This document summarizes the electrochemical synthesis and characterization of new conducting copolymers composed of 2-methoxyaniline and 2,3-dihydrothieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxine-2-carboxylic acid. Four copolymers were prepared at different monomer feed concentrations and characterized using cyclic voltammetry and infrared spectroscopy. In situ conductivity measurements on the copolymers revealed two transitions in conductivity. Homopolymers and copolymers were also investigated using in situ conductivity measurements.
Ultrasound assisted reactions can enhance chemical synthesis through cavitation effects. Piezoelectric transducers are commonly used to generate ultrasound from 20 kHz to 2 MHz. Cavitation produces localized hot spots exceeding 4000K that can drive homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions. Homogeneous reactions involve single-phase systems and produce radicals from water sonolysis. Heterogeneous reactions involve multi-phase systems and benefit from improved mixing and mass transfer. Many reactions like esterification, hydrolysis, substitution, and addition have been achieved with higher yields and faster reaction times using ultrasound.
Ultrasound In organic reaction and Supercritical Liquidsal mamun
This document discusses various applications of ultrasound and supercritical fluids in organic chemistry. It begins by defining ultrasound and describing how it is used to accelerate organic reactions by increasing reaction rates and product yields. Specific examples of heterocycle synthesis and other reaction types improved by ultrasound are provided. The document then defines supercritical fluids as substances above their critical point where distinct liquid and gas phases do not exist. Common supercritical fluids of carbon dioxide and water are noted. Applications of supercritical fluids discussed include extraction, dry cleaning, chromatography, chemical reactions, and biodiesel production.
SYNTHESIS OF BIOACTIVE HETEROCYCLES BY USING SONOCHEMISTRYNIPER hyderabad
This document discusses the synthesis of bioactive heterocycles using sonochemistry. It begins with an introduction to sonochemistry and how ultrasound enhances chemical reactivity through acoustic cavitation. It then covers the historical background of sonochemistry, theories of ultrasound and cavitation, parameters that affect cavitation, synthetic approaches, advantages like shortened reaction times and increased yields, and applications in polymer science, organic chemistry, and biochemistry. The conclusion states that the unique environments created by sonochemistry allow clean and efficient chemical conversions in water and solvent-free conditions.
This document compares the synthesis of oximes using traditional chemical methods versus ultrasonic irradiation. Oximes are important organic intermediates. The traditional method involves refluxing carbonyl compounds with hydroxylamine hydrochloride solution in ethanol as a solvent, taking 50-60 minutes and yielding 70-75%. Using ultrasonic irradiation, the same oximes were synthesized without solvent in 10-20 minutes, yielding 75-85%, which is higher than the traditional method. Yields were lowest for benzophenone oxime due to electron donation by phenyl groups decreasing carbonyl reactivity. Yields were highest for 4-chlorobenzaldehyde oxime due to electron withdrawal increasing reactivity. Thin layer chromatography confirmed the oximes produced
MERITS OF MICROWAVE ASSISTED REACTIONS
DEMERITS OF MICROWAVE ASSISTED REACTIONS
MECHANISM OF MICROWAVE HEATING
EFFECTS OF SOLVENTS IN MICROWAVE ASSISTED SYNTHESIS
MICROWAVE VERSUS CONVENTIONAL SYNTHESIS
MICROWAVE INSTRUMENTATION
VARIOUS TYPES OF MICROWAVE ASSISTED ORGANIC REACTIONS
APPLICATIONS OF MICROWAVE ASSISTED REACTIONS
Water as a solvent in microwave assisted organic synthesisPrashantChavan93
Prashant Chavan
Reserach Scholar
M.S.(Pharm) in Medicinal Chemistry
National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Mohali, Punjab (India) 160062
mcm20_prashant@niper.ac.in
Water is a versatile green solvent that can be used for many organic reactions. It has unique physical properties like hydrogen bonding that allow it to activate both nucleophiles and electrophiles. Reactions that were traditionally carried out in organic solvents, like Diels-Alder reactions, pericyclic reactions, reactions of carbanions/carbenium ions, radical reactions, and multicomponent reactions, have been shown to proceed faster or with better selectivity in water compared to organic solvents. The use of water as a solvent provides advantages such as environmental friendliness, safety, and cost effectiveness.
Microwave assisted reaction km komal wahane k3komalwahane
Microwave assisted organic reactions can occur using solvents, under solvent-free conditions on solid supports, or using neat reactants. Reactions see increased rates due to microwave dielectric heating causing molecular polarization and rotation, generating heat. Key advantages are rapid reactions, high purity products, improved yields, and wider usable temperature ranges. Challenges include sudden temperature increases potentially distorting molecules or making reactions hazardous, and difficulty controlling heat.
