxicity, choice of antimicrobial drugs and its uses
Antimicrobial resistance is a growing public health threat caused by microbes developing resistance to medications like antibiotics. Bacteria develop resistance through genetic mutations and mechanisms that allow them to neutralize or pump out drugs. The overuse and misuse of antibiotics in humans, agriculture, and industry has contributed to the rise of resistant infections. This includes the unnecessary prescription of antibiotics for viral infections. If not addressed, antimicrobial resistance could render many modern medicines ineffective and undermine treatment for infections. A multi-pronged effort is needed that includes regulating antibiotic use, improving surveillance of resistance, developing new drugs, and promoting their proper utilization.
Multiple Drug Resistance and Antibiotic Misuse In English.Education Front
The report on Multiple Drug Resistance and Antibiotic Misuse.
By: Nadia Hassan, Chandni Yaqoob and Mudassar Iqbal.
School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab.
This document provides an overview of antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy. It begins with an introduction to the historical background of chemotherapy and defines antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy. It then classifies antimicrobial agents into four main categories: antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and antiparasitic. The mechanisms of action and general characteristics of antimicrobial drugs are described. Key differences between antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy are outlined. In conclusion, the document stresses the importance of understanding antimicrobial classification, mechanisms of action, and properties for optimal patient care and prevention of resistance.
Multi Drug Resistant Bacteria.
multidrug resistance is a condition enabling a disease causing organism to resist distinct drug or chemical of a wide variety of structure & function targeted at eradicating the organism
Resistance to antibiotics is one of the main important facts that most nations are working on. Actually, in USA, it is considered as a health problem to solve. Why it happens? Here is a review to answer this.
Antibiotic originally was intended to cure and treat disease. However, because of lack of proper education and awareness campaign, antibiotics now are widely abuse and misuse. Such abuse and misuse of antibiotics today are the culprit why we have emergence of new diseases and Bacterial Resistance.
This document provides an overview of general microbiology. It discusses the history of microbiology, including early pioneers like Hooke, van Leeuwenhoek, Pasteur, and Koch. It also covers the basic classification of microorganisms into domains, including bacteria, archaea, protists, fungi and viruses. Specific sections are dedicated to bacteria, including their structures, growth patterns, shapes, and gram-positive and gram-negative examples. The document aims to introduce the key topics within general microbiology.
this slides includes overview of antimicrobial drugs, their classifications, antimicrobial resistance, adverse effects and toxicity, choice of antimicrobial drugs and its uses
Antimicrobial resistance is a growing public health threat caused by microbes developing resistance to medications like antibiotics. Bacteria develop resistance through genetic mutations and mechanisms that allow them to neutralize or pump out drugs. The overuse and misuse of antibiotics in humans, agriculture, and industry has contributed to the rise of resistant infections. This includes the unnecessary prescription of antibiotics for viral infections. If not addressed, antimicrobial resistance could render many modern medicines ineffective and undermine treatment for infections. A multi-pronged effort is needed that includes regulating antibiotic use, improving surveillance of resistance, developing new drugs, and promoting their proper utilization.
Multiple Drug Resistance and Antibiotic Misuse In English.Education Front
The report on Multiple Drug Resistance and Antibiotic Misuse.
By: Nadia Hassan, Chandni Yaqoob and Mudassar Iqbal.
School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab.
This document provides an overview of antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy. It begins with an introduction to the historical background of chemotherapy and defines antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy. It then classifies antimicrobial agents into four main categories: antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and antiparasitic. The mechanisms of action and general characteristics of antimicrobial drugs are described. Key differences between antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy are outlined. In conclusion, the document stresses the importance of understanding antimicrobial classification, mechanisms of action, and properties for optimal patient care and prevention of resistance.
Multi Drug Resistant Bacteria.
multidrug resistance is a condition enabling a disease causing organism to resist distinct drug or chemical of a wide variety of structure & function targeted at eradicating the organism
Resistance to antibiotics is one of the main important facts that most nations are working on. Actually, in USA, it is considered as a health problem to solve. Why it happens? Here is a review to answer this.
One of the most pressing global health issues is the problem of resistance to antimicrobial drugs. Antimicrobial resistance contributes to the uncontrolled increase in the number of pathogenic microorganisms, which leads to higher levels of infectious diseases.
This document discusses antibiotic resistance and how it arises through natural selection. It provides background on the discovery and early use of antibiotics like DDT and penicillin. However, as bacteria evolved resistance, new antibiotics had to be continually developed to keep ahead of evolving resistance. The overuse and misuse of antibiotics, especially in agriculture, has accelerated this process and reduced the effectiveness of many existing drugs. New approaches are needed that apply principles of evolutionary biology to slow further development of resistance.
Antibiotic resistance : A global concern Rohan Jagdale
The document discusses antibiotic resistance. It begins by defining antibiotics and antibiotic resistance, noting that antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria change in response to antibiotic use and become harder to treat. It then discusses the scope of the problem, highlighting that antibiotic resistance threatens global health and development. The document also provides timelines of resistance emerging to various antibiotics. It discusses mechanisms of resistance, such as bacteria modifying targets, and reasons for a lack of new antibiotic development, such as scientific and economic challenges.
