This document summarizes a study on the electrochemical stripping analysis of amlodipine using a multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) modified glassy carbon electrode. Key findings include:
1) The oxidation of amlodipine is irreversible and diffusion controlled, with maximum peak current observed at pH 13.
2) Differential pulse stripping voltammetry with MWCNT modification provided sensitive detection of amlodipine down to 0.001 μg/mL.
3) The method was successfully applied to determine amlodipine levels in pharmaceutical products.
1) Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) involves firing primary ions at a solid surface, which sputters secondary ions, electrons, and neutrals that can be analyzed with a mass spectrometer.
2) SIMS provides highly surface sensitive analysis but has limitations such as limited sample size and overlapping spectra. Multivariate analysis techniques like principal component analysis and canonical variates analysis are used to analyze SIMS data.
3) SIMS can produce 2D spatially resolved chemical images of sample surfaces by collecting full mass spectra at each pixel. Techniques like maximum autocorrelation factor analysis incorporate spatial information with spectral data for more detailed analysis of SIMS images.
Practical aspects of distillation modeling in DynoChem. Carolyn Cummings.Scale-up Systems
The document discusses using DynoChem software to model and optimize distillation processes. It presents two case studies:
1) Modeling an azeotropic distillation of MTBE and methanol to determine the endpoint. The model accurately predicted the distillation time.
2) Modeling a batch concentration distillation to assess premature crystallization. The model was used to reproduce a manufacturing process, determine the optimal operating pressure to avoid crystallization, and predict batch properties over time. The optimized process incorporated additional solvent charges to control temperature and maintain solubility.
This document discusses acid-base titration, including definitions of acids and bases, strong vs weak acids and bases, and the technique of titration. It explains that a titration reaches the equivalence point when the moles of acid equals the moles of base, producing a neutral solution. This can be shown using the equation MAVA = MBVB, where M is molarity, V is volume, and A and B indicate acid and base. An example titration calculation is provided.
Scale-up of Safety Data using Dynochem. Tom Vickery.Scale-up Systems
This document summarizes two case studies where Dynochem, a process modeling and simulation tool, was used to analyze experimental safety data and scale-up risks. In the first case, Dynochem was used to model the temperature-dependent decomposition of an unstable cryogenic reaction. The tool fitted the experimental heat flow data and allowed modeling of different reaction scenarios. In the second case, Dynochem fitted gas generation data from a reaction and allowed simulation of varying heat rates to understand their effect on runaway risks. The tool provided a consistent model for safety scale-up evaluations in both cases.
This is useful to the chemical analysis persons. Tittration is one of the basic and standard method for quantitative chemical analysis. This describs the principles of titration, function of indicators, calculation of errors etc.
The document provides information about acid-base titrations including Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis acid-base theories, the self-ionization of water, and examples of water acting as an acid or base. It also discusses acid-base indicators and how they can be used to detect the equivalence point during titrations. Examples are given for titrations involving strong acid-strong base, weak acid-strong base, and weak base-strong acid. The dependence of the titration curve on concentration is illustrated and factors that can affect the choice of indicator are described.
The document summarizes a new product called MODSCOUR-BL that can be used for peroxide bleaching. It offers several advantages over traditional bleaching methods: it allows bleaching, wetting, dispersing, and stabilization to be performed in a single bath. It is biodegradable, stable against acids and alkalis, and improves wettability. The product is suitable for all machine types and fiber types, guarantees minimal fiber damage, and achieves high whiteness while saving time, water, and energy. It can be used for bleaching cotton, viscose, and other fibers. Test results show it improves whiteness and is more environmentally friendly than conventional bleaching agents.
1) Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) involves firing primary ions at a solid surface, which sputters secondary ions, electrons, and neutrals that can be analyzed with a mass spectrometer.
2) SIMS provides highly surface sensitive analysis but has limitations such as limited sample size and overlapping spectra. Multivariate analysis techniques like principal component analysis and canonical variates analysis are used to analyze SIMS data.
3) SIMS can produce 2D spatially resolved chemical images of sample surfaces by collecting full mass spectra at each pixel. Techniques like maximum autocorrelation factor analysis incorporate spatial information with spectral data for more detailed analysis of SIMS images.
Practical aspects of distillation modeling in DynoChem. Carolyn Cummings.Scale-up Systems
The document discusses using DynoChem software to model and optimize distillation processes. It presents two case studies:
1) Modeling an azeotropic distillation of MTBE and methanol to determine the endpoint. The model accurately predicted the distillation time.
2) Modeling a batch concentration distillation to assess premature crystallization. The model was used to reproduce a manufacturing process, determine the optimal operating pressure to avoid crystallization, and predict batch properties over time. The optimized process incorporated additional solvent charges to control temperature and maintain solubility.
This document discusses acid-base titration, including definitions of acids and bases, strong vs weak acids and bases, and the technique of titration. It explains that a titration reaches the equivalence point when the moles of acid equals the moles of base, producing a neutral solution. This can be shown using the equation MAVA = MBVB, where M is molarity, V is volume, and A and B indicate acid and base. An example titration calculation is provided.
Scale-up of Safety Data using Dynochem. Tom Vickery.Scale-up Systems
This document summarizes two case studies where Dynochem, a process modeling and simulation tool, was used to analyze experimental safety data and scale-up risks. In the first case, Dynochem was used to model the temperature-dependent decomposition of an unstable cryogenic reaction. The tool fitted the experimental heat flow data and allowed modeling of different reaction scenarios. In the second case, Dynochem fitted gas generation data from a reaction and allowed simulation of varying heat rates to understand their effect on runaway risks. The tool provided a consistent model for safety scale-up evaluations in both cases.
This is useful to the chemical analysis persons. Tittration is one of the basic and standard method for quantitative chemical analysis. This describs the principles of titration, function of indicators, calculation of errors etc.