Ultrasound assisted reactions can enhance chemical synthesis through cavitation effects. Piezoelectric transducers are commonly used to generate ultrasound from 20 kHz to 2 MHz. Cavitation produces localized hot spots exceeding 4000K that can drive homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions. Homogeneous reactions involve single-phase systems and produce radicals from water sonolysis. Heterogeneous reactions involve multi-phase systems and benefit from improved mixing and mass transfer. Many reactions like esterification, hydrolysis, substitution, and addition have been achieved with higher yields and faster reaction times using ultrasound.
Ultrasound In organic reaction and Supercritical Liquidsal mamun
This document discusses various applications of ultrasound and supercritical fluids in organic chemistry. It begins by defining ultrasound and describing how it is used to accelerate organic reactions by increasing reaction rates and product yields. Specific examples of heterocycle synthesis and other reaction types improved by ultrasound are provided. The document then defines supercritical fluids as substances above their critical point where distinct liquid and gas phases do not exist. Common supercritical fluids of carbon dioxide and water are noted. Applications of supercritical fluids discussed include extraction, dry cleaning, chromatography, chemical reactions, and biodiesel production.
SYNTHESIS OF BIOACTIVE HETEROCYCLES BY USING SONOCHEMISTRYNIPER hyderabad
This document discusses the synthesis of bioactive heterocycles using sonochemistry. It begins with an introduction to sonochemistry and how ultrasound enhances chemical reactivity through acoustic cavitation. It then covers the historical background of sonochemistry, theories of ultrasound and cavitation, parameters that affect cavitation, synthetic approaches, advantages like shortened reaction times and increased yields, and applications in polymer science, organic chemistry, and biochemistry. The conclusion states that the unique environments created by sonochemistry allow clean and efficient chemical conversions in water and solvent-free conditions.
This document compares the synthesis of oximes using traditional chemical methods versus ultrasonic irradiation. Oximes are important organic intermediates. The traditional method involves refluxing carbonyl compounds with hydroxylamine hydrochloride solution in ethanol as a solvent, taking 50-60 minutes and yielding 70-75%. Using ultrasonic irradiation, the same oximes were synthesized without solvent in 10-20 minutes, yielding 75-85%, which is higher than the traditional method. Yields were lowest for benzophenone oxime due to electron donation by phenyl groups decreasing carbonyl reactivity. Yields were highest for 4-chlorobenzaldehyde oxime due to electron withdrawal increasing reactivity. Thin layer chromatography confirmed the oximes produced
MERITS OF MICROWAVE ASSISTED REACTIONS
DEMERITS OF MICROWAVE ASSISTED REACTIONS
MECHANISM OF MICROWAVE HEATING
EFFECTS OF SOLVENTS IN MICROWAVE ASSISTED SYNTHESIS
MICROWAVE VERSUS CONVENTIONAL SYNTHESIS
MICROWAVE INSTRUMENTATION
VARIOUS TYPES OF MICROWAVE ASSISTED ORGANIC REACTIONS
APPLICATIONS OF MICROWAVE ASSISTED REACTIONS
Water as a solvent in microwave assisted organic synthesisPrashantChavan93
Prashant Chavan
Reserach Scholar
M.S.(Pharm) in Medicinal Chemistry
National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Mohali, Punjab (India) 160062
mcm20_prashant@niper.ac.in
Water is a versatile green solvent that can be used for many organic reactions. It has unique physical properties like hydrogen bonding that allow it to activate both nucleophiles and electrophiles. Reactions that were traditionally carried out in organic solvents, like Diels-Alder reactions, pericyclic reactions, reactions of carbanions/carbenium ions, radical reactions, and multicomponent reactions, have been shown to proceed faster or with better selectivity in water compared to organic solvents. The use of water as a solvent provides advantages such as environmental friendliness, safety, and cost effectiveness.
Microwave assisted reaction km komal wahane k3komalwahane
Microwave assisted organic reactions can occur using solvents, under solvent-free conditions on solid supports, or using neat reactants. Reactions see increased rates due to microwave dielectric heating causing molecular polarization and rotation, generating heat. Key advantages are rapid reactions, high purity products, improved yields, and wider usable temperature ranges. Challenges include sudden temperature increases potentially distorting molecules or making reactions hazardous, and difficulty controlling heat.
This document discusses microwave assisted synthesis. Microwaves directly heat materials through ionic conduction and dipolar polarization. Microwave heating is more homogeneous than conventional heating methods. It allows for faster reactions, higher yields, lower energy consumption, and the ability to perform solvent-free reactions. Common organic reactions that can be carried out via microwave irradiation include Diels-Alder, ester hydrolysis, and nucleophilic substitutions. Microwave systems have advanced to enable both laboratory and industrial scale organic synthesis.
The document discusses various applications of nanomaterials in catalysis. It begins by introducing different types of catalysts and how nanocatalysts combine advantages of homogeneous and heterogeneous systems by having a high surface area like homogeneous catalysts while also being easily separable like heterogeneous catalysts. Several examples of nanocatalyst applications are then summarized in areas like water purification, biodiesel production, drug delivery, fuel cells, environmental protection, and solar cells. The document emphasizes how nanocatalysts provide benefits like high activity, selectivity, stability, and being energy efficient.
