Industrial Revolution, World Wars and its effects; London and Paris.

1. European Cities
How Europe came into power
-LONDON
- PARIS
Elective II
Evolution of Art, Culture and Technology

2. EVOLUTION OF AESTHETICS
CULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY
European Cities
How Europe came into power
-LONDON
- PARIS

4.  Location
 All major revolutions started there
 Industrial Revolution
 World wars their impacts in improving
its position
 British world
 Europe's dominance

6. Western Europe had multiple cultures of
different strengths packed in a small
area
 Europe was fortunate to have multiple cultures with
different strengths packed in a small area. The
Iberians (Span+Portugal) and Scandinavians were
great in exploration. The Italians produced great
stuff arts and science. The Dutch and English
produced advancements in capitalism and
commerce. French and Germans added the
philosphical and egalitarian concepts. Germans
later produced technology. News ideas from
different regions kept spreading very quick.
This packing of different cultures had their strengths
and weaknesses. The strengths were that ideas
spread quick. Weaknesses were that they were
murdering each other (like in the World Wars).

7.  In contrast, Asian cultures of 15th century showed little interest
in learning from each other. Indians were especially too
preoccupied with ourselves. We had the world's biggest
economy by 1700 and our scientists/philosophers/kings were
all quite content in building native ideas instead of learning
the best things from abroad. Like the America of present, we
were too content in exporting our culture outside with little
intent to import any new concepts.
One silver lining is that Asian cultures didn't war a lot among
each other (relative to Western Europe). Persians, Chinese and
Indian cultures maintained their dominance without warring
each other too much in the 5000+ years of shared history.

8. Western Europe had the momentum at
the right time
 Just at the time Asia was plunging into anarchy and
civil war, European nations such as Britain enjoyed a
period of peace and unity. The timing was perfect.
England colonized India just at the right time before
the industrial revolution. Soon, the ideas of Europe
and raw materials of India produced an explosive
virtuous cycle.
A number of great things started happening in
Europe since about 1401 AD:
 Renaissance.
 Hunger for discovery.
 New innovations in capitalism.

9. Collapse of Major
Powers
 At the start of modern era, India and China were
still the world's leaders in economy. However, as
Europe started ascending the 17th century, India
and China started going through a major
upheaval for unrelated reasons.
The Ming Dynasty of China (the last indigenous
Han empire) was thrown out in 1644 and the
Mughal empire of India practically ended in 1707
with the death of Aurangzeb. In case of China the
revolution was due to a series of crop failures,
while in case of India it was due to the forcible
imposition of Islam.

10.  In the age of discovery and the dawn of industrialization, both
India and China were going through a phase of anarchy &
disintegration. Although China was somewhat brought back
under Qing dynasty, India quickly came under the East India
company.
In the absence of major empires and strong kings, India and
China failed to jump onto the new ideas emerging from
Europe and the new world. Just when they should have
looked outward, these two countries started gazing their navel
and by the end of the 18th century they begun their collapse.
Great civilizations take a long time to collapse and we can
see a huge time lag.

11. India and China stood like
Internet Explorers of their
time, while Europe with its
nimble foot attacked like
the Chrome. Soon, our
ideas got stale and
anachronistic leading us to
loose the momentum and
later the leadership.

12. Old age
Incidences that led to
planning requirement
First planning act
Industrial Revolution
Need of the hour
Todays scenario
Paris

13. 3RD CENTURY B.C.-
SEINE RIVER IS SETTLED
BY A TRIBE OF CELTIC
FISHERMEN
Late 14th
century:
The Black
Death.
Late 15th
century: The
Renaissance
begins in
Paris
1643: At age 5, Louis
XIV
becomes king of
France.
1774: Louis XVI
ascends to the
throne.
1799: A revolutionary
general named Napoleon
Bonaparte stabilizes the
unruly government.
Mid-19th century: The
Paris that still largely
remains today is
constructed by Houssmann

14. Evolution of planning
• Paris was born with the development of the
villages on La Cite. But it got its name Paris,
only in the 4th century from its former name
Lutetia.
• Early Parisians were fishermen, farmers,
foresters, herdsmen and boatmen who had
prospered on the banks of the river Seine. In
51 B.C. the Romans conquered Lutetia.
 Under the Roman Empire the region had
prospered as a junction between the North-
South and the Seine. La Cite was enclosed in
a wall due to persistent attacks from the
barbarians.