Management of antibiotic resistance uploadAnimesh Gupta
This document discusses antibiotic resistance and its management. It defines antibiotic resistance as when microorganisms become resistant to drugs that previously treated infections from them. It outlines various mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in microorganisms and lists priority resistant bacteria. It also discusses superbugs and different strategies to manage antibiotic resistance like prudent antibiotic use, infection control, developing new drugs, and reducing agricultural overuse of antibiotics.
The document discusses antimicrobial resistance in bacteria. It begins by defining antimicrobial resistance as the ability of microorganisms to resist antimicrobial agents that they were previously susceptible to. The two main types are acquired resistance, which occurs when bacteria gain resistance genes, and intrinsic resistance, which refers to innate resistance in certain bacterial species. The overuse and misuse of antimicrobials is identified as the primary driver in the emergence and spread of resistant bacteria. The mechanisms by which bacteria develop resistance are explored, such as decreasing drug permeability, active drug efflux, and enzymatic inactivation or modification of drug targets. Methods for laboratory testing of bacterial resistance are also summarized.
1. The document discusses key facts about antibiotics and antibiotic resistance, including that antibiotics only treat bacterial infections, not all infections require antibiotics, and it is important to complete the full course of antibiotics as prescribed.
2. It defines antibiotic resistance as microorganisms that are not inhibited by achievable systemic concentrations of an antimicrobial agent at normal dosages.
3. Antibiotic resistance can have consequences such as diseases that are usually treated by antibiotics becoming harder to treat, including tuberculosis, pneumonia, urinary tract infections, hospital-acquired infections, and diarrheal infections.
This document discusses mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in bacteria and biofilms. It describes how bacteria can develop intrinsic or acquired resistance. Major mechanisms of acquired resistance include decreased drug uptake through efflux pumps, drug inactivation by enzymes, changes in drug receptors, and use of alternative metabolic pathways. Biofilms make bacteria highly tolerant to antibiotics through extracellular polymeric substances that limit drug diffusion and concentration. New strategies to overcome resistance include quorum sensing inhibitors, biofilm-disrupting enzymes, low-frequency ultrasound, and flavonoids.
Antimicrobial resistance, Dr Soumya Dey and Dr Tapas BaikarTapas Baikar
This document provides an overview of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). It defines AMR and discusses the types (natural vs acquired), mechanisms (mutation, gene transfer), and evolution of antibiotic resistance. Types of acquired resistance include mutation (single or multi-step) and gene transfer (conjugation, transformation, transduction). Common resistance mechanisms include drug tolerance, destruction, and impermeability. Examples are given of resistance mechanisms for antimalarial, antiretroviral, and antitubercular drugs. The global prevalence of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis and trends in AMR for various pathogens like E. coli, Salmonella, and Staphylococcus aureus in India are summarized. Interventions to address AMR include
This document discusses antimicrobial resistance and microbial biofilms. It defines various types of antimicrobial resistance such as multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant, and pandrug-resistant. It also discusses how antimicrobial resistance is accelerated by misuse of antibiotics and how resistant bacteria can spread. The document then covers microbial biofilms, including the stages of biofilm formation, components of the biofilm matrix, advantages of multispecies biofilms, and challenges in treating biofilm infections. It concludes with some methods for detecting and inhibiting biofilms.
This document discusses antibiotic resistance and strategies to address it. It provides background on the history of antibiotics and the development of resistance. Key points covered include the mechanisms by which bacteria develop resistance, such as mutations, plasmids, efflux pumps, and inactivating enzymes. The document emphasizes that improper antibiotic use increases resistance by placing selection pressure on bacteria. It also notes the global threat of resistant infections and the need for improved stewardship of antibiotic prescribing and use.
Antibiotics have saved millions of lives but overuse and misuse has led to rising antibiotic resistance where bacteria evolve and become immune to existing drugs. Antibiotic resistance occurs through natural selection that favors resistant bacteria and spreads between bacteria through horizontal gene transfer. It is a growing problem worldwide as some infections are becoming impossible to treat. To slow resistance, we must use antibiotics judiciously and responsibly only when needed, take the full prescribed dose, and develop new drugs.
This document discusses the history and development of antibiotics, the emergence of antibiotic resistance, and strategies for appropriate antibiotic use. It describes how early discoveries like the germ theory of disease and gram staining led to the development of major antibiotic classes in the 20th century. However, overuse and misuse of antibiotics has resulted in growing resistance, with many bacteria now resistant to first-line treatments. The document advocates preventing infections, only using essential antibiotic treatment, and monitoring antibiotic use and resistance to help address the ongoing issue of antibiotic resistance.
This document discusses antimicrobial resistance and strategies to address it. It notes that antibiotic overuse has led to many resistant infections worldwide. To combat this, the WHO advocates a coordinated, multi-sector response including prudent antibiotic use, infection control, surveillance, and new drug development. Key strategies to reduce resistant infections in healthcare facilities include antibiotic stewardship programs, hand hygiene, isolation precautions, and developing treatment guidelines based on local resistance patterns.
ANTIBIOTICS RESISTANCE Defined as micro-organisms that are not inhibited by usually achievable systemic concentration of an antimicrobial agent with normal dosage schedule and / or fall in the minimum inhibitory concentration range
ANTIBIOTICS RESISTANCE is one of three major threats in the world.
This is a poster presentation regarding the ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE.
