This document discusses landforms, hydrology, and mass movements. It describes how landscapes are shaped by the interaction of uplift and erosion over time. Mass movements are downslope movements of earth materials by gravity that occur on unstable slopes and come in many forms like creep, landslides, debris flows, and avalanches. Triggers like earthquakes or heavy rain can cause saturated or steep slopes to fail in mass movements. Mapping unstable slopes and prevention methods can help reduce natural hazards.
Describe how layers of rocks (stratified rocks) are formed,
Describe the different methods (relative and absolute dating) to determine the age of stratified rocks, and
Explain how relative and absolute dating were used to determine the subdivisions of geologic time.
The relative age of a rock is its age when compared with the ages of other rocksThe absolute age of a rock is a calculation of the number of years that have passed since the rock formed.
Earth Materials and Processes : ENDOGENIC PROCESSSimple ABbieC
Earth Materials and Processes : ENDOGENIC PROCESS
Content Standard:
The learners demonstrate an understanding of:
geologic processes that occur within the Earth and
the folding and faulting of rocks
Describe how layers of rocks (stratified rocks) are formed,
Describe the different methods (relative and absolute dating) to determine the age of stratified rocks, and
Explain how relative and absolute dating were used to determine the subdivisions of geologic time.
The relative age of a rock is its age when compared with the ages of other rocksThe absolute age of a rock is a calculation of the number of years that have passed since the rock formed.
Earth Materials and Processes : ENDOGENIC PROCESSSimple ABbieC
Earth Materials and Processes : ENDOGENIC PROCESS
Content Standard:
The learners demonstrate an understanding of:
geologic processes that occur within the Earth and
the folding and faulting of rocks
Ore Minerals (How it is found, mined, and processed for human use)Simple ABbieC
Department of Education | Senior High School
Topic: Ore Minerals (How it is found, mined, and processed for human use)
Learning Competency:
Earth Science (for STEM): Describe how ore minerals are found, mined, and processed for human use. (S11ES-Ic-d-8)
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Core Subject: Earth and Life Science
II. Earth Materials and Processes
A. Minerals and Rocks
The learners
demonstrate an
understanding of:
1. the three main categories of rocks
2. the origin and environment of formation of common minerals and rocks
The learners:
1. identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical properties
2. classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
Rocks and minerals for grade 11; Earth and life sciencesknip xin
please don't forget to like and leave your comments. this presentation is about rocks and minerals, grade 11, earth and life sciences; senior high school
Internal Structure of The Earth
Physical Layering
Determining the Earth's Internal Structure
C. The Earth's Internal Layered Structure and Composition
D. VELOCITY AND DENSITY VARIATION WITHIN THE EARTH
The immense amount of heat energy released from gravitational energy and from the decay of radioactive elements melted the entire planet, and it is still cooling off today. Denser materials like iron (Fe) sank into the core of the Earth, while lighter silicates (Si), other oxygen (O) compounds, and water rose near the surface.
The earth is divided into four main layers: the inner core, outer core, mantle, and crust. The core is composed mostly of iron (Fe) and is so hot that the outer core is molten, with about 10% sulphur (S). The inner core is under such extreme pressure that it remains solid. Most of the Earth's mass is in the mantle, which is composed of iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), and oxygen (O) silicate compounds. At over 1000 degrees C, the mantle is solid but can deform slowly in a plastic manner. The crust is much thinner than any of the other layers, and is composed of the least dense potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and sodium (Na) aluminum-silicate minerals. Being relatively cold, the crust is rocky and brittle, so it can fracture in earthquakes.
Ore Minerals (How it is found, mined, and processed for human use)Simple ABbieC
Department of Education | Senior High School
Topic: Ore Minerals (How it is found, mined, and processed for human use)
Learning Competency:
Earth Science (for STEM): Describe how ore minerals are found, mined, and processed for human use. (S11ES-Ic-d-8)
Please LIKE / FOLLOW and SHARE my other social media accounts.
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/Simple-ABbieC-131584525051378/
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Youtube:
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Slideshare:
https://www.slideshare.net/AbbieMahinay
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Blogger:
https://simpleabbiec.blogspot.com/?m=1
Core Subject: Earth and Life Science
II. Earth Materials and Processes
A. Minerals and Rocks
The learners
demonstrate an
understanding of:
1. the three main categories of rocks
2. the origin and environment of formation of common minerals and rocks
The learners:
1. identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical properties
2. classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
Rocks and minerals for grade 11; Earth and life sciencesknip xin
please don't forget to like and leave your comments. this presentation is about rocks and minerals, grade 11, earth and life sciences; senior high school
Internal Structure of The Earth
Physical Layering
Determining the Earth's Internal Structure
C. The Earth's Internal Layered Structure and Composition
D. VELOCITY AND DENSITY VARIATION WITHIN THE EARTH
The immense amount of heat energy released from gravitational energy and from the decay of radioactive elements melted the entire planet, and it is still cooling off today. Denser materials like iron (Fe) sank into the core of the Earth, while lighter silicates (Si), other oxygen (O) compounds, and water rose near the surface.
