The document describes a laboratory experiment to determine the reaction order and rate constant of the reaction between sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and ethyl acetate (CH3COOC2H5). The group prepared 0.1 M solutions of each reactant and mixed them in a batch reactor at room temperature while measuring conductivity over time. Calculations using the conductivity readings showed the reaction was second order. The rate constant was determined to be 1.291651 × 10-3 at 21°C based on the nonlinear ln(CA/CAo) vs time graph.
To demonstrate the effect of cross sectional area on the heat rate.
To measure the temperature distribution for unsteady state conduction of heat through the uniform plane wall and the wall of the thick cylinder.
The experiment demonstrates heat conduction in radial conduction models It
allows us to obtain experimentally the coefficient of thermal conductivity of some unknown materials and in this way, to understand the factors and parameters that affect the rates of heat transfer.
To understand the use of the Fourier Rate Equation in determining the rate of heat flow for of energy through the wall of a cylinder (radial energy flow).
To use the equation to determine the constant of proportionality (the thermal conductivity, k) of the disk material.
To observe unsteady conduction of heat
Effect of Operating Conditions on CSTR performance: an Experimental StudyIJERA Editor
In this work, Saponification reaction of ethyl acetate by sodium hydroxide is studied experimentally in a continuous stirred tank reactor at 1 atmospheric pressure. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of operating conditions on the conversion and specific rate constant. The parameters considered for analysis are temperature, feed flow rate, residence time, volume of reactor and stirrer rate. The steady state conversion of 0.45 achieved after a period of 30 minutes. Conversion decreases with increase of reactant flow rate due to decrease of residence time. The stirrer rate has a positive effect on the conversion and rate constant. Specific rate constant and conversion increase with temperature within the studied temperature range. Within the range of reactor volume selected for analysis, conversion increases with increase in reactor volume. The results obtained in this study may be helpful in maximizing the conversion of ethyl acetate saponification reaction at industrial scale in a CSTR.
Aim:
The aim of this experiment is to determine the conversion of our reactants by using conductivity meter in the reactor which the reaction takes place which is a CSTR reactor.
Introduction:
In our experiment a reaction takes place between two reactants in a CSTR reactor, first reactant is the strong base (NaOH) and second reactant is the weak Acid which is (CH3CO2CH2CH3) to produce (CH3COONa) and (CH3CH2OH) and water.
But since one of reactant is weak (CH3CO2CH2CH3) this means our reactants won't fully react and convert into our product which means we don't have a 100% conversion like we have between two strong reactants.
So, in order to find conversion, we have to divide the concentration of the reactants reacted by the concentration of the reactant in our reactor as the term of conversion suggests.
In order to find concentration, we use conductivity meter which measures the amount of free ions in our reactor.
This way can find conductivity to find concentration which gives us the key to find conversion.
4
Tools:
o CSTR reactor:
Our CSTR reactor is continuous and we add the reactants together continuously. Before the reactants run out, we read the (λ) ،And we read the (T) . Our reactor has a capacity of one liter ، and has a thermometer ، and has a vent valve.
5
o Conductivity meter:
Is a tool to measure the amount of free ions in a liquid or solution which uses a small amount of electricity to use how much ions will carry the charge.
6
o service unit:
Our service unit for this experience holds the both of the tanks of both reactants, and the pumps which is needed for each tank to the inlet of the reactor.
7
o Control unit:
For this experiment the control unit provides power and electricity to our reactor But not the conductivity meter because it works on its own.
o Tank:
The tank provide store service to our reactant before being added to our reactor, which is located in unit service.
8
o Pumps:
The pumps are our helpful tool which add our reactants to the reactor, which is located in unit service but is controlled in and turned on and off in control unit.
9
Procedure:
1.Temperature sensor Ts.4/on T=18: reaction Dane isothermally.
2. stirrer A A1 on
3. Flow rate: on both reactants should inter in The reactor at The same Flow rate Conversion is not Function of Flow rate in This experiment
4. vent valve: It is opened when the reactants. reach The level needs to be closed.