The document summarizes a study on the photo-oxidative degradation of p-nitrophenol (PNP), a toxic and refractory organic pollutant, using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as an oxidizing agent and ultraviolet (UV) light. The degradation of PNP was found to be faster with a combination of UV light and H2O2 compared to using either method alone. A higher intensity 125W UV lamp achieved complete degradation within 2 hours, while an 8W lamp required 5 hours. Degradation rate increased under neutral to alkaline conditions compared to acidic pH. Hydroxyl radicals generated from the UV-induced photolysis of H2O2 were the primary oxidizing agents that attacked
The document discusses applications of metal nanoparticles in photocatalysis. It provides examples of how metal nanoparticles like gold and palladium can be used as photocatalysts for various reactions like selective oxidation, reduction, and cross-coupling reactions. The nanoparticles enhance reaction rates and selectivity by acting as light absorbers and reaction sites. This allows reactions to occur at milder conditions like lower temperatures and pressures. The use of metal nanoparticles in photocatalysis provides opportunities for more sustainable chemical synthesis.
Ionic Liquids : Green solvents for the futureMrudang Thakor
Ionic Liquids are entirely made up of Ions also known as Room Temperature Ionic Liquids (RTILs).
They are in demand because of their unmatchable uses and applications in the field of chemistry.
The document discusses ionic liquids, which are organic salts that are liquid below 100°C. They can be used as solvents in various applications such as electrochemical devices and chemical synthesis. The document outlines the history of ionic liquids and different types including protic and aprotic ionic liquids. It also discusses the use of ionic liquids in applications like electrolytes and catalysis. Furthermore, it covers switchable ionic liquids that can change polarity and discusses their synthesis and potential to reduce solvent use. The document emphasizes the need to consider the full life cycle and disposal of ionic liquids to determine their sustainability.
This document reviews the use of microwave heating in organic synthesis. It begins with a brief history of heating methods in chemistry and an introduction to microwave theory. Key points are that microwaves directly couple with polar molecules to efficiently and uniformly heat reaction mixtures from the inside. This enables faster reactions and new reactivity compared to conventional thermal heating. The document discusses potential "microwave effects" including selective heating and hotspots, though most rate increases are due to purely thermal effects. It also reviews common microwave processing techniques like solventless reactions and highlights recent applications of microwave heating in areas like transition metal catalysis and combinatorial synthesis.
Graduate lectures (Organic Synthesis in Water)Anthony Coyne
These two lectures give an overview of organic synthesis using water as a solvent. This is aimed towards final year undergraduates and graduate students in chemistry
CO2-Olefins-Alkyne in Ionic Liquids: Solubilities & Material Selection - Ph.D...Jelliarko Palgunadi
This document outlines Amabilis Jelliarko Palgunadi's thesis on investigating ionic liquids for CO2, light olefin, and alkyne separation. The thesis contains three parts: (1) investigating non-task specific and task-specific ionic liquids for CO2 capture, (2) studying room temperature ionic liquids for light alkynes-olefins separation, and (3) acknowledging those who supported the research. The introduction provides background on CO2 emissions and objectives to develop ionic liquid-based systems for CO2 scrubbing from fossil fuel plants and separating alkyne from olefin mixtures from naphtha cracking.
This document discusses the use of microwaves for synthesis. It provides benefits of microwave synthesis such as faster reactions, less byproducts, and energy efficiency. Demerits include difficulty controlling heat and potential dangers from closed containers. Applications include pharmaceuticals, food processing, chemicals, polymers, and waste management. One example provided is a one-pot solvent-free microwave synthesis of fused pyrimidine diones and triones from barbituric acids, aldehydes, and carbamides/thiocarbamides. Microwave synthesis allows for greener chemistry by preventing waste and enabling inherently safer and more energy efficient reactions.
Microwave and ultrasound for process intensification of biocatalysisCamilo Teixeira
This document discusses how microwave and ultrasound technologies can be used to intensify biocatalysis processes for bioethanol and biodiesel production. It explains that microwave and ultrasound heating can improve reaction rates and mass transfer, allowing reactions to be carried out faster and with less energy input than conventional heating methods. The document reviews how these technologies have been shown to enhance specific steps in biodiesel production, such as transesterification, as well as cellulose hydrolysis and fermentation steps in bioethanol production. It concludes that microwave and ultrasound technologies represent promising options for green process intensification that can reduce costs while increasing productivity and conversion yields for biofuel production.
This document discusses luminescence and various types of luminescence including chemiluminescence. It provides examples of chemiluminescence in nature from fireflies, marine microorganisms, and anglerfish. The document then examines the chemical reaction underlying chemiluminescence and provides examples of its applications in forensic science, biomedical research, glow sticks, gas-phase reactions, and DNA hybridization detection.