1. ANTIBIOTICS ARE LIFE SAVING DRUGS
2. ANTIBIOTICS ONLY TREAT BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
3. SOME EAR INFECTIONS, MOST SORE THROATS DO NOT REQUIRE AN ANTIBIOTIC
4. GREEN COLOURED MUCUS IS NOT A SIGN THAT AN ANTIBIOTIC IS NEEDED
5. USE ANTIBIOTICS ONLY IF REQUIRED AND USE AS PER DIRECTIONS
PREPARED BY TONY JOSE,FINAL YEAR STUDENT,
NIRMALA COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, MUVATTUPUZHA
Antibiotic resistance is a serious and growing phenomenon in contemporary medicine and has emerged as one of the pre-eminent public health concerns of the 21st century, in particular as it pertains to pathogenic organisms (the term is especially relevant to organisms that cause disease in humans). A World Health Organization report released April 30, 2014 states, "this serious threat is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country. Antibiotic resistance–when bacteria change so antibiotics no longer work in people who need them to treat infections–is now a major threat to public health."[2]
In the simplest cases, drug-resistant organisms may have acquired resistance to first-line antibiotics, thereby necessitating the use of second-line agents. Typically, a first-line agent is selected on the basis of several factors including safety, availability, and cost; a second-line agent is usually broader in spectrum, has a less favourable risk-benefit profile, and is more expensive or, in dire circumstances, may be locally unavailable. In the case of some MDR pathogens, resistance to second- and even third-line antibiotics is, thus, sequentially acquired, a case quintessentially illustrated by Staphylococcus aureus in some nosocomial settings. Some pathogens, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, also possess a high level of intrinsic resistance.
It may take the form of a spontaneous or induced genetic mutation, or the acquisition of resistance genes from other bacterial species by horizontal gene transfer via conjugation, transduction, or transformation. Many antibiotic resistance genes reside on transmissible plasmids, facilitating their transfer. Exposure to an antibiotic naturally selects for the survival of the organisms with the genes for resistance. In this way, a gene for antibiotic resistance may readily spread through an ecosystem of bacteria. Once a bacterium becomes resistant to an antibiotic, it is unable to return to its previous state of vulnerability.[3] Resistance will be passed on to all of the daughter cells of the resistant microbe.
Science Shaping Our World-SHOW: Resistance is Futile: Applying Ecological and...MunevarS
March’s SHOW focused on the growing trend in microbial drug resistance. Pathogenic bacteria resistant to many or all antibiotics already exist. Coupled with the rapid decline in microbiological research at pharmaceutical companies, the rapid rate at which resistance has evolved and spread has demanded a novel approach to addressing this critical human health issue.
1) Antibiotics are substances that kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms. They can be bacteriostatic or bactericidal.
2) Thanks to the work of Alexander Fleming, Howard Florey, and Ernst Chain, penicillin was first produced on a large scale for human use in 1943, saving many lives during World War II.
3) When selecting an antibiotic, factors like the site and severity of infection, isolated organism and its sensitivities, patient factors, and drug properties must be considered to ensure the most effective treatment.
This document provides an overview of microbiology topics covered on USMLE Step 1, including bacterial taxonomy, morphology, stains, diagnostics, genetics, and immunity. It discusses the classification and identification of bacteria and their unicellular structure. Common bacterial shapes are described along with bacterial cell walls, membranes, and toxins. Methods of bacterial growth, endospore formation, and staining techniques are covered. The document also summarizes diagnostic methods, bacterial genetics concepts like plasmids and various types of bacterial gene transfer, mutations, and the immune response to bacteria. It concludes with an overview of the mechanisms of action of different antibiotics.
Up to 500 species of bacteria can be found as normal oral flora, with 25 species living in a single mouth. A milliliter of saliva can contain as many as 40 million bacterial cells. Bacteria play important roles in digestion, vitamin synthesis, biotechnology, genetic engineering, and pest control. Some pathogenic bacteria mentioned include Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Staphylococcus aureus. Overuse of antibiotics, anomalous bacteria combinations, and enhanced transmission of antibiotic resistance are contributing to the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
This document discusses the use of antibiotics in periodontal therapy. It defines antibiotics and related terms, and explains their rationale for use as adjuncts to mechanical periodontal debridement. It covers the classification of antibiotics based on their chemical structure, mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, and more. Guidelines for antibiotic use include indications like non-responsive patients or acute infections. Proper patient evaluation, microbial testing, and consideration of antibiotic properties are emphasized for selection. Potential adverse effects are also reviewed.
This document discusses antibiotics used in periodontics. It defines key terms like antibiotic, antimicrobial, and provides classifications of antibiotics based on chemical structure, mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, and source. It outlines guidelines for antibiotic use in periodontal disease, including indications, choosing an antibiotic based on patient and microbe factors, dosing principles, and duration of therapy. Systemic and local antibiotic administration methods are discussed. Common antibiotics used in periodontics that have been extensively evaluated are also listed.
One of the most pressing global health issues is the problem of resistance to antimicrobial drugs. Antimicrobial resistance contributes to the uncontrolled increase in the number of pathogenic microorganisms, which leads to higher levels of infectious diseases.
This document discusses antibiotic resistance and how it arises through natural selection. It provides background on the discovery and early use of antibiotics like DDT and penicillin. However, as bacteria evolved resistance, new antibiotics had to be continually developed to keep ahead of evolving resistance. The overuse and misuse of antibiotics, especially in agriculture, has accelerated this process and reduced the effectiveness of many existing drugs. New approaches are needed that apply principles of evolutionary biology to slow further development of resistance.