The document provides information about acid-base titrations including Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis acid-base theories, the self-ionization of water, and examples of water acting as an acid or base. It also discusses acid-base indicators and how they can be used to detect the equivalence point during titrations. Examples are given for titrations involving strong acid-strong base, weak acid-strong base, and weak base-strong acid. The dependence of the titration curve on concentration is illustrated and factors that can affect the choice of indicator are described.
The document summarizes a new product called MODSCOUR-BL that can be used for peroxide bleaching. It offers several advantages over traditional bleaching methods: it allows bleaching, wetting, dispersing, and stabilization to be performed in a single bath. It is biodegradable, stable against acids and alkalis, and improves wettability. The product is suitable for all machine types and fiber types, guarantees minimal fiber damage, and achieves high whiteness while saving time, water, and energy. It can be used for bleaching cotton, viscose, and other fibers. Test results show it improves whiteness and is more environmentally friendly than conventional bleaching agents.
Amlodipine is a 4th generation dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker which is permitted for the treatment ofessential hypertension and angina pectoris. The main mechanism of calcium channel blockers are blocks the voltage sensitive L-type calcium channels by binding to alpha-1 subunit, so prevent the entry of calcium in to the cells finally no excitation-contraction coupling in the heart and vascular smooth muscles. It is absorbed slowly after oral administration. But its bioavailability is high. It has a longer duration of action than ahenefidipine. It dilates both peripheral as well as coronary vessels. It is an alternative anti-hypertensive drug for patients with Nefidipine induced pedaledema. This drug is expected to produce a more incidence of pedal oedema, as compared to Nefidipine and other calcium channel blockers, based on the limited data available from clinical trials. The common adverse effects of Amlodipine are nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, dry mouth, constipation, gingival hypertrophy, dizziness, heartburn, photosensitivity, headache, light headedness and insomnia. We report a case of Amlodipine induced pedal edema.
This case report describes a nearly fatal case of amlodipine poisoning in an 11-month old infant. The infant received 6 doses of 15mg of amlodipine which was mistakenly dispensed instead of amoxicillin. Within hours, the infant developed vomiting, lethargy, bradycardia, respiratory distress, and hypotension. Laboratory tests showed hyperglycemia, electrolyte abnormalities, and elevated liver enzymes. The infant was treated with insulin, calcium gluconate, ionotropes, and peritoneal dialysis. The infant's condition gradually improved and was discharged after 10 days. The authors conclude that hyperinsulinemia therapy is beneficial in treating calcium channel blocker toxicity and
This document discusses the rational for using the combination of amlodipine and valsartan to treat hypertensive diabetic patients. It notes that hypertension is present in 20-60% of diabetic patients and substantially increases their risk of complications. While guidelines recommend tight control of both blood pressure and blood glucose, many patients require multiple medications to achieve targets. The combination of amlodipine, a calcium channel blocker, and valsartan, an angiotensin receptor blocker, provides complementary mechanisms of action that allow for more effective blood pressure control with fewer side effects compared to monotherapies. Clinical trials demonstrate the amlodipine/valsartan combination is well-tolerated and effective at reducing blood pressure
This document discusses guidelines for the treatment of hypertension. It recommends treating patients with a blood pressure consistently above 140/90 mmHg or 130/80 mmHg for those with risk factors. Lifestyle modifications like the DASH diet are encouraged first before drug treatment. The main drug classes for initial monotherapy are thiazide diuretics, calcium channel blockers, and ACE inhibitors/ARBs, with thiazides like chlorthalidone preferred. The goal is to lower blood pressure, not necessarily the specific drug, though combination treatment may provide additional benefits over monotherapy alone. Ongoing monitoring is important to detect side effects like hypokalemia.
This document summarizes the pharmacology of medications used to treat hypertension, including ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and CCBs. It reviews their mechanisms of action, efficacy, and safety profiles. It also discusses the renin-angiotensin system and its role in hypertension, current treatment guidelines, lifestyle modifications, and algorithms for antihypertensive drug selection and combination therapy.
This document discusses angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. It describes ACE as an enzyme that converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). ACE inhibitors work by competitively inhibiting ACE, reducing angiotensin II levels and aldosterone release. In addition to lowering blood pressure by inhibiting the RAAS, ACE inhibitors have benefits for conditions like heart failure, myocardial infarction, diabetic nephropathy, and preventing diabetes. Common ACE inhibitors are described along with their structures, mechanisms of action, effects, pharmacokinetics, usage conditions, side effects and references.
The document discusses the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and its relationship to various cardiovascular conditions. It describes the different receptors in the RAS, including AT1, AT2, AT4, and mas receptors. It then examines how RAS inhibition has been shown to reduce left ventricular hypertrophy, prevent new-onset atrial fibrillation, reduce stroke risk, inhibit atherosclerosis, and decrease the incidence of new-onset diabetes. The RAS plays an important role in these conditions through mechanisms like vasoconstriction, inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrosis. Clinical trials provide evidence that blocking the RAS with ACE inhibitors or ARBs can help lower the risk of associated cardiovascular events
Beta blockers and calcium channel blockersUma Binoy
Beta blockers and calcium channel blockers are widely used to treat cardiovascular disease. The first beta blocker, dichloroisoproterenol, was synthesized in 1958. Sir James Black discovered the first clinically significant beta blockers, propranolol and pronethalol, in 1962. Calcium channel blockers were first identified in 1964 and block the movement of calcium through calcium channels. Common types include dihydropyridines, phenylalkylamines, and benzothiazepines.
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF AN RP-HPLC METHOD FOR SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATIO...rahul ampati
This document describes the development and validation of an RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of ramipril and amlodipine in tablets. The method utilizes a gradient elution with a C18 column, mobile phase of acetonitrile and sodium perchlorate buffer, and UV detection. The method was validated per ICH guidelines and showed good linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity and robustness. Forced degradation studies demonstrated the method can separate ramipril, amlodipine and their degradation products. The method was successfully applied to determine the content of ramipril and amlodipine in three tablet batches.
1) Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are a class of drugs that block the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system by selectively blocking the angiotensin II type 1 receptor.
2) Losartan was the first ARB developed and approved for clinical use in 1995. Since then, several other ARBs have been approved to treat hypertension, heart failure, diabetic nephropathy, and stroke.
3) ARBs are as effective as ACE inhibitors at lowering blood pressure and preventing cardiovascular events with fewer side effects like cough. They are considered a first-line treatment for hypertension by European guidelines.
study for amlodipine atorvastatin and glimepiridealaaalfayez
The document describes the development and validation of an HPLC method for the simultaneous quantification of atorvastatin, glimepiride, and amlodipine in solution and plasma. The method uses a C8 column, mobile phase of water, methanol, and acetonitrile buffered to pH 8.0, and UV detection at 237nm. Validation studies showed the method has good precision, accuracy, selectivity, linearity and robustness for analyzing the three drugs simultaneously in solution and plasma matrices.
Sistem kardiovaskuler merupakan bagian dari sistem sirkulasi yang mengalirkan darah ke seluruh tubuh melalui jantung dan pembuluh darah. Jantung berfungsi memompa darah ke paru-paru dan seluruh tubuh, sedangkan sistem pembuluh darah mengangkut darah ke jaringan dan organ tubuh. Sistem ini sangat penting untuk mensuplai oksigen dan nutrisi serta mengangkut produk samping metabolisme di seluruh tubuh.
Jantung berfungsi sebagai pompa darah utama dalam sistem kardiovaskular. Terdiri dari empat ruang dan beberapa katup, jantung bekerja mengepam darah ke seluruh tubuh dan paru-paru secara berirama melalui sistem konduksi intrinsiknya. Kelainan struktur atau fungsi jantung dapat menyebabkan berbagai penyakit kardiovaskular.
El documento describe el Programa de Gestión Documental (PGD), incluyendo su definición, objetivos y procesos clave como la producción, recepción, distribución, trámite y organización de documentos. El PGD busca racionalizar la gestión de documentos a lo largo de su ciclo de vida para facilitar su uso y preservación de acuerdo con la normativa archivística colombiana.
Electrochemical stripping studies of amlodipine using mwcnt modified glassy c...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the electrochemical stripping analysis of amlodipine using a multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) modified glassy carbon electrode. Key findings include:
1) The oxidation of amlodipine is irreversible and diffusion controlled, with maximum peak current observed at pH 13.
2) Differential pulse stripping voltammetry with MWCNT modification provided sensitive detection of amlodipine down to 0.001 μg/mL.
3) The method was successfully applied to determine amlodipine levels in pharmaceutical products.
Coulometry is an electrochemical method that measures the current needed to completely oxidize or reduce an analyte. There are two forms: controlled potential and controlled current. Controlled potential coulometry applies a constant potential to ensure 100% current efficiency and quantitative reaction of the analyte without interfering species. The decreasing current over time corresponds to decreasing analyte concentration. Controlled current coulometry passes a constant current, allowing more rapid analysis since current does not decrease over time. The total charge simply equals current multiplied by time. Coulometry provides precise, sensitive, and selective analysis of inorganic and organic compounds and can be adapted to automatic titration methods.
This document describes a study on solid polymer electrolytes composed of carboxyl methylcellulose (CMC) and oleic acid (OA). Films of CMC doped with varying weight percentages of OA were produced and their conductivity was measured. The highest conductivity of 2.11 x 10-5 S cm-1 was found for the sample with 20 wt.% OA at room temperature. Analysis of ion mobility and diffusion coefficients supported the finding that the electrolytes function as proton conductors. FTIR spectroscopy provided evidence of interactions between CMC and OA that enable proton conduction in the solid polymer electrolyte films.
ASSIGNMNET-2 (10)Project submission with presentation-This.docxrock73
ASSIGNMNET-2 (10)
Project submission with presentation-
This activity is based on group work (3 students per group). Students is responsible to write a report about a given company, business idea or any other course related topics.
STEP 1- GROUPS CREATION:
Students may choose their mates and give a list of the members per group to the faculty member who will create a group wiki using that list. Those who did not choose their group members will be assigned automatically.
Step 2-- project theme
Each group will propose a project theme:
· case study about logistics and supply chain management in a company in Saudi Arabia ( to be precised)
· a new concept or innovation in the field of logistics management.
· The creation of a new project and the presentation of the logistics strategies, plans and practices.
Step 3- information gathering:
All the collected information has to be submitted in the wiki of the group.
The group work has to be continuous by updating the information in wikis that are specially created for the assignment (at least 5 updates per student).
Step 4: report submission week 12.
At the end of the semester, each student will submit the final report to concerned faculty members and present it to class with the help of a PowerPoint presentation with group members.
***************************************
Sheet1AveragesAverages with bad data thrown outStandard Deviation of AveragesStandard Deviation of Corrected DataTrial 1 (oC)Ecell (mV)Trial 2 (oC)Ecell (mV)Trial 3 (oC)Ecell (mV)Temperature (oC)Voltage (mV)Average TemperatureTemperatureVoltage (mV)TemperatureVoltage5.011613.113535.013064.412734.412731.0969655115100.08163334661.0969655115100.081633346610.011919.2137310.014239.713299.713290.4618802154122.09832103680.4618802154122.098321036820.0136621.8137920.9129020.9134520.913450.948.07286136690.948.072861366930.9119030.0131932.1138031.0129631.113501.053565375397.00687260881.484924240543.133513652440.0111840.4141140.1143940.2132340.314250.2081665999177.79857517240.212132034419.798989873249.0141450.6142450.1145949.9143249.914320.818535277223.62907813130.818535277223.629078131360.0136760.0134960.7145060.2138960.213890.404145188453.87330817140.404145188453.8733081714Average1341
Average Temperature (oC) vs Average Voltage (mV)
100.08163334665025122.0983210367775648.07286136688765897.006872608765875177.7985751723941223.62907813126304353.873308171425052100.08163334665025122.0983210367775648.07286136688765897.006872608765875177.7985751723941223.62907813126304353.8733081714250521.09696551146029050.461880215351701040.900000000000000361.05356537528527470.208166599946612240.818535277187245720.404145188432739671.09696551146029050.461880215351701040.900000000000000361.05356537528527470.208166599946612240.818535277187245720.404145188432739674.36666666666666639.733333333333332520.93140.16666666666666449.960.2333333333333271273.3333333333333132913451296.33333333333331322.66666666666671432.3333333333333 ...