Microwave assisted synthesis is a green chemistry approach that uses microwave irradiation to accelerate chemical reactions. It has several advantages over traditional heating methods, such as faster reaction times, higher product purity, and lower energy usage. Microwaves work by causing polarization and ionic conduction in polar solvents and reagents, quickly generating heat. Common applications include coupling reactions like Suzuki, Heck, and Negishi reactions. SiC microwave vessels are preferable to Pyrex as they absorb microwaves more efficiently and allow for better temperature control of exothermic reactions.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the potential for photochemical reactions of two thiazide compounds, bendroflumethiazide and hydroflumethiazide, when exposed to sunlight-range illumination. Spectroscopy analysis revealed that both compounds strongly absorb UV light in specific wavelength ranges. When solutions of the compounds were illuminated over time, their absorption spectra changed, indicating photochemical reactions were occurring. However, the reaction kinetics could not be definitively determined due to interference from photoproducts also absorbing at the same wavelengths. Further separation and analysis of photoproducts using HPLC will be needed to fully characterize the photochemical reactions.
This document discusses ionic liquids, their history, properties, and applications in green chemistry. Ionic liquids are salts that are liquids at or below 100°C, consisting entirely of ions. They have properties such as low vapor pressure, non-flammability, and thermal stability. The document provides examples of common ionic liquids and discusses their synthesis. It explains how ionic liquids can be used as solvents in chemical reactions according to green chemistry principles by being non-volatile and recyclable. Applications mentioned include use in liquid-in-glass thermometers, microreactors, heat storage, and uranium recovery. The conclusion states that ionic liquids play an important role in organic synthesis as green alternatives and their uses
Electro-oxidation And Its Feasibility In Wastewater TreatmentSakib Shahriar
Electro-oxidation (EO) is one of the advanced oxidation processes (AOP) used in wastewater treatment. It is also called anodic oxidation. In this presentation, we can learn about the working principle, industrial applications, types of electrodes, and catalysts in the EO process. The advantages and disadvantages are described later. The main advantages of electro-oxidation are the formation of low sludge and large percentages of organic matter degradation. But the main drawbacks occur due to the requirement of large space and expense. EO is used in many types of wastewater treatment. Degradation of methyl orange azo dye in a recirculation flow plant system, treatment of wastewater containing aromatic amines, endocrine disruptors treatment, domestic water, industrial wastewater, synthetic dye effluent, olive mill wastewater, pulp mill wastewater, citric acid wastewater.
Microwave Assisted Synthesis of Metallic NanostructuresJoyce Joseph
The document discusses microwave assisted synthesis of metallic nanostructures. Some key points:
1) Microwave irradiation can be used to synthesize a variety of metallic nanostructures like spheres, sheets, rods, wires, and dendrites.
2) Microwave heating allows for faster, cleaner reactions compared to traditional heating methods. It enables selective heating and precise temperature control.
3) Examples demonstrate synthesizing gold nanoparticles within minutes using microwave heating, stabilizers, and reducing agents, achieving smaller, more uniform particles than traditional heating.
4) Microwave synthesis has advantages like short reaction times, low energy input, selective heating, and ability to control morphology of nanostructures produced. It is considered a green chemistry approach
A convenient method of synthesizing Silver Nanoparticles form Bonatea steudneri leave extract and evaluation of their electrocatalytic and phenol removal properties.
This is the fifteenth in a series of presentations using statistics and stories to show how the media world is evolving from day to day.
By Dan Calladine - Aegis Media
dan[dot]calladine[at]aemedia[dot]com
Chromium exists in two main forms, trivalent chromium [Cr(III)] and hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)]. Cr(III) is essential for balancing blood sugar in humans but Cr(VI) is carcinogenic and contaminates groundwater. Chromium enters the environment and causes pollution through various industrial applications like steel manufacturing, electroplating, and chemical production. Exposure to chromium through industrial practices can cause health issues like lung cancer, skin allergies, and damage to organs. Lack of enforcement of environmental regulations has led to widespread chromium contamination globally, impacting millions of people, especially in South Asia where 75% of high-risk sites exist and groundwater in places like Kanpur, India has been contaminated
This document discusses microwave assisted synthesis. Microwaves directly heat materials through ionic conduction and dipolar polarization. Microwave heating is more homogeneous than conventional heating methods. It allows for faster reactions, higher yields, lower energy consumption, and the ability to perform solvent-free reactions. Common organic reactions that can be carried out via microwave irradiation include Diels-Alder, ester hydrolysis, and nucleophilic substitutions. Microwave systems have advanced to enable both laboratory and industrial scale organic synthesis.
The document discusses various applications of nanomaterials in catalysis. It begins by introducing different types of catalysts and how nanocatalysts combine advantages of homogeneous and heterogeneous systems by having a high surface area like homogeneous catalysts while also being easily separable like heterogeneous catalysts. Several examples of nanocatalyst applications are then summarized in areas like water purification, biodiesel production, drug delivery, fuel cells, environmental protection, and solar cells. The document emphasizes how nanocatalysts provide benefits like high activity, selectivity, stability, and being energy efficient.