5. The level adjust into another tank over Flow draining it.
6. when continuously adjusting level occurred Conductivity is read when It becomes constant in The conductivity meter.
reactor design lab continuous stirred tank reactorDimaJawhar
Aim:
The aim of this experiment is to determine the conversion of our reactants by using conductivity meter in the reactor which the reaction takes place which is a CSTR reactor.
Introduction:
In our experiment a reaction takes place between two reactants in a CSTR reactor, first reactant is the strong base (NaOH) and second reactant is the weak Acid which is (CH3CO2CH2CH3) to produce (CH3COONa) and (CH3CH2OH) and water.
But since one of reactant is weak (CH3CO2CH2CH3) this means our reactants won't fully react and convert into our product which means we don't have a 100% conversion like we have between two strong reactants.
So, in order to find conversion, we have to divide the concentration of the reactants reacted by the concentration of the reactant in our reactor as the term of conversion suggests.
In order to find concentration, we use conductivity meter which measures the amount of free ions in our reactor.
This way can find conductivity to find concentration which gives us the key to find conversion.
4
Tools:
o CSTR reactor:
Our CSTR reactor is continuous and we add the reactants together continuously. Before the reactants run out, we read the (λ) ،And we read the (T) . Our reactor has a capacity of one liter ، and has a thermometer ، and has a vent valve.
5
o Conductivity meter:
Is a tool to measure the amount of free ions in a liquid or solution which uses a small amount of electricity to use how much ions will carry the charge.
6
o service unit:
Our service unit for this experience holds the both of the tanks of both reactants, and the pumps which is needed for each tank to the inlet of the reactor.
7
o Control unit:
For this experiment the control unit provides power and electricity to our reactor But not the conductivity meter because it works on its own.
o Tank:
The tank provide store service to our reactant before being added to our reactor, which is located in unit service.
8
o Pumps:
The pumps are our helpful tool which add our reactants to the reactor, which is located in unit service but is controlled in and turned on and off in control unit.
9
Procedure:
1.Temperature sensor Ts.4/on T=18: reaction Dane isothermally.
2. stirrer A A1 on
3. Flow rate: on both reactants should inter in The reactor at The same Flow rate Conversion is not Function of Flow rate in This experiment
4. vent valve: It is opened when the reactants. reach The level needs to be closed.
5. The level adjust into another tank over Flow draining it.
6. when continuously adjusting level occurred Conductivity is read when It becomes constant in The conductivity meter.
10
Calculation:
11
Discussion:
Sntia louay
Discussion:
What is a continuous stirred tank reactor?
(CSTR) is a type of chemical reactor that is widely used in industrial processes to produce chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and other products.
Is concentration constant in a CSTR?
The essential idea involved in the operation of a CSTR is that, after the passage of sufficient time, the concentrations of the
To demonstrate the effect of cross sectional area on the heat rate.
To measure the temperature distribution for unsteady state conduction of heat through the uniform plane wall and the wall of the thick cylinder.
The experiment demonstrates heat conduction in radial conduction models It
allows us to obtain experimentally the coefficient of thermal conductivity of some unknown materials and in this way, to understand the factors and parameters that affect the rates of heat transfer.
To understand the use of the Fourier Rate Equation in determining the rate of heat flow for of energy through the wall of a cylinder (radial energy flow).
To use the equation to determine the constant of proportionality (the thermal conductivity, k) of the disk material.
To observe unsteady conduction of heat
Effect of Operating Conditions on CSTR performance: an Experimental StudyIJERA Editor
In this work, Saponification reaction of ethyl acetate by sodium hydroxide is studied experimentally in a continuous stirred tank reactor at 1 atmospheric pressure. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of operating conditions on the conversion and specific rate constant. The parameters considered for analysis are temperature, feed flow rate, residence time, volume of reactor and stirrer rate. The steady state conversion of 0.45 achieved after a period of 30 minutes. Conversion decreases with increase of reactant flow rate due to decrease of residence time. The stirrer rate has a positive effect on the conversion and rate constant. Specific rate constant and conversion increase with temperature within the studied temperature range. Within the range of reactor volume selected for analysis, conversion increases with increase in reactor volume. The results obtained in this study may be helpful in maximizing the conversion of ethyl acetate saponification reaction at industrial scale in a CSTR.