15. • In the 9th century Paris was pillaged and
ransomed by the Vikings. Crucial
architectural development stated during the
reign of Philippe August in the 12th century.
A second wall was constructed around the
city that had, by then, increasingly
expanded to the North and the South of the
Seine.
• New growth sprung up along the major
roads, because of inadequate space inside
the city.
• The administration of Paris was reorganized
in the year 1261 and was divided between
the provost King (affairs of the state) and the
provost merchant (local affairs

16. Evolution of planning
 In the 14th yet century another wall was built
in northern Paris. The city was developing into
a center of finance and a principal
diplomatic center in Europe.
 By the end of the Middle Ages Paris had
become a complex urban structure
consisting of several core settlements now
joined to one another. Apart from some of
the churches there were practically no
monumental accents. The old, spontaneously
evolving network of narrow and twisty streets,
most of which ran parallel or away from the
bank of the river, was already inadequate

17.  Towards the end of the seventeenth century
Paris, together with Vienna, was probably
the most heavily developed town in Europe.
Houses were being built higher and higher,
the courtyards becoming more cramped
and the traffic more chaotic in the narrow
streets.

18. Paris in 1300
•A medieval walled city developed
around the crossing of the River Seine
•The Louvre palace is the point of
origin of the design forces
Paris in 1600
•White line indicates the position of wall
during 1300
•The grey shows the outward extension
to the new wall due to the pressure of
city growth

19. • Proper water mains and
sewage system were
prescribed in the plan.
• Narrow and polluted streets.
• Regular grid housing blocks.
1760

20. • New principal streets were added.
• More round open spaces were
prescribed.
• No pedestrian footpath.
• Busy food market around the open
1765

21. • New market halls were introduced in order
avoid the cramped market places along
the streets.
• Proper water conduits prescribed.
• New sewage system prescribed due to
deterioration of sewage system introduced
183
4

23. Planning principles
 Buildings, politics, and aesthetics:
Haussmann envisioned a city focused
visually and functionally on major
institutions like RR stations; the opera
house, the town hall, the cathedral,
etc.; major architectural units linked
by great avenues; also monuments
like Notre Dame isolated and turned
into museum pieces

24. • During a time of industrial change and cultural
advancement, Paris became the new home for
many, overcrowding the ancient districts and
spreading disease. The city, which had been
untouched since the Middle Ages, was in dire
need of reflecting the new modern ways and
putting an end to the spreading medical
epidemics. Baron Georges-Eugene Haussmann,
chosen by Napoleon III to lead the project,
created new roads, public parks, public
monuments, as well as installing new sewers and
changing the architectural façade of the city.
With the aid of the public, Modernist Napoleon
III set out to undertake one of the largest urban
transformations since the burning of London in
1666.

26. • The next step in Haussmann’s plan for the new
Paris was to divide the city into districts. The
decision to divide Paris into these new districts
came about in 1853, at the same time as the
decision to modernize the city completely. The
plan “implied the destruction of the old,
heterogeneous quarters in the city center and
the creation of large new quarters implicitly
dividing the population by economic status.
• To accompany the new streets and provide
visual unity to the entire city, Haussmann and his
team of architects constructed a unifying
architectural façade that changed the shape
of Paris. As well as coating the city with a
unifying style, they also constructed new public
buildings, such as L’Opéra , as well as many
other buildings

27. Paris Before Hausmann
 In the middle of the nineteenth century, the
center of Paris was overcrowded, dark,
dangerous, and unhealthy.
 The population density in these neighbourhoods
was extremely high, compared with the rest of
Paris In these conditions, disease spread very
quickly. Cholera epidemics ravaged the city in
1832 and 1848. In the epidemic of 1848, five
percent of the inhabitants of these two
neighbourhoods had died.
 Traffic circulation was another major problem. The
widest streets in these two neighbourhoods were
only five meters wide; the narrowest were only
one or two meters wide. Wagons, carriages and
carts could barely move through the streets.