Antibiotic resistance : A global concern Rohan Jagdale
The document discusses antibiotic resistance. It begins by defining antibiotics and antibiotic resistance, noting that antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria change in response to antibiotic use and become harder to treat. It then discusses the scope of the problem, highlighting that antibiotic resistance threatens global health and development. The document also provides timelines of resistance emerging to various antibiotics. It discusses mechanisms of resistance, such as bacteria modifying targets, and reasons for a lack of new antibiotic development, such as scientific and economic challenges.
Management of antibiotic resistance uploadAnimesh Gupta
This document discusses antibiotic resistance and its management. It defines antibiotic resistance as when microorganisms become resistant to drugs that previously treated infections from them. It outlines various mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in microorganisms and lists priority resistant bacteria. It also discusses superbugs and different strategies to manage antibiotic resistance like prudent antibiotic use, infection control, developing new drugs, and reducing agricultural overuse of antibiotics.
The document discusses antimicrobial resistance in bacteria. It begins by defining antimicrobial resistance as the ability of microorganisms to resist antimicrobial agents that they were previously susceptible to. The two main types are acquired resistance, which occurs when bacteria gain resistance genes, and intrinsic resistance, which refers to innate resistance in certain bacterial species. The overuse and misuse of antimicrobials is identified as the primary driver in the emergence and spread of resistant bacteria. The mechanisms by which bacteria develop resistance are explored, such as decreasing drug permeability, active drug efflux, and enzymatic inactivation or modification of drug targets. Methods for laboratory testing of bacterial resistance are also summarized.
1. The document discusses key facts about antibiotics and antibiotic resistance, including that antibiotics only treat bacterial infections, not all infections require antibiotics, and it is important to complete the full course of antibiotics as prescribed.
2. It defines antibiotic resistance as microorganisms that are not inhibited by achievable systemic concentrations of an antimicrobial agent at normal dosages.
3. Antibiotic resistance can have consequences such as diseases that are usually treated by antibiotics becoming harder to treat, including tuberculosis, pneumonia, urinary tract infections, hospital-acquired infections, and diarrheal infections.
This document discusses mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in bacteria and biofilms. It describes how bacteria can develop intrinsic or acquired resistance. Major mechanisms of acquired resistance include decreased drug uptake through efflux pumps, drug inactivation by enzymes, changes in drug receptors, and use of alternative metabolic pathways. Biofilms make bacteria highly tolerant to antibiotics through extracellular polymeric substances that limit drug diffusion and concentration. New strategies to overcome resistance include quorum sensing inhibitors, biofilm-disrupting enzymes, low-frequency ultrasound, and flavonoids.
Antimicrobial resistance, Dr Soumya Dey and Dr Tapas BaikarTapas Baikar
This document provides an overview of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). It defines AMR and discusses the types (natural vs acquired), mechanisms (mutation, gene transfer), and evolution of antibiotic resistance. Types of acquired resistance include mutation (single or multi-step) and gene transfer (conjugation, transformation, transduction). Common resistance mechanisms include drug tolerance, destruction, and impermeability. Examples are given of resistance mechanisms for antimalarial, antiretroviral, and antitubercular drugs. The global prevalence of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis and trends in AMR for various pathogens like E. coli, Salmonella, and Staphylococcus aureus in India are summarized. Interventions to address AMR include
This document discusses antimicrobial resistance and microbial biofilms. It defines various types of antimicrobial resistance such as multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant, and pandrug-resistant. It also discusses how antimicrobial resistance is accelerated by misuse of antibiotics and how resistant bacteria can spread. The document then covers microbial biofilms, including the stages of biofilm formation, components of the biofilm matrix, advantages of multispecies biofilms, and challenges in treating biofilm infections. It concludes with some methods for detecting and inhibiting biofilms.
This document discusses antibiotic resistance and strategies to address it. It provides background on the history of antibiotics and the development of resistance. Key points covered include the mechanisms by which bacteria develop resistance, such as mutations, plasmids, efflux pumps, and inactivating enzymes. The document emphasizes that improper antibiotic use increases resistance by placing selection pressure on bacteria. It also notes the global threat of resistant infections and the need for improved stewardship of antibiotic prescribing and use.
Antibiotics have saved millions of lives but overuse and misuse has led to rising antibiotic resistance where bacteria evolve and become immune to existing drugs. Antibiotic resistance occurs through natural selection that favors resistant bacteria and spreads between bacteria through horizontal gene transfer. It is a growing problem worldwide as some infections are becoming impossible to treat. To slow resistance, we must use antibiotics judiciously and responsibly only when needed, take the full prescribed dose, and develop new drugs.
This document discusses the history and development of antibiotics, the emergence of antibiotic resistance, and strategies for appropriate antibiotic use. It describes how early discoveries like the germ theory of disease and gram staining led to the development of major antibiotic classes in the 20th century. However, overuse and misuse of antibiotics has resulted in growing resistance, with many bacteria now resistant to first-line treatments. The document advocates preventing infections, only using essential antibiotic treatment, and monitoring antibiotic use and resistance to help address the ongoing issue of antibiotic resistance.
This document discusses antimicrobial resistance and strategies to address it. It notes that antibiotic overuse has led to many resistant infections worldwide. To combat this, the WHO advocates a coordinated, multi-sector response including prudent antibiotic use, infection control, surveillance, and new drug development. Key strategies to reduce resistant infections in healthcare facilities include antibiotic stewardship programs, hand hygiene, isolation precautions, and developing treatment guidelines based on local resistance patterns.
