12. Microtubules - cell biology
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This document discusses microtubules and their role in cell movement. It describes how vincristine and vinblastine inhibit microtubule polymerization and cell division in rapidly dividing cells. It also discusses dynamic instability in microtubule growth and shrinkage cycles. The document outlines how microtubules extend from the centrosome in animal cells and form the mitotic spindle. It describes the structure of the centrosome and centrioles, and how gamma-tubulin nucleates microtubule assembly. Finally, it briefly summarizes microtubule organization in cells and their role in processes like cargo transport, cilia/flagella movement, and chromosome movement during mitosis.
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Cytoskeleton
microtubule - structure and function
microtubule associated proteins (MAPS)
microtubule organising centers(MTOC)
function of microtubules
_Mitosis.pptx
Mitosis is a process of cell division taking place in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It is also known as a equational division as the number of chromosomes are identical in parent and daughter cell. There are four phases of mitosis- Prophase, Metaphase, anaphase and telophase which is followed by cytokinesis process.
Cell's Cytoskeleton
The document discusses the role of microtubules inside cells and their clinical applications. Microtubules provide structural support, enable intracellular transport, and help separate chromosomes during cell division. They are made of tubulin and can grow or shrink. Disruptions to microtubule stability are associated with neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Maintaining the balance between stable and dynamic microtubule pools could help treat these diseases. Microtubules also interact with integrin-mediated cell adhesions and their tension may be locally controlled by microtubule assembly state.
Cell Structure
This document summarizes the structure and functions of the cell and its organelles. It discusses that cells are the basic structural and functional units of the human body and are either somatic or sex cells. It describes the cell membrane as a lipid bilayer that forms boundaries and regulates transport. It also describes the nucleus, which contains genetic material, and the cytoplasm, where most cell processes occur. It provides details on various organelles like mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and others, and their specific functions in metabolism and transport. It concludes with brief descriptions of other structures like vacuoles, endoplasmic reticulum, and cytoskeleton.
Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton is a network of filaments and microtubules that provides the cell with structure and helps with functions like cell motility, regulation, and transport. It has three main components: microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. Microfilaments are made of actin and resist tension, microtubules are hollow tubes made of tubulin, and intermediate filaments are for bearing tension and consist of keratin. Together these components form a structural framework within the cell and allow it to carry out essential activities.
Essay Writing Services Australia
Cells are the basic building blocks of all living things. They have intricate structures like cell membranes, nuclei that contain DNA, and organelles that perform specialized functions. Cells communicate through signaling pathways and work together to keep the body functioning. Researchers study cellular biology to understand life at its most fundamental level and apply that knowledge to fields like medicine and biotechnology. Continued exploration of cellular structures and processes is providing insights into health and disease while also fueling innovations.
Eukaryotic cell cycle converted
The document provides an overview of the eukaryotic cell cycle and mitosis. It discusses that eukaryotic cells pass through several phases (G1, S, G2, M) in the cell cycle. The S phase involves DNA replication, while mitosis (M phase) involves nuclear division and cytokinesis. Mitosis ensures each daughter cell receives a full copy of DNA through processes like prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm, completing cell division. The cell cycle and mitosis allow for growth, repair, and reproduction in multicellular organisms.
Centrioles
The document summarizes centrosomes and centrioles. It discusses that centrosomes are located near the nucleus and are responsible for cell division, cytokinesis, and cytoskeleton formation. Within centrosomes are centrioles, which are made up of nine groups of microtubules arranged in a ring. Centrioles play important roles in cell division through organizing the mitotic spindle, cellular organization by organizing microtubules, and formation of cilia and flagella. Centriole duplication is coupled with the cell cycle and centrosome duplication occurs in early S phase through assembly of a new procentriole next to each parental centriole.
Centrioles[1]
The document summarizes centrosomes and centrioles. It discusses that centrosomes are located near the nucleus and are responsible for cell division, cytokinesis, and cytoskeleton formation. Within centrosomes are centrioles, which are made up of nine groups of microtubules arranged in a ring. Centrioles play important roles in cell division through organizing the mitotic spindle, cellular organization by organizing microtubules, and formation of cilia and flagella. Centriole duplication is coupled with the cell cycle and centrosome duplication occurs in early S phase through assembly of a new procentriole next to each parental centriole.
Mdsc 1001 pbl problem 1
This document describes the structure and function of organelles in animal cells. It discusses the nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosomes, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, cytoskeleton including microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments, centrosomes, peroxisomes, and plasma membrane. The key functions of these organelles include protein synthesis, aerobic respiration, intracellular digestion, lipid and protein transport and modification, cellular structure and movement, and cell division.
1.6 cell division
Cell division is essential but must be controlled. There are two phases of cell division - interphase and mitosis. Interphase is the non-dividing phase where the cell grows and carries out normal functions. Mitosis is the dividing phase where the nucleus divides into two identical daughter nuclei through the stages of prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm. Chromosomes condense through supercoiling during mitosis. Cyclins control progression through the cell cycle. Mutations from mutagens can lead to cancer development if they occur in oncogenes and are not repaired. Smoking strongly correlates with increased lung cancer rates, with a lag time between smoking and cancer development
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12. Microtubules - cell biology
- 1. Molecular & Cell Biology S. Rahgozar,PhD University of Isfahan Faculty of Science 6. Cytoskeleton and Cell Movement 6.3. Microtubules and Microtubule Motors 1392-93
- 3. Treadmiling and the role of GTP in microtubule polymerization Vincristine and Vinblastine selectively inhibit rapidly dividing cells by binding β-tubulin and inhibiting microtubule polymerization. Colchicine and Colcemid have the same effect but do not act selectively
- 4. Dynamic instability The alteration between cycles of growth and shrinkage is called dynamic instability
- 5. Assembly of microtubules In animal cells, microtubules extend outward from the centrosome. Mitotic spindle The role of centrosome is to initiate microtubule growth.
- 7. Structure of centriole. Centrioles are highly polar structures with a cartwheel protein structure at one end and several types of processes extending from the other end. γ-tubulin, in association of several other proteins nucleates assembly of microtubules. It is also found in the cytosol, and in plants, at the periphery of the nucleus. Centrin : a Ca2+ binding protein related to calmodulin
- 8. Organization of Microtubules Microtubule stability is modulated by Stable microtubules determine polarity Organization of microtubules in nerve cells o Extensive post-translational modification of tubulin o Interaction of microtubules with microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs). MAPs may cap the ends, sever or track growing microtu- bules toward specific cellular locations.
- 9. Cytoplasmic Dynein Heavy chains Microtubule Motors and Movements (Motor domain) o Heavy protein 2000 kd (HC:500 kd) o moves along with dynactin to move cargoes over long distances along the microtubules
- 10. (Motor domain) Heavy chains kinesin
- 12. Cargo transport
- 14. The minus ends of the microtubules of cilia and flagella are anchored in a basal body, which is similar in structure to a centriole and contains nine triplets of microtubules.
- 15. Movements of microtubules in cilia and flagella
- 16. Reorganization of microtubules during mitosis