The earth is divided into four main layers: the inner core, outer core, mantle, and crust. The core is composed mostly of iron (Fe) and is so hot that the outer core is molten, with about 10% sulphur (S). The inner core is under such extreme pressure that it remains solid. Most of the Earth's mass is in the mantle, which is composed of iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), and oxygen (O) silicate compounds. At over 1000 degrees C, the mantle is solid but can deform slowly in a plastic manner. The crust is much thinner than any of the other layers, and is composed of the least dense potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and sodium (Na) aluminum-silicate minerals. Being relatively cold, the crust is rocky and brittle, so it can fracture in earthquakes.
Risk and uncertainty are related, but different concepts that many people struggle to understand. This presentation defines and explains the difference between risk and uncertainty and how they are measured, so that they can be properly managed in a business context.
Please add any comments or feedback, and share this presentaiton with your colleagues, thanks!
Feel free to contact me via LinkedIn if you have any questions:
http://www.linkedin.com/in/kelvinstott
Alternatively, please visit or join our LinkedIn group, ’Big Ideas in R&D Productivity & Project / Portfolio Management’:
http://www.linkedin.com/groups/Big-Ideas-in-Pharma-R-4322249
Geological structures- التراكيب الجيولوجيه
Geological Structures
What are Geologic Structures?
إيه هيا التراكيب الجيولوجيه؟
Division of Structures
تقسيم للتراكيب الجيولوجيه
A- Primary structures
Ripple marks
Mud cracks
Cross bedding
Graded bedding
Burrows
B- Secondary Structures
Folds
Faults
Joints
Unconformities
What are Geologic Structures?
إيه هيا التراكيب الجيولوجيه؟
Geologic structure is any feature in rocks that results from deformation, such as folds, joints, and faults.
اى شكل فى الصخر ينتج من خلال عملية التشويه مثل : الصدوع والطيات
هى التشققات والتصدعات الضخمة والالتواءات العنيفة التى تشوه صخور القشرة الارضية .
Geologic structures are usually the result of the powerful tectonic forces that occur within the earth. These forces fold and break rocks, form deep faults, and build mountains .
Division of Structures
• Primary (or sedimentary) structures: such as ripple marks, cross-bedding, and mud cracks form in sediments during or shortly after deposition.
هى التراكيب الناتجة من تدخل العمليات الخارجية أثناء الترسيب
• Secondary structures: is that structures formed after the formations of any kind of rocks, such as folds, faults, or unconformities.
Primary structures
They are any structures in sedimentary rock formed at or shortly after the time of deposition: such as:
هى الاشكال التى تتخلف بالصخور تحت تأثير عوامل مناخية وبيئية خاصة مثل الجفاف والحرارة وتأثير الرياح والتيارات المائية وغيرها وبدون أى تدخل من جانب القوى والحركات الارضية أمثلة ذلك:
Ripple marks
علامات النيم: هي تموجات رملية صغيرة تنشأ على سطح الطبقات الرسوبية بواسطة حركة الماء أو الهواء و تكون حروف علامات النيم متعامدة على اتجاه الحركة.
They are wavelike (undulating) structures produced in granular sediment such as sand by unidirectional wind and water currents or by oscillating wave currents.
Wind and current ripples. (Asymmetric
Wave ripples. (Symmetric
Mud cracks
التشققات فى الرواسب الطينية : حيث ينكمش سطح الرسوبيات الطينية مخلفة شقوقا مميزة فى فترات الجفاف
Mud crack is a crack in clay-rich sediment that has dried out.
Cross bedding
التطبق المتقاطع هو النمط الذي تسلكه الرسوبيات الجديدة المتراكمة عند تأثرها بأي من التيارات المائية أو الهوائية. عندما تستق
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
2. Outline
• Shaping the Earth surface
-uplift vs. erosion
-describing the surface: relief, contours
-factors controlling landscape development
• Hydrologic cycle
• Mass movements
-Basics
-Various types
-Submarine mass movements
• Weakening the surface
-Slope stability
-Failure surfaces and triggers
-Link to plate tectonics
-Hazard and prevention
Interlude F & Chapter
Interlude F & Chapter 16
16
3. Shaping the Earth Surface
• Result of competition between uplift and erosion.
• Adding or subtracting elevation.