28.  On 10 December 1848, Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte,
the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, won the first
direct presidential elections ever held in France with
an overwhelming 74.2 percent of the votes cast. He
was elected largely because of his famous name,
but also because of his promise to try to end
poverty and improve the lives of ordinary people.
 As soon as he was President, he supported the
building of the first subsidised housing project for
workers in Paris, the Cité-Napoleon. He proposed
the completion of the Rue de Rivoli from the Louvre
to the Hotel de Ville, completing the project begun
by his uncle Napoleon Bonaparte, and he began a
project to build a large new public park, the Bois de
Boulogne, modelled after Hyde Park in London but
much larger, on the west side of the city.

29. Initial planning and
execution
 Haussmann moulded the city into a geometric grid, with new
streets running east and west, north and south, dividing Medieval
Paris into new sections. His plan brought symmetry to the city,
something it was lacking beforehand.
 During a time when the city was filled to the brim with people,
disease was a large risk. The widening of the streets would relieve
the cramped city and allow for the people to get around more
easily.
 It also allowed for an increase in height of the buildings, providing
more room for the people of Paris to live and thrive in.
 Running alongside the new roads, which had been widened to
accommodate the rising number of people living within the city
limits, were rows of chestnut trees, which allowed Haussmann to
maintain the geometric and symmetrical aesthetic that he had
created with the new roads.

30.  Where he struggled to maintain his visual order,
new public spaces and monuments were
erected.
 The next step in Haussmann’s plan for the new
Paris was to divide the city into districts.
 The districts started inward, on the banks of the
Seine, and spiralled outwards.
 The plan “implied the destruction of the old,
heterogeneous quarters in the city centre and
the creation of large new quarters implicitly
dividing the population by economic status.”
 The original plan called for twelve districts, but
in 1860, Paris annexed surrounding communities
and was divided into twenty districts.

31. Plan of Paris

32.  With the division of the city into districts came the need
for a new water and sewer system. Haussmann
developed and began construction in 1857 on a larger
sewer system that could handle the large amounts of
wastewaters coming from the growing city that would
be funneled into the Seine downstream from Paris.
 With the growing popularity of water closets, particularly
in the richer Parisian districts, came a need to funnel
human waste into the sewer system as well. The proposal
to channel human faeces into the sewers that would mix
with the storm water and flow into the Seine was an idea
Haussmann objected to.
 To maintain the order of the water and the urban space,
Haussmann viewed it as necessary to keep the clean
water separate from the dirty water.
 Also by utilizing the new sewer system for human waste,
the city would become cleaner and more sterile,
eliminating the smell of rotting waste and lowering the
threat of disease from living in cramped, contaminated
quarters.

33.  With the widening of the Parisian streets,
Haussmann and his crew were able to add an
extra story of height to the buildings that lined
the roads. The additional height increased the
amount of living space within the city limits,
easing up on the overcrowding, but not
changing the affordability of the housing.
 They are noted by their simple decoration and
adherence to the classical style. An emphasis
on the horizontal can be seen in the façade,
following the horizontal of the streets they sat
next to, adding to the symmetry and geometric
unity that Haussmann wanted the new Paris to
have.

34. The first map is of Pre-
Haussmann Paris

35.  Haussmann not only improved the
appearance of Paris, but also the health of
the people. By widening the streets and
building more housing, he eased the
overcrowding and lowered the threat of
disease.
 The new sewer system also helped create a
cleaner Paris by channeling the waste water
and human waste away from the city to
ease on the smell and the dirt that would
make Paris seem uncivilized. Haussmann’s
new buildings proved to be more functional
and stronger than the previous buildings in
Paris.

36. Problems faced by Haussmann
while executing his plan
 Despite his desire to create a well organized and symmetrical
city, his lack of skills as an urban planner got the best of him
and he was forced to work around existing streets in order to
adhere to his desire for symmetry in the city.
 The existing architecture in Paris proved to be his greatest
enemy when laying out the new roads.
 The respect for the ancient monuments outweighed the need
to unify the city completely and the river Seine served as a
natural barrier separating the two sides of Paris and the roads
that once had the ambition to link the two riverbanks.
 With this magnificent transformation of Paris into a modern
city, came a big budget. According to the article “Money
and Politics in the Rebuilding of Paris, 1860-1870,” Haussmann
calculated in 1869 that the cost of rebuilding Paris since the
project’s beginning in 1851 was to be 2,500,000,000 francs.