Aim:
The aim of this experiment is to determine the conversion of our reactants by using conductivity meter in the reactor which the reaction takes place which is a CSTR reactor.
Introduction:
In our experiment a reaction takes place between two reactants in a CSTR reactor, first reactant is the strong base (NaOH) and second reactant is the weak Acid which is (CH3CO2CH2CH3) to produce (CH3COONa) and (CH3CH2OH) and water.
But since one of reactant is weak (CH3CO2CH2CH3) this means our reactants won't fully react and convert into our product which means we don't have a 100% conversion like we have between two strong reactants.
So, in order to find conversion, we have to divide the concentration of the reactants reacted by the concentration of the reactant in our reactor as the term of conversion suggests.
In order to find concentration, we use conductivity meter which measures the amount of free ions in our reactor.
This way can find conductivity to find concentration which gives us the key to find conversion.
4
Tools:
o CSTR reactor:
Our CSTR reactor is continuous and we add the reactants together continuously. Before the reactants run out, we read the (λ) ،And we read the (T) . Our reactor has a capacity of one liter ، and has a thermometer ، and has a vent valve.
5
o Conductivity meter:
Is a tool to measure the amount of free ions in a liquid or solution which uses a small amount of electricity to use how much ions will carry the charge.
6
o service unit:
Our service unit for this experience holds the both of the tanks of both reactants, and the pumps which is needed for each tank to the inlet of the reactor.
7
o Control unit:
For this experiment the control unit provides power and electricity to our reactor But not the conductivity meter because it works on its own.
o Tank:
The tank provide store service to our reactant before being added to our reactor, which is located in unit service.
8
o Pumps:
The pumps are our helpful tool which add our reactants to the reactor, which is located in unit service but is controlled in and turned on and off in control unit.
9
Procedure:
1.Temperature sensor Ts.4/on T=18: reaction Dane isothermally.
2. stirrer A A1 on
3. Flow rate: on both reactants should inter in The reactor at The same Flow rate Conversion is not Function of Flow rate in This experiment
4. vent valve: It is opened when the reactants. reach The level needs to be closed.
5. The level adjust into another tank over Flow draining it.
6. when continuously adjusting level occurred Conductivity is read when It becomes constant in The conductivity meter.
reactor design lab continuous stirred tank reactorDimaJawhar
Aim:
The aim of this experiment is to determine the conversion of our reactants by using conductivity meter in the reactor which the reaction takes place which is a CSTR reactor.
Introduction:
In our experiment a reaction takes place between two reactants in a CSTR reactor, first reactant is the strong base (NaOH) and second reactant is the weak Acid which is (CH3CO2CH2CH3) to produce (CH3COONa) and (CH3CH2OH) and water.
But since one of reactant is weak (CH3CO2CH2CH3) this means our reactants won't fully react and convert into our product which means we don't have a 100% conversion like we have between two strong reactants.
So, in order to find conversion, we have to divide the concentration of the reactants reacted by the concentration of the reactant in our reactor as the term of conversion suggests.
In order to find concentration, we use conductivity meter which measures the amount of free ions in our reactor.
This way can find conductivity to find concentration which gives us the key to find conversion.
4
Tools:
o CSTR reactor:
Our CSTR reactor is continuous and we add the reactants together continuously. Before the reactants run out, we read the (λ) ،And we read the (T) . Our reactor has a capacity of one liter ، and has a thermometer ، and has a vent valve.
5
o Conductivity meter:
Is a tool to measure the amount of free ions in a liquid or solution which uses a small amount of electricity to use how much ions will carry the charge.