ANTIBIOTICS RESISTANCE Defined as micro-organisms that are not inhibited by usually achievable systemic concentration of an antimicrobial agent with normal dosage schedule and / or fall in the minimum inhibitory concentration range
ANTIBIOTICS RESISTANCE is one of three major threats in the world.
This is a poster presentation regarding the ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE.
1. ANTIBIOTICS ARE LIFE SAVING DRUGS
2. ANTIBIOTICS ONLY TREAT BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
3. SOME EAR INFECTIONS, MOST SORE THROATS DO NOT REQUIRE AN ANTIBIOTIC
4. GREEN COLOURED MUCUS IS NOT A SIGN THAT AN ANTIBIOTIC IS NEEDED
5. USE ANTIBIOTICS ONLY IF REQUIRED AND USE AS PER DIRECTIONS
PREPARED BY TONY JOSE,FINAL YEAR STUDENT,
NIRMALA COLLEGE OF PHARMACY, MUVATTUPUZHA
Antibiotic resistance is a serious and growing phenomenon in contemporary medicine and has emerged as one of the pre-eminent public health concerns of the 21st century, in particular as it pertains to pathogenic organisms (the term is especially relevant to organisms that cause disease in humans). A World Health Organization report released April 30, 2014 states, "this serious threat is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country. Antibiotic resistance–when bacteria change so antibiotics no longer work in people who need them to treat infections–is now a major threat to public health."[2]
In the simplest cases, drug-resistant organisms may have acquired resistance to first-line antibiotics, thereby necessitating the use of second-line agents. Typically, a first-line agent is selected on the basis of several factors including safety, availability, and cost; a second-line agent is usually broader in spectrum, has a less favourable risk-benefit profile, and is more expensive or, in dire circumstances, may be locally unavailable. In the case of some MDR pathogens, resistance to second- and even third-line antibiotics is, thus, sequentially acquired, a case quintessentially illustrated by Staphylococcus aureus in some nosocomial settings. Some pathogens, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, also possess a high level of intrinsic resistance.
It may take the form of a spontaneous or induced genetic mutation, or the acquisition of resistance genes from other bacterial species by horizontal gene transfer via conjugation, transduction, or transformation. Many antibiotic resistance genes reside on transmissible plasmids, facilitating their transfer. Exposure to an antibiotic naturally selects for the survival of the organisms with the genes for resistance. In this way, a gene for antibiotic resistance may readily spread through an ecosystem of bacteria. Once a bacterium becomes resistant to an antibiotic, it is unable to return to its previous state of vulnerability.[3] Resistance will be passed on to all of the daughter cells of the resistant microbe.
Science Shaping Our World-SHOW: Resistance is Futile: Applying Ecological and...MunevarS
March’s SHOW focused on the growing trend in microbial drug resistance. Pathogenic bacteria resistant to many or all antibiotics already exist. Coupled with the rapid decline in microbiological research at pharmaceutical companies, the rapid rate at which resistance has evolved and spread has demanded a novel approach to addressing this critical human health issue.
1) Antibiotics are substances that kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms. They can be bacteriostatic or bactericidal.
2) Thanks to the work of Alexander Fleming, Howard Florey, and Ernst Chain, penicillin was first produced on a large scale for human use in 1943, saving many lives during World War II.
3) When selecting an antibiotic, factors like the site and severity of infection, isolated organism and its sensitivities, patient factors, and drug properties must be considered to ensure the most effective treatment.
This document provides an overview of microbiology topics covered on USMLE Step 1, including bacterial taxonomy, morphology, stains, diagnostics, genetics, and immunity. It discusses the classification and identification of bacteria and their unicellular structure. Common bacterial shapes are described along with bacterial cell walls, membranes, and toxins. Methods of bacterial growth, endospore formation, and staining techniques are covered. The document also summarizes diagnostic methods, bacterial genetics concepts like plasmids and various types of bacterial gene transfer, mutations, and the immune response to bacteria. It concludes with an overview of the mechanisms of action of different antibiotics.
Up to 500 species of bacteria can be found as normal oral flora, with 25 species living in a single mouth. A milliliter of saliva can contain as many as 40 million bacterial cells. Bacteria play important roles in digestion, vitamin synthesis, biotechnology, genetic engineering, and pest control. Some pathogenic bacteria mentioned include Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Staphylococcus aureus. Overuse of antibiotics, anomalous bacteria combinations, and enhanced transmission of antibiotic resistance are contributing to the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
This document discusses the use of antibiotics in periodontal therapy. It defines antibiotics and related terms, and explains their rationale for use as adjuncts to mechanical periodontal debridement. It covers the classification of antibiotics based on their chemical structure, mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, and more. Guidelines for antibiotic use include indications like non-responsive patients or acute infections. Proper patient evaluation, microbial testing, and consideration of antibiotic properties are emphasized for selection. Potential adverse effects are also reviewed.
This document discusses antibiotics used in periodontics. It defines key terms like antibiotic, antimicrobial, and provides classifications of antibiotics based on chemical structure, mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, and source. It outlines guidelines for antibiotic use in periodontal disease, including indications, choosing an antibiotic based on patient and microbe factors, dosing principles, and duration of therapy. Systemic and local antibiotic administration methods are discussed. Common antibiotics used in periodontics that have been extensively evaluated are also listed.