37. Boulevard

38. Roads and Transport
 Streets included in Haussmann’s
improvement and regularization
program. White sections of street were
built before 1854, solid black sections
before 1870 and dotted sections after
the fall of the Second Empire, but still
largely in accordance with
Haussmann’s intentions. The hatched
area indicates the municipality of Paris
up to 1860, when the municipal
boundary was extended to the outer
fortification ring

40. Paris Today
 Paris is synonymous with all that is French. Known
throughout the world as the "City of Light," Paris is
celebrated for its beautiful city plan, its architecture,
museums, bridges, cathedrals, parks, shopping, flea
markets, sidewalk cafés, wide and luxurious
boulevards, elegant cuisine, and numerous
monuments. Once confined to an island in the
middle of the Seine River, the Ile de la Cité, Paris,
founded more than 2,000 years ago, quickly spread
to both banks of the river. The right bank is known for
being the commercial heart of the city while the left
bank is home to the University of Paris and all that is
intellectual and artsy. Paris has always been known
to have the aura of romance and mystery and has
been the setting for many novels and movies. A
character in a play by Oscar Wilde said, "When
good Americans die, they go to Paris."

41. Major Aspects
 Population-2,200,000
Area: 100 sq. km
 Public Safety
 All tourists visiting Paris, as well as France, must
register with the police department. Usually the
hotels will check passports and make a list of all
registered guests. Paris has laws that prohibit the
carrying of guns and is generally a safe city.
However, there are always professional
pickpockets and, as of late, gangs of small
children organized by gangsters to be
pickpockets.

42.  Sports
 One of the main sports in France is soccer.
There is a French national team, as well as
many university teams. Formula-One car
racing, famous throughout Europe, is also very
popular. The French Tennis Open is in June,
just before Wimbledon in London. The most
well-known sport, however, is cycling. The Tour
de France, which takes place for about two
weeks at the end of June and into July, is the
most widely publicized sport.
 Tourism in Paris is a major income source
for Paris and the city ranks in the world's most
visited cities. In 2013, the City of Paris
welcomed 15.6 million international visitors

44. What Is Industrial
Revolution..?
 The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new
manufacturing processes in the period from
about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840.
This transition included going from hand
production methods to machines, new chemical
manufacturing and iron production processes,
improved efficiency of water power, the
increasing use of steam power, the development
of machine tools and the rise of the factory
system.

45. Evolving Urban Forms In
Paris
 APUR, the Paris Urban Planning Agency, was founded 3rd July
1967 by the Paris City Council.
 Its mission is to study and analyse the urban and societal
evolution, which plays a role in defining Public planning and
development policies, to contribute to drawing up the
direction of the City of Paris' development objectives,
particularly through its urban planning documentation and
projects within Paris and its Metropolitan area.
 To achieve this, it observes and analyses the evolution of Paris
and its Metropolitan area using mainly demographic,
economic, social and property data. It can undertake
forward-planning, define proposals for specific actions,
undertake studies, give knowledgeable advice and also,
contribute to these activities.


46. Six major themes of Apur's
activities for the years to
come: 2008
 Housing, with the Council's commitment to
financing 40,000 council homes by 2014
 Nature in the city and public spaces
 The 'Climate Plan'
 Evolution of urban landscape – particularly with
the construction of new districts, many of which
are in the suburbs of Paris.
 Mobility and transportation
 The role of Paris in the dynamic of Paris and its
Metropolis .

47. Metropolis
 Over the past decade the Apur has contributed to constructing a
reflected approach to the metropolis to which government and
council members and professionals in the field of urbanism are
committed.
 The Apur work programme reflects this dynamic through studies
on a wide range of themes and scales of reflection such as:
 The evolution of the Parisian agglomeration (socio-economics,
housing, mobility, urban projects, on both spacial and regulatory
levels ....);
 The interface between Paris and the inner suburbs, addressing
questions of integrating the ring road -boulevard périphérique-,
setting up shared urban projects, nature (woods and the green
belt...);
 Looking for a coherent way of planning large territories
sometimes including Parisian property located beyond the
administrative limits of Paris.
 Accompanying strategic and prospective planning and
development in Metropolitan territories .