Images and data in the presentation are subject to copyright. Please contact redhwanm(at)mcmaster(dot)ca for permission if you want to use any of its contents.
Case Study: Cyclic Voltametric MeasurementHasnain Ali
The design of an ac Cyclic Voltammetric Measurement System for the in –situ measurement of dissolved oxygen in sediment on the seabed. The measurement strategy should be based on linear ramp cyclic voltammetry
It contains what is amperometry and where it will be derived and what is the principle behind the amperometry. Instrumentation of amperometry and the purpose of dipping mercury electrode and rotating platinum electrode. The advantage over rotating platinum electrodes. Amperometric titration curves for reducible ions and non-reducible ions. What tells the Ilkovic equation and how it relates to the amperometry is also included. Applications, advantages, and disadvantages of amperometric titration are also included. Questions related to amperometry and amperometric titration are given for practice. The contents taken from the websites are also given.
Sodium-Manganese Oxide Electrode Materials for Aqueous Electrochemical Energy...Xin Jin
This document summarizes research on sodium-manganese oxide materials for aqueous electrochemical energy storage. The materials were synthesized by grinding manganese oxide with sodium hydroxide at different ratios and heating. Characterization with XRD and EDS showed the materials had layered structures containing sodium and manganese with different sodium contents. Electrochemical testing in a three-electrode cell found the materials exhibited redox peaks in cyclic voltammetry associated with sodium insertion/extraction. Higher sodium content led to higher capacitance and more pseudocapacitive behavior, indicating potential for energy storage applications.
Amlodipine is a 4th generation dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker which is permitted for the treatment ofessential hypertension and angina pectoris. The main mechanism of calcium channel blockers are blocks the voltage sensitive L-type calcium channels by binding to alpha-1 subunit, so prevent the entry of calcium in to the cells finally no excitation-contraction coupling in the heart and vascular smooth muscles. It is absorbed slowly after oral administration. But its bioavailability is high. It has a longer duration of action than ahenefidipine. It dilates both peripheral as well as coronary vessels. It is an alternative anti-hypertensive drug for patients with Nefidipine induced pedaledema. This drug is expected to produce a more incidence of pedal oedema, as compared to Nefidipine and other calcium channel blockers, based on the limited data available from clinical trials. The common adverse effects of Amlodipine are nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, dry mouth, constipation, gingival hypertrophy, dizziness, heartburn, photosensitivity, headache, light headedness and insomnia. We report a case of Amlodipine induced pedal edema.
This case report describes a nearly fatal case of amlodipine poisoning in an 11-month old infant. The infant received 6 doses of 15mg of amlodipine which was mistakenly dispensed instead of amoxicillin. Within hours, the infant developed vomiting, lethargy, bradycardia, respiratory distress, and hypotension. Laboratory tests showed hyperglycemia, electrolyte abnormalities, and elevated liver enzymes. The infant was treated with insulin, calcium gluconate, ionotropes, and peritoneal dialysis. The infant's condition gradually improved and was discharged after 10 days. The authors conclude that hyperinsulinemia therapy is beneficial in treating calcium channel blocker toxicity and
This document discusses the rational for using the combination of amlodipine and valsartan to treat hypertensive diabetic patients. It notes that hypertension is present in 20-60% of diabetic patients and substantially increases their risk of complications. While guidelines recommend tight control of both blood pressure and blood glucose, many patients require multiple medications to achieve targets. The combination of amlodipine, a calcium channel blocker, and valsartan, an angiotensin receptor blocker, provides complementary mechanisms of action that allow for more effective blood pressure control with fewer side effects compared to monotherapies. Clinical trials demonstrate the amlodipine/valsartan combination is well-tolerated and effective at reducing blood pressure
This document discusses guidelines for the treatment of hypertension. It recommends treating patients with a blood pressure consistently above 140/90 mmHg or 130/80 mmHg for those with risk factors. Lifestyle modifications like the DASH diet are encouraged first before drug treatment. The main drug classes for initial monotherapy are thiazide diuretics, calcium channel blockers, and ACE inhibitors/ARBs, with thiazides like chlorthalidone preferred. The goal is to lower blood pressure, not necessarily the specific drug, though combination treatment may provide additional benefits over monotherapy alone. Ongoing monitoring is important to detect side effects like hypokalemia.
This document summarizes the pharmacology of medications used to treat hypertension, including ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and CCBs. It reviews their mechanisms of action, efficacy, and safety profiles. It also discusses the renin-angiotensin system and its role in hypertension, current treatment guidelines, lifestyle modifications, and algorithms for antihypertensive drug selection and combination therapy.
This document discusses angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. It describes ACE as an enzyme that converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). ACE inhibitors work by competitively inhibiting ACE, reducing angiotensin II levels and aldosterone release. In addition to lowering blood pressure by inhibiting the RAAS, ACE inhibitors have benefits for conditions like heart failure, myocardial infarction, diabetic nephropathy, and preventing diabetes. Common ACE inhibitors are described along with their structures, mechanisms of action, effects, pharmacokinetics, usage conditions, side effects and references.