• Driven by tectonics:
• Uplift- vertical surface motion upwards
• Subsidence-vertical motion downwards
• Driven by surface processes:
• Erosion- surface lowering by mass removal
• Deposition- surface rising by mass addition Interlude F & Chapter
16
7. Factors Controlling
Landscape Development
Agents of transport & erosion
• Water, ice wind
Elevation distribution
• Relief, slope angle
Climate
• Mean temp and precipitation amount
Life
• Ecology/ biota can weaken/stabilize the surface
Exposed material type (substrate)
• Erodibility
Time Interlude F & Chapter
16
8. Outline
• Shaping the Earth surface
-uplift vs. erosion
-describing the surface: relief, contours
-factors controlling landscape development
• Hydrologic cycle
• Mass movements
-Basics
-Various types
-Submarine mass movements
• Weakening the surface
-Slope stability
-Failure surfaces and triggers
-Link to plate tectonics
-Hazard and prevention
Interlude F & Chapter
Interlude F & Chapter 16
16
9. Hydrologic Cycle
Water plays major role in surface erosion & deposition.
Hydrologic cycle- describes never ending water flow
between various reservoirs
Interlude F & Chapter
16
10. Hydrologic Cycle
Average time spent
The reservoirs: in each reservoir:
Interlude F & Chapter
16
12. Outline
• Shaping the Earth surface
-uplift vs. erosion
-describing the surface: relief, contours
-factors controlling landscape development
• Hydrologic cycle
• Mass movements
-Basics
-Various types
-Submarine mass movements
• Weakening the surface
-Slope stability
-Failure surfaces and triggers
-Link to plate tectonics
-Hazard and prevention
Interlude F & Chapter
Interlude F & Chapter 16
16
13. Intro to Mass Movements
• Most humans consider Earth to
be
• Earth’s surface, however, is
mostly unstable
• Due to
weathering/erosion/gravity
Interlude F & Chapter
16
14. What is a Mass Movement?
• Downslope motion of earth materials by gravity
• Type of natural hazard
• Natural landscape process
These hazards can produce catastrophic losses
Interlude F & Chapter
16
15. Intro to Mass Movements
• Mass movements are important to rock cycle
• Initial step in sediment transportation
• Significant landscape change agent
• All slopes are unstable, they change continously
• Mass movements are often
Interlude F & Chapter
16
16. Types of Mass Wasting
Classified based on 4 factors:
1. Material type (rock, regolith (loose debris), snow, ice)
2. Rate of movement (fast, intermediate or slow)
3. Nature of moving mass (cloud, slurry, or distinct blocks)
slurry-liquid with suspended soilds
4. Surroundings (subaerial or submarine)
Interlude F & Chapter
16
17. Types of Mass Wasting
Creep, solifluction, rock glaciers (not shown) slumping
Flows (mud) avalanches, falls (rock)
Interlude F & Chapter
16
18. Types of Mass Wasting
Creep –slow downhill movement of regoith
Due to expansion and contraction
via wetting and drying, freezing and thawing
Grain moves:
perpendicular to slope upon expansion
Verically by gravity upon contraction
Interlude F & Chapter
16
19. Types of Mass Wasting
Creep tilts trees, gravestones, and walls
Interlude F & Chapter
16
20. Types of Mass Wasting
Solifluction –slow downhill movement of tundra
melted permafrost slowly flows over deeper, frozen soil
generates hillsides with solifluction lobes
Rock glaciers – mix of rocks fragments and ice
rocks added faster than ice accumulation
Behave like glacial ice, flowing slowly downhill
Interlude F & Chapter
16
21. Types of Mass Wasting
Slumping – sliding of regolith as coherent blocks
Slip occurs along a spoon-shaped failure surface
Variety of sizes and rates of motion
Distinctive features
head scarp, bulging toe
Interlude F & Chapter
16
22. Types of Mass Wasting
Mud & debris flows – h20 rich mass movement
Mudflow- slurry of water and fine sediment
Debris flow- mudflow with large rocks
Interlude F & Chapter
16
23. Types of Mass Wasting
Lahar – a volanic mud or debris flow
volcanic ash from recent/ongoing eruption
water from heavy rain or melted glacial ice
Interlude F & Chapter
16
24. Types of Mass Wasting
Landslides – movement down nonvertical slope
• Rock slide – consists of rock only
• Debris slide – mostly reoglith
Movement down failure surface is quick
Debris can move 300 km/hr on cushion of air
Interlude F & Chapter
16
25. Landslide Case Study
• Vaiont Dam disaster – illustrates need to evaluate geology when
siting structures
• Built in 1960 in a deep gorge in Italian Alps.
• Limestone over shale dipped toward valley center.
• On 10/9/63, 600 million tons of limestone fell into the reservoir.
• A wave crested the dam, destroyed villages, and killed 2,600.