The document summarizes a study on the photo-oxidative degradation of p-nitrophenol (PNP), a toxic and refractory organic pollutant, using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as an oxidizing agent and ultraviolet (UV) light. The degradation of PNP was found to be faster with a combination of UV light and H2O2 compared to using either method alone. A higher intensity 125W UV lamp achieved complete degradation within 2 hours, while an 8W lamp required 5 hours. Degradation rate increased under neutral to alkaline conditions compared to acidic pH. Hydroxyl radicals generated from the UV-induced photolysis of H2O2 were the primary oxidizing agents that attacked
The document discusses applications of metal nanoparticles in photocatalysis. It provides examples of how metal nanoparticles like gold and palladium can be used as photocatalysts for various reactions like selective oxidation, reduction, and cross-coupling reactions. The nanoparticles enhance reaction rates and selectivity by acting as light absorbers and reaction sites. This allows reactions to occur at milder conditions like lower temperatures and pressures. The use of metal nanoparticles in photocatalysis provides opportunities for more sustainable chemical synthesis.
Ionic Liquids : Green solvents for the futureMrudang Thakor
Ionic Liquids are entirely made up of Ions also known as Room Temperature Ionic Liquids (RTILs).
They are in demand because of their unmatchable uses and applications in the field of chemistry.
The document discusses ionic liquids, which are organic salts that are liquid below 100°C. They can be used as solvents in various applications such as electrochemical devices and chemical synthesis. The document outlines the history of ionic liquids and different types including protic and aprotic ionic liquids. It also discusses the use of ionic liquids in applications like electrolytes and catalysis. Furthermore, it covers switchable ionic liquids that can change polarity and discusses their synthesis and potential to reduce solvent use. The document emphasizes the need to consider the full life cycle and disposal of ionic liquids to determine their sustainability.
This document reviews the use of microwave heating in organic synthesis. It begins with a brief history of heating methods in chemistry and an introduction to microwave theory. Key points are that microwaves directly couple with polar molecules to efficiently and uniformly heat reaction mixtures from the inside. This enables faster reactions and new reactivity compared to conventional thermal heating. The document discusses potential "microwave effects" including selective heating and hotspots, though most rate increases are due to purely thermal effects. It also reviews common microwave processing techniques like solventless reactions and highlights recent applications of microwave heating in areas like transition metal catalysis and combinatorial synthesis.
Graduate lectures (Organic Synthesis in Water)Anthony Coyne
These two lectures give an overview of organic synthesis using water as a solvent. This is aimed towards final year undergraduates and graduate students in chemistry
CO2-Olefins-Alkyne in Ionic Liquids: Solubilities & Material Selection - Ph.D...Jelliarko Palgunadi
This document outlines Amabilis Jelliarko Palgunadi's thesis on investigating ionic liquids for CO2, light olefin, and alkyne separation. The thesis contains three parts: (1) investigating non-task specific and task-specific ionic liquids for CO2 capture, (2) studying room temperature ionic liquids for light alkynes-olefins separation, and (3) acknowledging those who supported the research. The introduction provides background on CO2 emissions and objectives to develop ionic liquid-based systems for CO2 scrubbing from fossil fuel plants and separating alkyne from olefin mixtures from naphtha cracking.
This document discusses the use of microwaves for synthesis. It provides benefits of microwave synthesis such as faster reactions, less byproducts, and energy efficiency. Demerits include difficulty controlling heat and potential dangers from closed containers. Applications include pharmaceuticals, food processing, chemicals, polymers, and waste management. One example provided is a one-pot solvent-free microwave synthesis of fused pyrimidine diones and triones from barbituric acids, aldehydes, and carbamides/thiocarbamides. Microwave synthesis allows for greener chemistry by preventing waste and enabling inherently safer and more energy efficient reactions.
Microwave and ultrasound for process intensification of biocatalysisCamilo Teixeira
This document discusses how microwave and ultrasound technologies can be used to intensify biocatalysis processes for bioethanol and biodiesel production. It explains that microwave and ultrasound heating can improve reaction rates and mass transfer, allowing reactions to be carried out faster and with less energy input than conventional heating methods. The document reviews how these technologies have been shown to enhance specific steps in biodiesel production, such as transesterification, as well as cellulose hydrolysis and fermentation steps in bioethanol production. It concludes that microwave and ultrasound technologies represent promising options for green process intensification that can reduce costs while increasing productivity and conversion yields for biofuel production.
This document discusses luminescence and various types of luminescence including chemiluminescence. It provides examples of chemiluminescence in nature from fireflies, marine microorganisms, and anglerfish. The document then examines the chemical reaction underlying chemiluminescence and provides examples of its applications in forensic science, biomedical research, glow sticks, gas-phase reactions, and DNA hybridization detection.