The document discusses the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and its relationship to various cardiovascular conditions. It describes the different receptors in the RAS, including AT1, AT2, AT4, and mas receptors. It then examines how RAS inhibition has been shown to reduce left ventricular hypertrophy, prevent new-onset atrial fibrillation, reduce stroke risk, inhibit atherosclerosis, and decrease the incidence of new-onset diabetes. The RAS plays an important role in these conditions through mechanisms like vasoconstriction, inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrosis. Clinical trials provide evidence that blocking the RAS with ACE inhibitors or ARBs can help lower the risk of associated cardiovascular events
Beta blockers and calcium channel blockersUma Binoy
Beta blockers and calcium channel blockers are widely used to treat cardiovascular disease. The first beta blocker, dichloroisoproterenol, was synthesized in 1958. Sir James Black discovered the first clinically significant beta blockers, propranolol and pronethalol, in 1962. Calcium channel blockers were first identified in 1964 and block the movement of calcium through calcium channels. Common types include dihydropyridines, phenylalkylamines, and benzothiazepines.
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF AN RP-HPLC METHOD FOR SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATIO...rahul ampati
This document describes the development and validation of an RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of ramipril and amlodipine in tablets. The method utilizes a gradient elution with a C18 column, mobile phase of acetonitrile and sodium perchlorate buffer, and UV detection. The method was validated per ICH guidelines and showed good linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity and robustness. Forced degradation studies demonstrated the method can separate ramipril, amlodipine and their degradation products. The method was successfully applied to determine the content of ramipril and amlodipine in three tablet batches.
1) Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are a class of drugs that block the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system by selectively blocking the angiotensin II type 1 receptor.
2) Losartan was the first ARB developed and approved for clinical use in 1995. Since then, several other ARBs have been approved to treat hypertension, heart failure, diabetic nephropathy, and stroke.
3) ARBs are as effective as ACE inhibitors at lowering blood pressure and preventing cardiovascular events with fewer side effects like cough. They are considered a first-line treatment for hypertension by European guidelines.
study for amlodipine atorvastatin and glimepiridealaaalfayez
The document describes the development and validation of an HPLC method for the simultaneous quantification of atorvastatin, glimepiride, and amlodipine in solution and plasma. The method uses a C8 column, mobile phase of water, methanol, and acetonitrile buffered to pH 8.0, and UV detection at 237nm. Validation studies showed the method has good precision, accuracy, selectivity, linearity and robustness for analyzing the three drugs simultaneously in solution and plasma matrices.
Sistem kardiovaskuler merupakan bagian dari sistem sirkulasi yang mengalirkan darah ke seluruh tubuh melalui jantung dan pembuluh darah. Jantung berfungsi memompa darah ke paru-paru dan seluruh tubuh, sedangkan sistem pembuluh darah mengangkut darah ke jaringan dan organ tubuh. Sistem ini sangat penting untuk mensuplai oksigen dan nutrisi serta mengangkut produk samping metabolisme di seluruh tubuh.
Jantung berfungsi sebagai pompa darah utama dalam sistem kardiovaskular. Terdiri dari empat ruang dan beberapa katup, jantung bekerja mengepam darah ke seluruh tubuh dan paru-paru secara berirama melalui sistem konduksi intrinsiknya. Kelainan struktur atau fungsi jantung dapat menyebabkan berbagai penyakit kardiovaskular.
El documento describe el Programa de Gestión Documental (PGD), incluyendo su definición, objetivos y procesos clave como la producción, recepción, distribución, trámite y organización de documentos. El PGD busca racionalizar la gestión de documentos a lo largo de su ciclo de vida para facilitar su uso y preservación de acuerdo con la normativa archivística colombiana.
Electrochemical stripping studies of amlodipine using mwcnt modified glassy c...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the electrochemical stripping analysis of amlodipine using a multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) modified glassy carbon electrode. Key findings include:
1) The oxidation of amlodipine is irreversible and diffusion controlled, with maximum peak current observed at pH 13.
2) Differential pulse stripping voltammetry with MWCNT modification provided sensitive detection of amlodipine down to 0.001 μg/mL.
3) The method was successfully applied to determine amlodipine levels in pharmaceutical products.
Coulometry is an electrochemical method that measures the current needed to completely oxidize or reduce an analyte. There are two forms: controlled potential and controlled current. Controlled potential coulometry applies a constant potential to ensure 100% current efficiency and quantitative reaction of the analyte without interfering species. The decreasing current over time corresponds to decreasing analyte concentration. Controlled current coulometry passes a constant current, allowing more rapid analysis since current does not decrease over time. The total charge simply equals current multiplied by time. Coulometry provides precise, sensitive, and selective analysis of inorganic and organic compounds and can be adapted to automatic titration methods.
This document describes a study on solid polymer electrolytes composed of carboxyl methylcellulose (CMC) and oleic acid (OA). Films of CMC doped with varying weight percentages of OA were produced and their conductivity was measured. The highest conductivity of 2.11 x 10-5 S cm-1 was found for the sample with 20 wt.% OA at room temperature. Analysis of ion mobility and diffusion coefficients supported the finding that the electrolytes function as proton conductors. FTIR spectroscopy provided evidence of interactions between CMC and OA that enable proton conduction in the solid polymer electrolyte films.
ASSIGNMNET-2 (10)Project submission with presentation-This.docxrock73
ASSIGNMNET-2 (10)
Project submission with presentation-
This activity is based on group work (3 students per group). Students is responsible to write a report about a given company, business idea or any other course related topics.
STEP 1- GROUPS CREATION:
Students may choose their mates and give a list of the members per group to the faculty member who will create a group wiki using that list. Those who did not choose their group members will be assigned automatically.
Step 2-- project theme
Each group will propose a project theme:
· case study about logistics and supply chain management in a company in Saudi Arabia ( to be precised)
· a new concept or innovation in the field of logistics management.