6
o service unit:
Our service unit for this experience holds the both of the tanks of both reactants, and the pumps which is needed for each tank to the inlet of the reactor.
7
o Control unit:
For this experiment the control unit provides power and electricity to our reactor But not the conductivity meter because it works on its own.
o Tank:
The tank provide store service to our reactant before being added to our reactor, which is located in unit service.
8
o Pumps:
The pumps are our helpful tool which add our reactants to the reactor, which is located in unit service but is controlled in and turned on and off in control unit.
9
Procedure:
1.Temperature sensor Ts.4/on T=18: reaction Dane isothermally.
2. stirrer A A1 on
3. Flow rate: on both reactants should inter in The reactor at The same Flow rate Conversion is not Function of Flow rate in This experiment
4. vent valve: It is opened when the reactants. reach The level needs to be closed.
5. The level adjust into another tank over Flow draining it.
6. when continuously adjusting level occurred Conductivity is read when It becomes constant in The conductivity meter.
10
Calculation:
11
Discussion:
Sntia louay
Discussion:
What is a continuous stirred tank reactor?
(CSTR) is a type of chemical reactor that is widely used in industrial processes to produce chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and other products.
Is concentration constant in a CSTR?
The essential idea involved in the operation of a CSTR is that, after the passage of sufficient time, the concentrations of the
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
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Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
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Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
1. Koya University
Faculty of Engineering
Chemical Engineering Department
3rd Stage (2021-2022)
Reactor Laboratory
Lab Report
Number of Experiment: 5
Experiment Name: Rate Law of Reaction
Experiment Date: 10/11/2021
Submitted on: 17/11/2021
Instructor: Mr. Ahmed Abdulkareem Ahmed
Group: A1
Prepared by:
Safeen Yaseen Jafar
Rivan Dler Ali
Ramazan Shkur Kakl
Rokan Mohammad Omer
Ibrahim Ali
Ahmed Mamand Aziz
2. Table of Content
Aim of Experiment......................................................................................................................................1
Procedure.....................................................................................................................................................2
Tools and Apparatus...................................................................................................................................3
Table of Reading .........................................................................................................................................5
Calculation and Results..............................................................................................................................6
Discussion ..................................................................................................................................................10
3. 1
1. Aim of Experiment
➢ To determine the reaction order.
➢ To find out the reaction constant (K).
4. 2
2. Procedure
1. Prepare 1 L and 0.1 M of NaOH liquid (solution). after it, we need to prepare second
reactant for reaction occur prepare 1 L and 0.1 M of CH3COOC2H5 solution .
2. First of all, in the service units close all valve if open. After that put the bottles in specific
places in service unit. And be careful to that the pipes and valves are connected as well.
3. Turn on the switch control box (power supply).
4. This experiment operates in the room temperature (at 21 oC in this experiment).
5. Set the limited flow rate of the reagents before run the steps.
6. Switch on the valves and pumps of reactants
7. Take the reactants from their containers (bottles to the first).
8. We fill the reactor by both reactant liquids and the flow rate would be limited at both
flow meters in the control box.
9. Switch on the stirrer from the main control box.
10. Turn on the conductivity meter (which connected initially to the reactor).
11. Feeds continuously enter the reactor and out the reactor.
12. The conductivity measurements (Conductivity sensor) must be noted while change of
the conductivity reach the constant value. The readings should be taken at every 10
second.
13.At the end of the experiment, turn off the pumps, stirrer.
14. Turn off the power of control interface box.
15. Reactants should be removed from both (1 and 2) reactant bottle container. Then, the
liquids must be kept for following test.
5. 3
3. Tools and Apparatus
Figure 2: Service Unit - Back
Part
Figure 1: Service Unit - Front Part
1
2
4
3
5
6
7
Figure 3: Control Unit
8
10
11
12
Figure 4: Batch Reactor
6. 4
Service Unit, control unit and its parts:
1. Water Bath: is the tank which contain water it used for control temperature
of reactants.
