Solution is very important topic.

1. Solutions

2. › Liquid compounds are probably the most commonly prepared
compounds in a pharmacy.
› Liquids can be administered by mouth, topically, rectally,
vaginally, and in the eyes or ears.
Introduction

3. › There are several factors that have to be considered when
preparing any oral liquid:
 Drug Concentration
 Solubility
 pH
 Taste
 Stability
Composition and Ingredients

4. › Solutions – clear liquid preparations in which all the
ingredients are dissolved in a suitable vehicle and contain one
or more active ingredients.
› Five Types of Solutions:
– Oral Liquid Solutions – taken by mouth
– Topical Solutions – applied to the skin
– Syrups – concentrated sugar aqueous liquids
– Elixirs – sweetened and alcohol based
– Aromatic Waters – clear, saturated aqueous solutions of volatile oils
or aromatic substances and may be used internally or externally.
Types and Definitions

5. Solutions
 Solubility – that is how many milligrams of the drug will
dissolve in a specific number of milliliters of a vehicle.
 Remember to mix like products
 Flavorings and sweeteners can be added to the preparations
to hide bitter taste or odor.
 Preservatives can be added to prevent microbial growth.
 Buffers can be added to maintain the pH for stability.
Composition and Ingredients

6. Solutions
 Solutions are one of the easiest and most common liquids to
compound.
 Most water soluble ingredients will dissolve in water by simply
stirring, shaking, or allowing time to dissolve on their own.
 If the solution is concentrated, heat may be needed to
dissolve the ingredients.
 Others may need a high degree of agitation, such as a blender.
Preparation and Compounding Techniques

7. Elixirs
co-solvent system – two ingredients together used as
a solvent.
Elixirs have a water component and an alcohol
component as the vehicle.
When preparing an elixir, the alcohol-soluble
ingredients should be mixed with ethanol and the
water-soluble ingredients should be dissolved in water
prior to mixing the two components together.
Preparation and Compounding Techniques

8. › Suspensions – liquids that contains ingredients that are not
soluble in their vehicle, but rather suspended or re-suspended
upon shaking.
› They are two-phased systems consisting of fine solid particles
dispersed in liquid.
› Can be taken by mouth or applied topically.
Types and Definitions

9. Suspensions
 Suspensions can be made from the same vehicles used to
prepare solutions.
 Fixed oils, including vegetable oils such as almond oil, corn oil,
or peanut oil, may be used as a suspending agent for some
insoluble drugs.
Composition and Ingredients

10. Suspensions
 The first step in compounding a suspension is to reduce the
particle size of the solid component.
 Grind with a mortar and pestle, pass through a mesh sieve, using a machine similar to a coffee grinder, or
a tablet pulverizer attachment to a blender.
 Next, the powder should be wetted prior to mixing with the
primary vehile.
 Hydrophilic – add a little water and mix until a paste is formed
 Hydrophobic – add a little glycerin and mix until a paste is formed
 Slowly add the vehicle to the thick paste while constantly
stirring.
Preparation and Compounding Techniques

11. › Emulsions –is a type of suspension consisting of two
immiscible liquids and an emulsifying agent to hold them
together.
› 2 Types of Emulsions:
– Water-in-Oil (w/o) – occlusive, greasy, not water washable
– Oil-in-Water (o/w) – water washable, hydrophilic, nonocclusive, and
nongreasy.
Types and Definitions

12. Emulsions
Emulsions contain three basic components:
1. A Lipid or Oil Phase
2. An Aqueous Phase
3. Emulsifier - chemical additives that encourage the suspension of one liquid in
another
Composition and Ingredients

13. Emulsions
 Emulsions are more complicated to prepare.
 Preparing emulsions requires an energy source that will break
up the oil and water liquids to increase the surface area of the
internal phase.
 Methods used to prepare emulsions:
1. English Method – also called the wet gum method.
 A mucilage (sticky mixture) is prepared by adding a small quantity of water to
the gum and then triturated or mixed until the mixture is uniform.
 The oil component is added in small quantities by using rapid trituration,
resulting in a thick, viscous mixture.
 More water is slowly added and the mixture is rapidly triturated until the
emulsion is formed.
Preparation and Compounding Techniques

14. Emulsions
› Methods used to prepare emulsions:
1. English Method – also called the wet gum method.
 A mucilage (sticky mixture) is prepared by adding a small quantity of water to the
gum and then triturated or mixed until the mixture is uniform.
 The oil component is added in small quantities by using rapid trituration, resulting in
a thick, viscous mixture.
 More water is slowly added and the mixture is rapidly triturated until the emulsion is
formed
2. Continental Method – also called the dry gum method.
 The gum is rapidly mixed with oil, and then the water is added all at once with rapid
trituration.
 When a snapping sound is heard, the primary emulsion has formed.
3. Bottle Shaking Method
4. Beaker Method – involves using synthetic emulsifying agents and
heating.
Preparation and Compounding Techniques