· The creation of a new project and the presentation of the logistics strategies, plans and practices.
Step 3- information gathering:
All the collected information has to be submitted in the wiki of the group.
The group work has to be continuous by updating the information in wikis that are specially created for the assignment (at least 5 updates per student).
Step 4: report submission week 12.
At the end of the semester, each student will submit the final report to concerned faculty members and present it to class with the help of a PowerPoint presentation with group members.
***************************************
Sheet1AveragesAverages with bad data thrown outStandard Deviation of AveragesStandard Deviation of Corrected DataTrial 1 (oC)Ecell (mV)Trial 2 (oC)Ecell (mV)Trial 3 (oC)Ecell (mV)Temperature (oC)Voltage (mV)Average TemperatureTemperatureVoltage (mV)TemperatureVoltage5.011613.113535.013064.412734.412731.0969655115100.08163334661.0969655115100.081633346610.011919.2137310.014239.713299.713290.4618802154122.09832103680.4618802154122.098321036820.0136621.8137920.9129020.9134520.913450.948.07286136690.948.072861366930.9119030.0131932.1138031.0129631.113501.053565375397.00687260881.484924240543.133513652440.0111840.4141140.1143940.2132340.314250.2081665999177.79857517240.212132034419.798989873249.0141450.6142450.1145949.9143249.914320.818535277223.62907813130.818535277223.629078131360.0136760.0134960.7145060.2138960.213890.404145188453.87330817140.404145188453.8733081714Average1341
Average Temperature (oC) vs Average Voltage (mV)
100.08163334665025122.0983210367775648.07286136688765897.006872608765875177.7985751723941223.62907813126304353.873308171425052100.08163334665025122.0983210367775648.07286136688765897.006872608765875177.7985751723941223.62907813126304353.8733081714250521.09696551146029050.461880215351701040.900000000000000361.05356537528527470.208166599946612240.818535277187245720.404145188432739671.09696551146029050.461880215351701040.900000000000000361.05356537528527470.208166599946612240.818535277187245720.404145188432739674.36666666666666639.733333333333332520.93140.16666666666666449.960.2333333333333271273.3333333333333132913451296.33333333333331322.66666666666671432.3333333333333 ...
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11.electrochemical stripping studies of amlodipine using mwcnt modified glassy carbon electrode
1. Chemistry and Materials Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224- 3224 (Print) ISSN 2225- 0956 (Online)
Vol 1, No.1, 2011
Electrochemical Stripping Studies of Amlodipine Using
Mwcnt Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode
A.mohamed sikkanderac, C. Vedhid and P.manisankara,b*
a
Department of Chemistry, Periyar University, Salem-636011, Tamil Nadu, India
b
Department of Industrial Chemistry, Alagappa University, Karaikudi-630003, Tamil Nadu, India
c
Department of Chemistry, Velammal Engineering College, Chennai-600066 Tamil Nadu, India
d
Department of Chemistry, V.O Chidambaram College, Tuticorin-628008, Tamil Nadu, India
a
ams240868@gmail.com, bcvedhi@rediffmail.com, cpms11@rediffmail.com
Abstract
The voltammetric behaviour of amlodipine was studied on multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT)
modified glassy carbon electrode. The oxidation of amlodipine is irreversible and exhibits a diffusion
controlled process which is pH dependent. The oxidation mechanism was proposed in this work. The
dependence of the current on pH, the concentration and nature of buffer, and scan rate were
investigated to optimize the experimental conditions for the determination of amlodipine. Calibration
plots were drawn between stripping peak current and concentration. They are linear within the range
from 0.01 to 0.3µg/mL. The lower limit of detection (LOD) was found to be very low (0.001µg/mL) on
MWCNT. The developed MWCNT modified glassy carbon electrode system was applied to
successfully determine amlodipine in commercial pharmaceutical products.
Key Words: Voltammetric, Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes, Amlodipine, Stripping.
1. INTRODUCTION
Considering that amlodipine (AMLD) is a novel drug, few analytical methods for its
determination have been described. Among them, a capillary electrophoresis method has been devoted
to assay both the enantiomer and diasteromers purity and recently the enantioseparation of
dihydropyridine derivatives by means of neutral and negatively charged b-cyclodextrin derivatives
using capillary electrophoresis has been described [1]. HPLC with electrochemical detection has been
applied to the determination of several of the studied compounds and other 1,4-dihydropyridines in
biological fluids [2], but it has not been used for the analysis of these drugs in pharmaceutical
formulations. [3]
Dihydropyridine calcium antagonists as a class are powerful antihypertensive drugs and offer
a tool to achieve goal blood pressure levels when given singly or in combination with other classes of
drugs. However, the utility of these compounds has been questioned on the grounds of their adverse
hemodynamic, renal, and sympathetic nervous system effects. From a pharmacologic dimension,
amlodipine appears to have a long duration of action despite its short plasma half-life, indicating that
the drug accumulates in the vascular tissue, thereby producing significant and sustained vasorelaxation
[4]. In this work, amlodipine is coated on MWCNT modified glassy carbon electrode for differential
pulse stripping voltammetrically.
2. EXPERIMENTAL
Electrochemical Workstation (CH Instruments Model 760C) was employed mainly for
carrying out electro analytical studies. The calcium channel blocker drugs of amlodipine(AMLD)as
received from CIPLA Ltd, Mumbai, India and used as such.
The stock solutions were made up in methanol/double distilled TKA-LAB purified water
(80:20). For studies in aqueous methanol media, Britton Robinson buffers, 4.0, 7.0, 9.2, 0.1mol.dm-
2. Chemistry and Materials Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224- 3224 (Print) ISSN 2225- 0956 (Online)
Vol 1, No.1, 2011
3
KOH and 0.1 mol dm-3 H2SO4 were used as the medium for the analysis. MWCNT’s produced by arc
method was purchased from Sigma–Aldrich and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) from Merck.