2. Water Bath temperature switch button and controllers.
3. Reactant Container 1: For storage reactant 1.
4. Reactant Container 2: For storage reactant 2.
5. Water Pump AB-1: it used for pumping water.
6. Pump AB-2: It used for pump the reactor 1.
7. Pump AB-3: It used for pump the reactor 2.
8. Pump AB-1 on/off button: It used for switch on or switch of pump AB-1.
9. Power Button: Used to turn on control unit.
10. Temperature Display: For displaying the temperatures
11. Speed Controller: For control the velocity of reactant.
12. Sensor Selector: it used for select the temperature sensor that you want.
Batch reactor parts:
1. Coil: for control the temperature of the reaction.
2. Conductivity Sensor: for record the conductivity.
3. Temperature Sensor: for record temperature.
4. Stirrer: for mix the reactants and make a collision for reactants.
8. 6
5. Calculation and Results
Concentration for each 10 sec. can calculated by this equation:
CA
CAo
=
λo− λ
λo− λ∞
Conversion calculated by this equation: X =
CAo−CA
CAo
We can find out the order of the reaction and constant (K) of the reaction by
know linear or non-linear below equations:
ln
CA
CAo
= −Kt
1
CA
−
1
CAo
= Kt
Time (sec) Conductivity (mS) Concentration Ln(CA/CAo) 1/CA
0 11.46 0.05 0 20
10 10.68 0.045232274 -0.10021215 22.10811
20 10.84 0.046210269 -0.07882096 21.64021
30 10.85 0.046271394 -0.077499083 21.61162
40 10.84 0.046210269 -0.07882096 21.64021
50 10.87 0.046393643 -0.074860559 21.55468
60 10.85 0.046271394 -0.077499083 21.61162
70 10.85 0.046271394 -0.077499083 21.61162
80 10.85 0.046271394 -0.077499083 21.61162
90 10.85 0.046271394 -0.077499083 21.61162
100 10.84 0.046210269 -0.07882096 21.64021
110 10.84 0.046210269 -0.07882096 21.64021
120 10.82 0.04608802 -0.081469969 21.69761
130 10.84 0.046210269 -0.07882096 21.64021
140 3.28 0 #NUM! #DIV/0!
9. 7
1. Draw: Ln (CA/CAo) vs time
The curve is nonlinear so assume that is second order reaction.
So, k calculated by:
ln
CA
CAo
= −Kt
At t = 60s → ln
0.046271394
0.05
= −K × 60 → K = 1.291651 × 10-3 at 21 oC
Then, we can find out Rate of reaction (r) from reaction rate law equation:
−ra = K × [CA]α
r = 1.291651 × 10-3 × [0.046271394]2
r = 2.7654 × 10-6
M/sec
-0.12
-0.1
-0.08
-0.06
-0.04
-0.02
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130
Axis
Title
Axis Title
Ln(CA/CAo) vs t
10. 8
2. 1/CA vs time
This is the first order because is linear (but we have some error in the recording
data) and k can calculate by slope or below eq.:
1
CA
−
1
CAo
= Kt
At t = 60s
1
0.046271394
−
1
0.05
= K × 60
K = 0.02686
−ra = K × [CA]α
ra = 0.02686 × [0.046271394]1
ra = 1.2428 * 10-3
18.5
19
19.5
20
20.5
21
21.5
22
22.5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130
1/CA
Time (s)
1/CA vs Time
12. 10
6. Discussion
Discussion – Safeen Yaseen Ja’far
In this experiment as in experiment of the batch reactor (conversion test) we
calculate the conductivity and concentration by time (10 to 10 sec.) until we reach a
constant value of the conductivity. Then, by the equation and graphs determine/find
out the value of 𝛂 by know the linearity of the graphs then by given equation or
graphs slope we found out K value also by reaction rate law found rate of the
reaction.
But because of the error in this exp. Because of conductivity sensor doesn’t
work properly it cause to wrong value or mistake in recording data of conductivity.
Then the equations that use to find k maybe give us the wrong value.