Interlude F & Chapter
16
26. Types of Mass Wasting
Avalanches – turbulent clouds of debris and air
• Snow avalanche – over-steepened snow detaches
• Debris avalanche – rock and dust fragment
• Move up to 250 km/hr on a cushion of air
Interlude F & Chapter
16
27. Types of Mass Wasting
• Rock & debris falls – vertical freefall
• Bedrock/regolith that falls rapidly
• Block impact, fragment and keep moving
• Talus blocks pile up at slope base
Interlude F & Chapter
16
28. Types of Mass Wasting
Submarine mass movements.
• 3 types – based on degree of disintegration
1. Submarine slumps – coherent blocks break and sip
2. Submarine debris flows – moving material breaks apart
3. Turbidity currents – sediement moves as a turbulent cloud
Usually well-perserved
Interlude F & Chapter
16
29. Types of Mass Wasting
Submarine mass movements.
• Gigantic submarine slope failures are widespread
• Large than land-based failures
• Important process sculpting adjacent land
• Create catastrophic tsunamis
Interlude F & Chapter
16
30. Outline
• Shaping the Earth surface
-uplift vs. erosion
-describing the surface: relief, contours
-factors controlling landscape development
• Hydrologic cycle
• Mass movements
-Basics
-Various types
-Submarine mass movements
• Weakening the surface
-Slope stability
-Failure surfaces and triggers
-Link to plate tectonics
-Hazard and prevention
Interlude F & Chapter
Interlude F & Chapter 16
16
31. Weakening the Surface
• Mass movements require earth materials
• Fragmentation & weathering.
Interlude F & Chapter
16
32. Weakening the Surface
• Slope stability is a trade-off between 2 forces:
1. Downslope force – gravitational pull
2. Resisting force – material properties that resist motion
• Movement occurs when downslope forces win
Interlude F & Chapter
16
33. Slope Stability
1. Downslope forces (Fd) = gravity
Weight of earth materials
2. Resisting forces (Fr) = material strength
3. Cohesion friction
Interlude F & Chapter
16
34. Slope Stability
• Loose material assumes an “angle of repose”.
• Maximum stable angle
• Due to material properties
Particle size, shape, surface roughness
• Typical repose angles:
• Fine sand:35
• Coarse sand: 40
• Angular pebbles: 45
Interlude F & Chapter
16
35. Failure Surfaces
• Weak subsurface layers can initiate motion
• Failure surface- types include
• Saturated sand/clay layers
• Joints parallel to surface
• Weak sedimentary bedding (shale)
• Metamorphic foliation
Interlude F & Chapter
16
36. Failure Triggers
• Destabilizing event usually triggers slopes failure
• Triggers are natural & anthropogenic:
• Shocks or vibration
• Changes in slope characteristics
• Changes in slope strength
Interlude F & Chapter
16
37. Failure Triggers
• A triggering event is not necessary for movement
• Slope materials slowly weaken over time
• Gravity
• Result: movements often
Interlude F & Chapter
16
38. Failure Triggers
• Shocks & vibrations.
• Vibrations decrease material friction
• On unstable slope, downslope force takes over
• Many sources of vibration are common:
• Motion of heavy machinery, vehicles
Interlude F & Chapter
16
39. Failure Triggers
• Vibrations cause saturated sediments to liquefy
• Quick clay – pore water slurries clay flakes when shaken
• Saturated sand – fluidized by increase in pore pressure
Interlude F & Chapter
16
40. Failure Triggers
• Changes in characteristics can destabilize a slope
• Angle – steepening slope beyond angle of repose
• Loading –add weight to top of slope
• Water – as rain or via humans
Interlude F & Chapter
16
42. Link to Plate Tectonics
• Tectonic processes influence mass movements
• Create uplift – topo and relief leads to steep slopes
• Fragment crust – joints and faults ease disintegration
• Generate earthquakes – trigger
Interlude F & Chapter
16
43. Identifying Slope Hazards
• Geologic mapping can identify risk regions
• Past failures
• Currently unstable slopes:
• Cracked and bulging ground
• Measureable changes in surveyed land features
GPS can detect slow movements
Interlude F & Chapter
16
44. Prevention
• Action can reduce mass movement hazards
• Revegetation – adding plants has 2 positive effects
• Removes water
• Roots
Interlude F & Chapter
16
45. Prevention
• Action can reduce mass movements hazards
• Slowing or eliminating undercutting- increases stability
• Removing erosion agent at slope base
• Reducing effect of erosion agent
Interlude F & Chapter
16
46. Prevention
• Engineered structures.
• Rock staples – rods drilled into rock to hold steep face
Interlude F & Chapter
16
47. Prevention
• Engineered structures.
• Avalanche sheds – structures that shunt avalanche snow
• Controlled blasting – surgical removal of dangerous rock
Interlude F & Chapter
16