Microwave assisted synthesis is a green chemistry approach that uses microwave irradiation to accelerate chemical reactions. It has several advantages over traditional heating methods, such as faster reaction times, higher product purity, and lower energy usage. Microwaves work by causing polarization and ionic conduction in polar solvents and reagents, quickly generating heat. Common applications include coupling reactions like Suzuki, Heck, and Negishi reactions. SiC microwave vessels are preferable to Pyrex as they absorb microwaves more efficiently and allow for better temperature control of exothermic reactions.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the potential for photochemical reactions of two thiazide compounds, bendroflumethiazide and hydroflumethiazide, when exposed to sunlight-range illumination. Spectroscopy analysis revealed that both compounds strongly absorb UV light in specific wavelength ranges. When solutions of the compounds were illuminated over time, their absorption spectra changed, indicating photochemical reactions were occurring. However, the reaction kinetics could not be definitively determined due to interference from photoproducts also absorbing at the same wavelengths. Further separation and analysis of photoproducts using HPLC will be needed to fully characterize the photochemical reactions.
This document discusses ionic liquids, their history, properties, and applications in green chemistry. Ionic liquids are salts that are liquids at or below 100°C, consisting entirely of ions. They have properties such as low vapor pressure, non-flammability, and thermal stability. The document provides examples of common ionic liquids and discusses their synthesis. It explains how ionic liquids can be used as solvents in chemical reactions according to green chemistry principles by being non-volatile and recyclable. Applications mentioned include use in liquid-in-glass thermometers, microreactors, heat storage, and uranium recovery. The conclusion states that ionic liquids play an important role in organic synthesis as green alternatives and their uses
Electro-oxidation And Its Feasibility In Wastewater TreatmentSakib Shahriar
Electro-oxidation (EO) is one of the advanced oxidation processes (AOP) used in wastewater treatment. It is also called anodic oxidation. In this presentation, we can learn about the working principle, industrial applications, types of electrodes, and catalysts in the EO process. The advantages and disadvantages are described later. The main advantages of electro-oxidation are the formation of low sludge and large percentages of organic matter degradation. But the main drawbacks occur due to the requirement of large space and expense. EO is used in many types of wastewater treatment. Degradation of methyl orange azo dye in a recirculation flow plant system, treatment of wastewater containing aromatic amines, endocrine disruptors treatment, domestic water, industrial wastewater, synthetic dye effluent, olive mill wastewater, pulp mill wastewater, citric acid wastewater.
Microwave Assisted Synthesis of Metallic NanostructuresJoyce Joseph
The document discusses microwave assisted synthesis of metallic nanostructures. Some key points:
1) Microwave irradiation can be used to synthesize a variety of metallic nanostructures like spheres, sheets, rods, wires, and dendrites.
2) Microwave heating allows for faster, cleaner reactions compared to traditional heating methods. It enables selective heating and precise temperature control.
3) Examples demonstrate synthesizing gold nanoparticles within minutes using microwave heating, stabilizers, and reducing agents, achieving smaller, more uniform particles than traditional heating.
4) Microwave synthesis has advantages like short reaction times, low energy input, selective heating, and ability to control morphology of nanostructures produced. It is considered a green chemistry approach
A convenient method of synthesizing Silver Nanoparticles form Bonatea steudneri leave extract and evaluation of their electrocatalytic and phenol removal properties.
This is the fifteenth in a series of presentations using statistics and stories to show how the media world is evolving from day to day.
By Dan Calladine - Aegis Media
dan[dot]calladine[at]aemedia[dot]com
Chromium exists in two main forms, trivalent chromium [Cr(III)] and hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)]. Cr(III) is essential for balancing blood sugar in humans but Cr(VI) is carcinogenic and contaminates groundwater. Chromium enters the environment and causes pollution through various industrial applications like steel manufacturing, electroplating, and chemical production. Exposure to chromium through industrial practices can cause health issues like lung cancer, skin allergies, and damage to organs. Lack of enforcement of environmental regulations has led to widespread chromium contamination globally, impacting millions of people, especially in South Asia where 75% of high-risk sites exist and groundwater in places like Kanpur, India has been contaminated
The Asopos River in Greece has been heavily polluted for decades by untreated industrial waste from nearby factories. 1) Hexavalent chromium and other heavy metals have contaminated the river water and underground aquifers. 2) Surrounding farmland and coastal areas have also been polluted by the waste. 3) Recent tests continue to show the river water is unsafe for drinking, agriculture, or industrial use due to toxic chemical levels far exceeding limits.
The document summarizes the effluent treatment process at National Fertilizers Limited's Vijaipur Unit in India. It describes the implementation of a 300 cubic meter per day urea waste treatment plant that uses the bacteria Hafnia Alvie 1426 to break down urea into carbon dioxide and ammonia. The system collects urea waste from the plant in buffer tanks and subjects it to 4-5 hours of residence time in the biohydrolizer. This allows 99% of the urea to be hydrolyzed by the bacteria. The biohydrolizer has low installation costs, no operating costs, and requires less space than conventional clarifiers. It provides an effective biological treatment of urea waste.