13. 11
Discussion – Rivan Dler Ali
Prepare the solution NaOH and CH3COOC2H5 and put into the batch reactor. And
start the reaction by turn on the stirrer. But we use different conductivity meter
because level of the solution is low and batch reactor conductivity meter didn’t
reach to the conductivity sensor. After that we start record of the conductivity with
time and convert it to ln(Ca/Ca0) and 1/Ca.
from the table we can understand that conductivity and concentration decrease
when time passes but the ln(Ca/Ca0) and 1/Ca is proportional with time.
in the ln(Ca/Ca0) with time graph shows that the ln(Ca/Ca0) at first 10 seconds
ln(Ca/Ca0) decrease when time passes, but between 10-20 seconds ln(Ca/Ca0)
increases after that become stable.
at second graph which shows the relationship between 1/Ca and time. we can
understand from the graph the first 10 seconds the 1/Ca increase and between 10-
20 decrease and after that point the 1/Ca become stable with time.
14. 12
Discussion – Ibrahim Ali
In this experiment we prepare the of solution of sodium hydroxide and ethyl
acetate it consists of water and inter the batch reactor to mixing the solution and
then the aim of this experiment is to determine the reaction (K) and reaction order.
When the process is start, we reading the conductivity of solution and we notice
when the conductivity with time is indirectly change and concentration with time is
indirectly change
In this experiment in the first step we didn’t have the liner line so we can find the
rate of reaction by the equation
15. 13
Discussion – Ahmed Mamand Aziz
In this experiment we must be known that we have a room temperature condition.
Our data (on the reaction of 0.1M NaOH and O.1M CH3COOHC2H5). And we
recorded some value of conductivity according to time. By using the little low that
written of our report we could found the Conversion. If we see the table, we will
know the relationship between (conductivity-conversion} both with time, and in
the graphs we know that the relation between (cond. and time) is opposite,
meaning that conductivity will decrease according to time. And we know that the
relationship between (CA/Cao and time) is opposite, meaning that CA/CAo will
decrease when the time will pass. and the relationship between (1/CA and time) is
also proportional, meaning the 1/CA will increase when the time pass.
16. 14
Discussion – Rokan Mohammad
At the first Prepare 1 L and 0.1 M of NaOH liquid (solution). after it, we need to
prepare second reactant for reaction occur prepare 1 L and 0.1 M of
CH3COOC2H5 solution . and put In the Bach reactor and turn on stirer this
experiment we must be known that we have a room temperature condition. And we
recorded some value of conductivity according to time. By using the little low that
written of our report we could found the Conversion. If we see the table and graph,
we will know the relationship between (conductivity-conversion} both with time,
and in the graphs we know that the relation between (cond. and time) is opposite,
meaning that conductivity will decrease according to time. And we know that the
relationship between (CA/Cao and time) is opposite, meaning that CA/CAo will
decrease when the time will pass. and the relationship between (1/CA and time) is
also proportional, meaning the 1/CA will increase when the time pass. And in this
experiment, we should use different conductivity meter. Beacouse the level of
solution is low doesn’t reach the conductivity meter.
17. 15
Discussion – Ramazan Shkur Kakl
Prepare the NaOH and CH3COOC2H5 solution and place it in the batch reactor.
Turn on the stirrer to start the reaction. However, because the solution level is low
and the batch reactor conductivity meter did not reach the conductivity sensor, we
used a different conductivity meter. Following that, we begin recording
conductivity with time and converting it to ln(Ca/Ca0) and 1/Ca. As seen in the
table, conductivity and concentration drop as time passes, while ln(Ca/Ca0) and
1/Ca remain proportionate to time.
The ln(Ca/Ca0) with time graph indicates that the ln(Ca/Ca0) decreases for the first
10 seconds as time passes, but then climbs over the next 10-20 seconds before
being steady.
The connection between 1/Ca and time is seen in the second graph. The graph
shows that the 1/Ca increases for the first 10 seconds, then decreases for the next
10-20 seconds, before stabilizing with time.