48. What Makes Paris A
Global City
 Global City
 Function as a key point in the global world
economy
 Prominence of business and financial services
 Importance of global communication for the
exchange of information
 Development of a global culture

49.  Paris has a special place in people’s imaginations. One of the
first global cities, its allure has attracted the world’s brightest
for centuries, from émigrés and artists to writers and
entrepreneurs.
 The potential is vast. The city boasts a good quality of life and
is a brilliant example of how planning can make a city
beautiful.
 Ranking 3rd in list of top cities in the world this city is a dream
place to inhabit.

52. To start things off with a bang,
Europe is technically not a
continent. It's separation from Asia
was actually a Greek idea.

53. The escalators in London's
underground travel two times the
circumference of the Earth every
week

54. Iceland has no mosquitoes
at all. Not even one.

55. The small country of Belgium has
the world's densest rail network
(113.8 km/1,000 Km2)

56. Thank you..!!!

57. HISTORY OF
LONDON
•LONDON, THE CAPITAL CITY OF
ENGLAND HAS A HISTORY
DATING BACK OVER 2000 YEARS.
•DURING THIS TIME IT HAS
GROWN TO BECOME ONE OF THE
MOST SIGNIFICANT FINANCIAL
AND CULTURAL CAPITALS OF
PLANET EARTH.
•IT EXPERIENCED PLAGUE,
DEVASTING FIRE, CIVIL
WAR,AERIAL BOMBARDMENT,

58. EARLY HISTORY
 It is thought that London was founded before
the roman invasion, however archaeological
evidence is scarce.
 London was probably established some seven
years after the roman invasion of Britain in 43
AD.
 It was named as
LONDINIUM.

59.  In around AD 60, it was
destroyed by the Iceni led by their
queen Boudica.
 At some time between 180-250
AD the Romans built the
defensive London Wall around
the city.

60. MEDIEVAL LONDON
 In the middle ages London was the
most dangerous place : fire, plague,
wars and other disasters havoc.
 After the Romans London was
conquered by the Angles and the
Saxons who brought their language
with them that is the Old English.
 In 1066 William the Conqueror
conquered London with his Norman
army.

61. TUDOR LONDON (1485-1603)
 The Tudor period was one of the most
productive in the history of London.
 Under the rising empire London became
one of Europe’s most important
commercial and cultural centers.
 However, it was not only a period of
prosperity, as there were a lot of religious
conflicts among Catholics, Protestants and
Puritans with the resulting emigration to
America of many Puritans.

62. THE GREAT FIRE OF LONDON
 The great fire of London is the
most well known disastrous
incident in its history.
 It was a major conflagration that
swept through the central parts of
English city of London.
 It started on Sunday 2 September
1666 in a bakers shop.

63.  The shop was in a Pudding Lane and belonged to Thomas
Faynor who baked for the King.
 The baker forgot to put out the fire he used to bake bread. Some
fire wood was set alight and the fire began.
 The buildings in London at that time were made of wood and
had thatched roofs so they burnt very easily.
 The buildings were also very close together, so the fire spread
from one street to another quickly.

64. •The very strong wind blowing also
helped the fire to spread quickly across
the city of London . There were no firemen or fire engines so people tried to put the
fire out with buckets of water.
 The fire destroyed many buildings in London. They were later
rebuilt using bricks instead of wood.

65.  Samuel Pepys kept a diary of what he saw during the fire. He
watched the fire from across the river Thames.

66.  The fire continued burning for four days.
 The death troll is unknown but thought to have been small as
only 6 verified deaths were recorded.
 After the fire a fire service was set up in London.
 A statue was made to remember ‘The Great Fire Of London’. It
still stands in London today.

69.  CBD OF LONDON
 LONDON AS ORIGINATOR OF GREEN BELT
 LONDON AS PRIMATE CITY OF UK
 NEW TOWN CONCEPT OF LONDON
 LONDON- A GLOBAL CITY

75. CBD’s of London
London has three Central Business Districts:
the City of London, the City of Westminster
and the Docklands.
This presentation is about the City of London
(also called the ‘square mile’), which is the
area located north from the river Thames,
right in the centre of London.

76. The City of London:

77. Purposes of the CBD
The CBD is the ‘downtown’ of the city and
has the highest land costs. The area is
mainly used for business, services and
entertainment purposes – it’s full of shops,
banks, offices, bars, restaurants, cinemas,
etc.

86. NEW TOWNS OF LONDON
AND ITS SUBURBS