2.1 PROCEDURE
Purging of nitrogen was done for analytic solution placed in the electrochemical cell of 15-ml
capacity for 25 minutes under stirring and then voltammograms were recorded while blanketing
nitrogen gas. To get reproducible results, great care was taken in the electrode pretreatment. The glassy
carbon electrode was pretreated in two ways as described earlier [5].
2.2 PREPARATION OF MWCNTS MODIFIED GCE
1mg MWCNT was dispersed in 1mL of 0.1M sodium dodecyl sulphate using an ultrasonicator
to give black suspensions [6]. Cast films were prepared by placing 5µL of the MWCNT/surfactant
suspensions on GCE and then evaporating it in an oven at 500C.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 EFFECT OF pH
The effect of pH was studied in detail by choosing three different pH conditions viz. acid,
neutral and basic. Fig. 1 and 2 shows the variation of peak potential and current respectively with pH.
Usually in acidic medium, the proton availability is excess and hence protonations become fast. The
drug exhibited decreasing trend in peak potential with increase in pH. At basic pH, only one anodic
peak and one broad cathodic peak were observed. The peak current shows increasing trend with
increasing acidic pH to basic pH (Fig. 2). The drug of amlodipine exhibited maximum peak current
value at pH 13.0. From analytical point of view, pH 13.0 was chosen for the development of electro
analytical determination procedure on MWCNT modified glassy carbon electrode owing to the
maximum peak current responses. The increase in peak current may be due to the increase in the
electro active surface area attained by the modification of the glassy carbon surface with MWCNT and
higher electro catalytic activity at pH 13.0.
1.0 60
50
40
0.8
30
20
E(V)
i( µ A )
10
0.6
0
-10
0.4
-20
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 -30
pH
-1.0 -0.5 E(V) 0.0 0.5 1.0
Fig.1. Plot of peak potential vs. pH Fig.2. Plot of peak current vs. pH
50
40
i(µ A)
30
20
10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
pH
Fig.3. Cyclic voltammogram of 305 µg/mL amoldipine on MWCNT/GCE at pH 13.0; scan rate 100
mV/s
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Cyclic voltammograms of AMLD at an optimum pH 13.0 showed one anodic peak around
potentials 590 mV and one broad cathodic peak around -680 mV (Fig.3). The anodic peak with higher
current was considered for correlation studies. It increased with increase in scan rate. Two plots, ip
versus ν and ip versus ν1/2 (R2 = 0.999) were plotted. Plot of log ip vs log ν results in a straight line
with slope value is 0.5336. These factors indicate that the oxidation of AMLD was adsorption
controlled.
The cathodic peak and anodic peak did not satisfy the reversibility condition. Plot of Ep vs.
log ν resulted in a straight line and the transfer coefficient ‘α’ was calculated to be 0.6233. Hence the
oxidation of AMLD is considered to follow irreversible de-electro nation. The effect of concentration
was studied as before. The peak potential and peak current increased with increase in concentration.
The diffusion coefficient, D was determined for 1.3 x 10-7 M/cm3 concentration of AMLD at
pH 13.0 by chronocoulometric experiment. The plot of Q versus t1/2 obtained at pH 13.0 is presented in
figure 4. Diffusion coefficient D was calculated from the value of forward slope obtained and was
found to be 1.7 x 10-5 cm2/s at pH 13.0. Rounded coulometric ‘n’ value was taken and used for the
calculation.
100
50
Q (µ C)
0
0 15
-50
t1/2 (msec)
Fig.4. Plot of charge vs. square root of time
At pH 13.0, 4.5 x 10-7 M/dm3 concentration of AMLD was chosen for controlled potential
coulometric study. The potential was maintained at 458 mV for exhaustive electrolysis. From the
charge versus time plot presented in figure 5, Q was obtained and ‘n’, the coulometric number of
electrons transferred was calculated using the equation Q = nFN. At pH 13.0, ‘n’ is found to be around
2.
70
Q (mC)
0
0 Time (sec) 320
Fig.5. Plot of charge vs. time
From the above studies and number of electrons transferred, the dye AMLD molecule is said
to undergo an oxidation involving two electrons. The modification of GCE with MWCNT resulted in
maximum peak current and hence it is opted for electro analytical determination of AMLD.
3.2 REACTION MECHANISM
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The proposed mechanism may be assigned to the amino group undergoing a redox reaction, at
pH 13 as given below.
3.3 DIFFERENTIAL PULSE STRIPPING VOLTAMMETRY (DPSV) OF AMLODIPINE
Cyclic voltammetry studies revealed that amlodipine would result in accumulation of more
molecules on MWCNTs/GCE. Hence DPSV experiments were carried out using MWCNTs/GCE to
develop more sensitive analytical procedure for the determination of AMLD. Many pre-concentration
and stripping experiments were performed to ascertain the optimum experimental parameters. In the
accumulation step, the effect of accumulation potentials (Eacc) and accumulation time (tacc) was studied
to evaluate the electrostatic attraction/repulsion between electrode surface and the drugs. When
accumulation potential was changed from −100 to 500 mV at an accumulation time, 15s, the maximum
peak current responses were obtained at 100 mV. This suggests an electrostatic attraction between the
slightly positive electrode potential at 100 mV and the electron rich substrates. After fixing the
accumulation potential at 100 mV, the accumulation time was varied between 10 to 60 s. Maximum
peak current was observed at 10 s. The decreased current above the maximum current signal condition
might be due to the saturation of the electrode surface and blocking of the products formed on the
surface. The accumulation of the drugs on the modified electrode surface was ascertained by carrying
out SEM analysis.