The document discusses various topics related to antibiotics including their history, definitions, classifications, mechanisms of action, and guidelines for use. Some key points:
- Antibiotics are drugs produced by microorganisms that inhibit or destroy other microorganisms. They can be naturally occurring, semisynthetic, or synthetic.
- Major classifications include based on chemical structure, mechanism of action, type of organism targeted, and spectrum of activity.
- Penicillin was the first antibiotic to be used clinically in 1941. Extended-spectrum penicillins like ampicillin are broad-spectrum and cover both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria commonly causing dental infections.
- Guidelines emphasize accurate diagnosis, appropriate antibiotic selection
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GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY.pptxShaanSinojia
To review about general principles of antibiotic therapy to understand more about their action and precautions while prescribing antibiotics to the patient.
1) The document discusses principles of antimicrobial therapy, including how antimicrobial drugs work by selectively killing microorganisms without harming host cells.
2) Selection of the best antimicrobial agent requires identifying the infecting organism, determining its drug susceptibility, considering the infection site and patient factors like immunity or organ function, and weighing the drug's safety, cost and ability to reach the infection site.
3) Antimicrobial therapy aims to rapidly identify pathogens, start immediate empiric treatment when needed, and later adjust therapy based on identification and susceptibility results while considering host barriers, drug properties, and toxicity risks.
This document provides an overview of chemotherapy pharmacology and antimicrobial agents. It discusses the course objectives which are to overview chemotherapeutic agents, identify factors contributing to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and its prevention, and discuss individual drug classes. It then defines chemotherapy and antimicrobial agents, and outlines terms related to antimicrobial medications like selective toxicity. The rest of the document discusses various topics in depth including AMR mechanisms and associated factors, antibacterial drug classifications and mechanisms of action, and properties of individual penicillin drugs.
This document discusses control of microorganisms through antimicrobial agents. It defines chemotherapy and antimicrobials, and notes that antibiotics are a type of antimicrobial. It describes how antimicrobial drugs work by exploiting biochemical differences between microbes and humans. It discusses the spectrum of antibiotic activity, mechanisms of antimicrobial action including inhibition of cell wall synthesis and protein synthesis, and selection of antimicrobial agents based on the organism, site of infection, and patient factors. Mechanisms of resistance and factors promoting resistance are also summarized.
Rational Use of Antibiotics. Infection was a major cause of morbidity and mortality, before the development of antibiotics.
The treatment of infections faced a great challenge during those periods.
Later in 1928, the discovery of Penicillin, a beta-lactam antibiotic, by Alexander Fleming opened up the golden era of antibiotics.
It marked a revolution in the treatment of infectious diseases and stimulated new efforts to synthesize newer antibiotics.
The period between the 1950s and 1970s is considered the golden era of discovery of novel antibiotic classes, with very few classes discovered since then.
1. Antibiotics are chemical substances produced by microorganisms like fungi, actinomycetes and bacteria that suppress or destroy other microorganisms.
2. Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1929 after noticing that a mold growing in one of his petri dishes had prevented bacteria from growing nearby. Penicillin revolutionized medicine as the first widely used antibiotic.
3. Antibiotic resistance has become a major problem as bacteria have increasingly developed resistance, even to formerly powerful antibiotics like penicillin. Proper antibiotic stewardship including only using antibiotics when necessary and completing prescribed treatment courses can help address this growing threat.
This document provides an overview of antimicrobial agents and antibiotics. It discusses the germ theory of disease, the timeline of antibiotic discovery, and classifications of antimicrobial agents. It describes different types of antimicrobial therapy including prophylaxis, empirical, and definitive therapy. Key concepts covered include bacteriostatic vs bactericidal agents, minimum inhibitory concentration, and principles of antibiotic dosing. The document also addresses factors influencing antimicrobial choice, problems with antimicrobial use including resistance, and Schedule HX regulations in India.
The document discusses antimicrobial agents and mechanisms of resistance. It covers several topics:
1. Definitions and classifications of antibiotics based on chemical structure, source, mechanism of action, and spectrum.
2. Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in bacteria including production of enzymes to destroy drugs and genetic/non-genetic resistance.
3. Approaches to address rising antibiotic resistance such as appropriate use and preventing overprescription.
This document discusses antimicrobial drugs and provides information about their use. It begins by defining antimicrobial drugs as substances that kill or suppress microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, viruses and more. It then lists some common infections treated with antimicrobial drugs. The document goes on to discuss antimicrobial terminology, mechanisms of action, principles of selecting the appropriate drug, indications for use, and appropriate nursing implications when administering antimicrobial drugs to patients. It emphasizes the importance of preventing resistance, assessing treatment response and monitoring for adverse effects.
This document discusses antibiotics, including their classification, uses, misuses, and side effects. It describes how antibiotics are classified based on their mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, and mode of action. The document also addresses the problems of antibiotic misuse and overprescription, which can lead to antibiotic resistance and "super bugs." Side effects of antibiotics are outlined as well as the important role of pharmacists in ensuring appropriate antibiotic usage.
This document discusses principles of antimicrobial therapy. It covers selecting appropriate antimicrobial agents based on the infecting organism, site of infection, and patient factors. Empiric therapy may be needed before identification. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing guides treatment. Combination therapy has advantages like synergism but also disadvantages like increased resistance. Routes of administration and rational dosing are also discussed.