This document discusses diabetes, chromium, insulin treatment, and two clinical studies on chromium supplements. It provides an overview of diabetes, how insulin works, and the two main types. It describes chromium as a mineral that enhances insulin and may help control blood sugar. One study found chromium supplements significantly lowered blood glucose in type 2 diabetics, while a second study found no effects on glucose levels or insulin resistance in people at risk for diabetes.
The document surveys the chromium tolerance and bioaccumulation abilities of 51 yeast strains from various genera. The strains were grown in media supplemented with either chromium(III) or chromium(VI) at inhibitory concentrations. Cellular chromium content was then measured. Chromium(III) tolerance ranged from 0.25-5 mM among strains, while chromium(VI) tolerance ranged from 0.1-0.5 mM, with strains generally more sensitive to chromium(VI). Cellular chromium levels varied significantly between strains but followed a general trend of mid-range accumulation of chromium(III) and low-level accumulation of chromium(VI). Electron microscopy showed chromium accumulated in the cytoplasm and organelles of cells.
This thesis studied the metabolic pathways altered in Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf-5 due to hexavalent chromium stress using NMR-based metabolomics. P. fluorescens was exposed to 50 ppm of chromium for 6 and 24 hours. Metabolite extracts were analyzed using NMR and principal component analysis showed distinct metabolic profiles between control and stressed cells. Further analysis identified significant metabolites and probable pathways impacted by chromium stress.
Approximately 170,000 tonnes of chromium are released annually through industrial activities like steelworks. Chromium exists in the environment primarily as Cr(III) and Cr(VI), with Cr(VI) being highly soluble, mobile, toxic, mutagenic, teratogenic and carcinogenic. While high levels of Cr(VI) were previously attributed only to human pollution, recent studies show it can also occur naturally through geogenic processes in areas with high natural levels of Cr(III) or Cr(VI) in sediments, where natural oxidants can convert Cr(III) to the more hazardous Cr(VI) form. The document aims to present information on chromium in the aquatic environment, including international legal frameworks and standards,
Adsorption of cr (vi) from aqueous environment using neem leaves powdereSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Worked with different particle size of coffee as an antioxidant to find which size creates a reaction at a faster rate in the reduction of Chromium IV to Chromium III.
Picenza Việt Nam chuyên sản xuất thiết bị vệ sinh, chậu rửa bát inox cao cấp kiểu dáng sang trọng phù hợp với mọi không gian phòng bếp của mọi gia đình
http://picenza.com.vn/chau-rua-inox-chau-bep-pl90.html
http://picenza.com.vn/thong-tin-thi-truong/cach-chon-san-pham-inox-tot-nd61.html
This document provides information about purchasing a 3Com 3C17207 SS 3 4400 SE ENHANCE SW UPG. It describes how to purchase the product from Launch 3 Telecom via phone, email, or by sending a request for quote online. It also provides details about payment options, same day shipping, order tracking, warranty, and additional services offered by Launch 3 Telecom such as repairs, maintenance contracts, and equipment deinstallation.
This document discusses content strategy and how it has become essential for organizations. It outlines how the role of content strategist has expanded from focusing solely on information architecture to encompassing a broader set of responsibilities including content planning, governance, and quality evaluation. The presentation emphasizes that effective content strategy requires looking beyond templates to consider user needs and evaluating existing content. It provides examples of how to think more holistically about an organization's content needs.
This document outlines a thesis defense presentation on an NMR-based metabolomics study of Pseudomonas fluorescens treated with chromium(VI). The presentation introduces the topics of bioremediation, chromium contamination, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and metabolomics studies. It describes the methodology used, which included collecting NMR data on control and chromium-treated samples over time. Principal component analysis revealed distinct metabolic profiles between sample groups. Potential significant metabolites and pathways were identified. Future work would reconfirm findings and identify critical pathways for chromium resistance.
Chromium is a metallic transition element that is relatively nontoxic. Chromium metal exposure can cause eye irritation and pulmonary fibrosis and bronchial asthma from inhalation. Non-healing dermatitis and cutaneous granuloma have occurred in patients treated with orthopedic devices containing chromium and other metals. Chromium is an essential nutrient necessary for normal glucose tolerance.