SEM was employed to study the surface morphology of the accumulated drug on
MWCNT/GCE is mentioned in the experimental part [5, 6], MWCNT on GCE had exhibited broken
pitch and sponge like structure of the material was 50 nm. The drug adsorbed on MWCNT/GCE during
accumulation and exhibited a structure similar to granular sponge (Fig. 6) Different surface
morphology confirmed the accumulation of drugs on the MWCNT/GCE.
Fig.6. SEM photograph of amlodipine on MWCNT/GCE
The initial scan potential, (Eis), was also an important parameter in controlling both peak
potential and peak height in the stripping voltammogram. The initial potential varied between – 400 to
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300 mV and an initial scan potential of 200 mV led to higher peak current response. Pulse height varied
between 5 and 25 mV. This variation had shown a decrease in peak current with increase in applied
pulse height after 50 mV. Hence, pulse height of 50 mV was chosen due to increased current response.
It was demonstrated that the stripping peak current increased up to 50 ms and then decreased with an
increase in pulse width from 75 to 125 ms. The peak current decreased with an increase in pulse width
from 75 to 100 ms and a pulse width of 50 ms was selected. The maximum peak current conditions
were arrived and the results are presented in table1. These conditions were used to study the effect of
concentration.
Variable Range Optimum
studied value
pH 1.0-13.0 13.0
Accumulation -0.1 to 0.3
potential (V) 0.4
Accumulation 10-60 10
time (Sec)
Initial scan -0.2 to -0.2
potential (V) 0.2
Pulse Height 25 to 75
(PH) (mV) 150
Pulse width 25 to 50
(PW) ms 150
Scan Increment 2 to 20 4
(SI) mV
Stirring rate 50 to 150
(rpm) 150
Rest period 2 to 10 2
(Sec)
Table 1. Optimum experimental conditions in DPSV on MWCNT/GCE
3.4 ANALYTICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Typical differential pulse stripping voltammogram of AMLD obtained under the maximum
peak current experimental conditions were presented in figure 7. As the concentration of the drugs
increased, the stripping peak current increased. Calibration plots were plotted and presented in figure 8.
The analytical range of concentration was 0.01to 0.3 µg/mL. The LOD was 0.001µg/mL. The precision
of the method was ascertained by measuring the peak current of the drug in six standard samples. Six
replicates were analyzed and standard deviations were calculated. The relative standard deviation was
2.8% for a concentration 50 µg/mL of AMLD. The low value of standard deviation indicated good
reproducibility and feasibility of this method for the determination of presence of drug in biological
fluids.
5
i(µ A)
4
3
-0.1 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9
E(V)
Fig.7. DPSV behavior of AMLD at optimum experimental conditions
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Fig.8. Calibration plot of peak current vs. concentration
3.5 PHARMACEUTICAL SAMPLE ANALYSIS
In order to evaluate the applicability of the proposed method, commercial samples in
combination with AMLD were selected. The pharmaceutical samples were collected from medical
shops at Karaikudi, Tamilnadu, India. Various tablets having AMLD were examined for the estimation
of drugs. The tablets were dissolved in methanol and then the filtrate was further evaporated to get the
drug in pure form. The residue was dissolved in known quantity of methanol and transferred to a 250
ml calibrated flask and made up to the mark. A 10 ml portion of this solution was transferred to a 50 ml
calibrated flask and 0.1 mM NaOH containing 50% aqueous methanol was used to dilute the contents
of the flask to the required volume. The standard addition method was used. 0.05 ml aliquot of the
0.1µg/mL standard stock solution was added to the solution prepared as described above.
Differential pulse stripping voltammetric studies under the maximum current signal were carried out
and the trace amount of drugs in the sample were determined. A relative standard deviation of 2.5%
was obtained for 0.1µg/mL AMLD for ten identical measurements. Thus the suitability of this method
for the determination of AMLD in real sample was verified.
4. CONCLUSION
The biological sample of AMLD is a special type of compound, whose particular biological
functions (pharmacological or toxicological) are possibly related to their redox properties. In aqueous
methanol media, depending on the pH, the tendency of the compound is to get reduced via 2-electrons
generating an electrochemical signal. Electrochemical approaches permit to obtain high current and
low reduction potentials at pH 13.0. This permits the development of suitable electro analytical
methods with respect to the compounds of biological significance.
REFERENCE
[1] Christians T. Holzgrabe U. (2000). Enantioseparation of dihydropyridine derivatives by means of
neutral and negatively charged beta-cyclodextrin derivatives using capillary electrophoresis.
Electrophoresis, 21, 3609-/3617.
[2] Alvarez-Lueje A, Pujol S, Squella J.A, Nunez-Vergara L.J. (2003). A selective
HPLC method for determination of lercanidipine in tablets. J. Pharmaceutical and Biomedical
Analysis, 31, 1-9.
[3] López J.A, Martınez V, Alonso R.M, Jiménez R.M. (2000). High-performance liquid
chromatography with amperometric detection applied to the screening of 1,4-dihydropyridines
in human plasma. J. Chromatogr. A, 870, 105-114.
[4] Baranda A.B, Jiménez R.M, Alonso R.M. (2004). Simultaneous determination of five1,4-
dihydropyridines in Pharmaceutical formulations by high-performance liquid chromatography–
amperometric detection.Journal of Chromatography A, 1031, 275–280.
[5] Venkata C, Ram S. (2002). Usefulness of Lercanidipine, a new calcium antagonist, for s
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[6] Manisankar P, Abirama Sundari PL, Sasikumar R, Palaniappan SP. (2008). Electroanalysis
of Some Common Pesticides Using Conducting Polymer/Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes
Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode, Talanta, 76, 1022-1028.
[7] Manisankar P, Abirama Sundari PL, Sasikumar R, Jestin Roy D. (2008). Voltammetric
Determination of Phenoxybenzyl-type Insecticides at Chemically Modified Conducting
Polymer-Carbon Nanotubes Coated Electrodes, Electroanalysis , 20, 2076-2083.
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