Antimicrobial agents work by interfering with essential processes in microorganisms like bacteria, fungi and parasites. They are commonly used to treat infections caused by these microorganisms. There are several classes of antimicrobial agents classified based on their chemical structure and mechanisms of action. Some common mechanisms include inhibiting cell wall synthesis, disrupting cell membranes, and inhibiting protein or nucleic acid synthesis. Microorganisms can develop resistance to antimicrobial agents through various mechanisms such as enzymatic modification, target site alterations, and efflux pumps. Antibiotic sensitivity testing helps determine the most effective antibiotic for treating a bacterial infection.
This document discusses chemotherapy and antimicrobial agents. It defines chemotherapy as the use of chemical substances with selective toxicity against microorganisms. Antibiotics are substances produced by microorganisms that selectively kill other microorganisms, while antimicrobials refer more broadly to substances that inhibit microbial growth. The document then covers the classification, mechanisms of action, sources and problems associated with antimicrobial agents like resistance, toxicity and superinfections. Factors to consider when choosing an antimicrobial include the patient, drug properties, organism and possibility of combining agents.
General information on antibiotics and antibiotic resistanceSantosh Reddy
Antibiotics are drugs that fight bacterial infections but not viral infections. While they have been effective, antibiotic resistance has emerged as bacteria evolve and develop ways to withstand antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance occurs globally and is considered a major public health threat. The overuse, misuse and inappropriate use of antibiotics has contributed greatly to the growth of antibiotic resistance. Rational and appropriate antibiotic use, through practices like restricting their use and employing them only when necessary, can help control the spread of resistance.
General information on antibiotics and antibiotic resistanceSantosh Reddy
Antibiotics are drugs that fight bacterial infections but not viral infections. While they have been effective, antibiotic resistance has emerged as bacteria evolve and develop ways to withstand antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance occurs globally and is considered a major public health threat. It develops due to overuse, misuse and improper use of antibiotics in both humans and livestock. Rational antibiotic use through prudent prescribing practices and infection prevention can help curb the rise and spread of antibiotic resistance.
Similar to Antimicrobials general considerations (20)
Hello everyone...
I am Dr. Shravanthi, periodontist by profession. Please take a tour of my website periowiki.com.
Periowiki is my initiative to help people learn about periodontology in detail.
See you there.
Radiographic aids in periodontal disease diagnosis part IPeriowiki.com
This document discusses the use of radiographs in diagnosing periodontal disease. It provides a brief history of using radiographs in dentistry and periodontics. Radiographs can reveal bone loss and destruction patterns but not current soft tissue changes. Standardized techniques are needed for accurate assessment over time. Early periodontitis may show fuzziness of the lamina dura or widening of the periodontal ligament space. More advanced disease appears as severe bone loss, fingerlike projections into the bone, or interdental bone craters. However, radiographs have limitations in depicting the full extent and morphology of bone defects.
The alveolar process forms the tooth sockets and supports the teeth. It consists of external cortical plates and internal cancellous trabeculae. Osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts maintain the alveolar bone through remodeling. The alveolar bone develops with tooth eruption and is resorbed after tooth loss. It undergoes constant remodeling to withstand forces while maintaining form. The document provides detailed descriptions of the anatomical structures and cellular processes that comprise and maintain the alveolar bone.
Smoking has various negative effects on the immune system's response to periodontal disease. It reduces the phagocytic activity and respiratory burst of neutrophils, impairs their migration and apoptosis. Smokers have increased T cell levels but reduced IgG2 and B cell antibody production. Natural killer cell activity and numbers are also lower in smokers. Regarding cytokines, smokers have higher TNF-alpha but lower IL-1 levels in gingival crevicular fluid. Overall, smoking causes both quantitative and qualitative defects in immune cells that compromise periodontal defense mechanisms.
Technological advances in dental implant surgeryPeriowiki.com
This document discusses recent technological advances in dental implant surgery, including computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology and computer-guided implant surgery techniques. It describes computerized tomography (CT) imaging and how CT data can be used for virtual surgical planning and fabrication of surgical guides. The document compares computer-guided implant surgery (CGIS), which uses static surgical guides, to computer-navigated implant surgery (CNIS), which allows for intraoperative modification of the surgical plan. Both techniques aim to increase the accuracy and predictability of dental implant placement.
The document discusses aggressive periodontitis, specifically localized aggressive periodontitis (LAP). It provides:
1) A historical background on LAP, formerly known as localized juvenile periodontitis, describing its identification and classification over time.
2) Key diagnostic criteria for LAP including an early age of onset typically around puberty, involvement of first molars and incisors, and a rapid rate of attachment loss and bone destruction.
3) Typical clinical characteristics of LAP such as minimal visible inflammation despite deep pockets and bone loss out of proportion to plaque levels. Radiographs often show vertical bone loss around first molars and incisors. Prevalence is typically below 1% with some studies finding higher rates in black males
The document discusses splinting, including its history, definitions, aims, principles, indications, classifications, advantages, and disadvantages. Some key points:
- Splinting aims to immobilize and stabilize loose or mobile teeth by redistributing forces across multiple teeth.
- It has been used since ancient Egypt to stabilize teeth and fractures. Modern classifications include temporary, provisional, and permanent splints made of various materials.
- Indications include reducing tooth mobility from trauma, occlusal adjustment, or periodontal disease. Contraindications include active periodontal inflammation.
- Advantages are stabilizing teeth and tissues, but disadvantages include increased risk of decay and difficulties with oral hygiene.
Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) aims to regenerate lost periodontal tissues by using barrier membranes to selectively prevent the migration of epithelial and gingival connective tissue cells to the root surface, allowing periodontal ligament cells to repopulate the area. The document discusses the history and development of GTR, the biological basis and concept behind using barrier membranes, characteristics of ideal GTR membranes, indications and contraindications for GTR, and outcomes from studies applying GTR in treating periodontal defects.
Furcation the problem and its managementPeriowiki.com
The document discusses furcation involvement, which occurs when periodontal disease causes attachment loss that affects the bifurcation or trifurcation of multi-rooted teeth. It presents Glickman's classification of furcation defects into four grades based on the extent of bone loss and visibility of the furcation opening. Grade I is the earliest stage where only soft tissues are affected. Grade IV is the most advanced where bone is destroyed between roots, making the furcation opening visible. The classification schemes of Karthikeyan et al. (2015) and Pilloni and Rojas (2018) are also presented, which provide additional assessment criteria for furcation defects.
Attached gingiva and procedures for gingival augmentationPeriowiki.com
The document discusses attached gingiva and procedures for gingival augmentation. It defines attached gingiva and explains its clinical significance as a barrier against microbes and irritants. The width and thickness of attached gingiva can be measured using various methods and are influenced by factors like age, tooth position, and frenal attachments. Adequate attached gingiva is important for periodontal health and limiting recession, though its width alone does not prevent recession. In restorative dentistry, at least 2mm of attached gingiva is recommended when crowns are placed close to or below the gingival margin to avoid inflammation and recession.
Role of iatrogenic factors in the etiology of periodontal diseasePeriowiki.com
The document discusses various dental procedures that can potentially cause iatrogenic injury to periodontal structures, including restorations, endodontic therapy, prosthetics, orthodontics, surgery, implants, and periodontal treatment. It provides definitions of iatrogenic factors and reviews the history. For restorations specifically, it examines how cavity preparation, violation of biologic width, overhanging margins, subgingival margins, contours can negatively impact the periodontium. Studies have demonstrated links between overhangs and increased pocket depth and bone loss. Contours that limit access for oral hygiene or retain plaque and irritants can also increase inflammation.
Classification of diseases and conditions affecting the periodontiumPeriowiki.com
The document discusses the historical development of classification systems for periodontal diseases from the 1870s to present. It describes the three dominant paradigms that influenced classification: the clinical characteristics paradigm from 1870-1920 which based classifications on observable symptoms; the classical pathology paradigm from 1920-1970 which considered the pathological changes; and the current infection/host response paradigm since 1970 which considers the roles of infection and the body's response. It provides details on influential classification systems under each paradigm.
The document discusses the anatomy and histology of the gingiva. It describes the different types of gingiva - marginal, attached, and interdental gingiva - and their clinical and microscopic features. Microscopically, the gingiva consists of stratified squamous epithelium and connective tissue. The gingival epithelium undergoes proliferation and differentiation, including keratinization in some areas. Keratin proteins and other proteins important for epithelial maturation are also discussed.
Reactive oxygen species and anti-oxidantsPeriowiki.com
This document discusses reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants. It begins with a brief history of the discovery of oxygen, free radicals, and their role in biology. ROS are classified and sources both endogenous and exogenous are described. The document outlines the origins and formation of ROS, as well as their beneficial roles in physiological functions and microbial destruction. However, excessive ROS can also cause tissue damage through lipid peroxidation and DNA damage. The body's antioxidant defense systems and how ROS levels impact periodontal health are examined. The conclusion discusses measuring ROS and antioxidants.
The document discusses the development, composition, and function of the four main tissues that make up the periodontium - gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone. It describes how each tissue develops during tooth formation and eruption. It also provides details on the biochemical components of the normal connective tissues in the periodontium, including the cells, fibers, and ground substance present in the gingiva, periodontal ligament, cementum and alveolar bone. The document concludes by discussing how diseases can affect the periodontal connective tissues.
Molecular mediators in periodontal pathologyPeriowiki.com
This document provides an overview of inflammatory mediators involved in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. It begins by introducing inflammation and how acute inflammation can become chronic. It then classifies inflammatory mediators as exogenous (bacterial products) or endogenous (produced internally). Key endogenous mediators discussed include cytokines like tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, colony stimulating factors, and interferons. The document explains the roles of these mediators in periodontal tissue destruction and bone resorption.
Local anesthesia involves the loss of sensation, especially pain, in one part of the body through the use of local anesthetic drugs. The document discusses the historical background of local anesthesia beginning in the 1880s with cocaine. It defines local anesthesia and related terms and outlines the ideal properties of local anesthetic drugs. The document describes the composition of local anesthetic solutions, classifications of drugs, and their mechanism of action in blocking nerve conduction. It explores theories of pain and the pain pathway, which local anesthetics are able to interrupt.
Collagen is the most abundant protein in mammals and provides structural integrity to tissues. There are over 30 types of collagen that can be classified based on structure and function. Collagen forms fibrils, networks, membranes, and other structures essential for tissue morphology and function. Disorders of collagen synthesis and structure can lead to a variety of associated pathologies.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
The chapter Lifelines of National Economy in Class 10 Geography focuses on the various modes of transportation and communication that play a vital role in the economic development of a country. These lifelines are crucial for the movement of goods, services, and people, thereby connecting different regions and promoting economic activities.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.