Electro oxidation of methanol on ti o2 nanotube supported platinum electrodestshankar20134
This document summarizes research on using TiO2 nanotubes as a support for platinum nanoparticles for use as an electrocatalyst in methanol fuel cells. TiO2 nanotubes were synthesized using anodic aluminum oxide as a template. Platinum nanoparticles 3-4 nm in size were uniformly dispersed on the TiO2 nanotube supports. Electrochemical testing found that platinum nanoparticles supported on TiO2 nanotubes had higher catalytic activity for methanol oxidation compared to commercial Pt/C catalysts, with mass activity over 33 mA/mg Pt versus 3.25 mA/mg Pt for Pt/C. The improved activity is attributed to the TiO2 support preventing CO poisoning of platinum sites and possible electronic interactions between
Electro oxidation of methanol on ti o2 nanotube supported platinum electrodesmadlovescience
This document summarizes research on using TiO2 nanotubes as a support for platinum nanoparticles for use as an electrocatalyst in methanol fuel cells. TiO2 nanotubes were synthesized using anodic aluminum oxide as a template. Platinum nanoparticles 3-4 nm in size were uniformly dispersed on the TiO2 nanotube supports. Electrochemical testing found that platinum nanoparticles supported on TiO2 nanotubes had higher catalytic activity for methanol oxidation compared to commercial Pt/C catalysts, with mass activity over 33 mA/mg Pt versus 3.25 mA/mg Pt for Pt/C. The improved activity is attributed to the TiO2 support preventing CO poisoning of platinum sites and possible electronic interactions between
The document describes a study on the corrosion inhibition of mild steel in 1M HCl solution using a synthesized inhibitor called (anthraquinone-2-ylmethyl) triphenyl phosphonium bromide (ATPB). Electrochemical measurements and weight loss experiments were conducted to analyze the inhibitor's effect at temperatures from 303 to 343 K and inhibitor concentrations from 1×10–7M to 2×10–5M. The results showed that ATPB was an excellent corrosion inhibitor, reducing corrosion rates by up to 99.03% at room temperature and 2×10–5M concentration. Adsorption of the inhibitor on the metal surface was found to follow the Temkin adsorption isotherm. The inhibitor was
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
A study on photocatalytic activity of micro arc oxidation ti o2 filmsssuser195344
This document discusses a study on the photocatalytic activity of micro-arc oxidation (MAO) TiO2 films and Ag+/MAO-TiO2 composite films. MAO-TiO2 films were prepared on titanium substrates using a phosphate-based electrolyte. The films were then impregnated with silver ions (Ag+) to create Ag+/MAO-TiO2 composite films. The films were characterized using SEM, XRD, and EDS. Their photocatalytic activity was evaluated by measuring the degradation of methylene blue dye under simulated sunlight irradiation. The results showed that Ag+ impregnation enhanced the photocatalytic activity of the MAO-TiO2 films.
Electrochemical investigations on the inhibition behaviorAliKarimi127
This document discusses the corrosion inhibition properties of di(Resacetophenone) 1,2 cyclohexandiimine (R DACH) Schiff base on steel in 1 M HCl solution. Electrochemical measurements including potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and chronoamperometry were used to evaluate the inhibition efficiency of R DACH at different concentrations and temperatures. The results showed that R DACH is an effective corrosion inhibitor for steel, with inhibition efficiency increasing with increasing concentration. Adsorption of the inhibitor followed the Langmuir isotherm. Activation energy and thermodynamic parameters like enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy of adsorption were calculated from corrosion currents at different temperatures and
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES) is a leading international journal for publication of new ideas, the state of the art research results and fundamental advances in all aspects of Engineering and Science. IRJES is a open access, peer reviewed international journal with a primary objective to provide the academic community and industry for the submission of half of original research and applications.
IrO2 as an anodic electrocatalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in solid polymer electrolyte (SPE)
electrolysers was synthesised by adapting the Adams fusion method. Optimisation of the IrO2 electrocatalyst was achieved
by varying the synthesis duration (0.5 – 4 hours) and temperature (250 - 500°C). The physical properties of the
electrocatalysts were characterised by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and
x-ray diffraction (XRD). Electrochemical characterisation of the electrocatalysts toward the OER was evaluated by
chronoamperometry (CA). CA analysis revealed the best electrocatalytic activity towards the OER for IrO2 synthesised
for 2 hours at 350oC which displayed a better electrocatalytic activity than the commercial IrO2 electrocatalyst used in this
study. XRD and TEM analyses revealed an increase in crystallinity and average particle size with increasing synthesis
duration and temperature which accounted for the decreasing electrocatalytic activity. At 250°C the formation of an active
IrO2 electrocatalyst was not favoured.
Synthesis, characterisation and evaluation of ir o2 based binary metal oxide ...sunilove
This document describes the synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of various binary metal oxide electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction in solid polymer electrolyte electrolyzers. Specifically, IrO2, IrxRu1-xO2, IrxSnx-1O2 and IrxTax-1O2 (where 1 ≥ x ≥ 0.7) were synthesized using the Adams fusion method, and then characterized using XRD, SEM, TEM, and electrochemical techniques. XRD analysis showed that solid solutions were formed when RuO2, SnO2, or Ta2O5 were added to IrO2. TEM analysis revealed nanosize particles for all synthesized metal oxides. Electrochemical
Synthesis, characterisation and evaluation of ir o2 based binary metal oxide ...sunilove
This document summarizes research on synthesizing and evaluating various binary metal oxide electrocatalysts containing iridium (Ir) for the oxygen evolution reaction in solid polymer electrolyte electrolyzers. Specifically, IrO2, IrxRu1-xO2, IrxSnx-1O2 and IrxTax-1O2 (where x is between 1 and 0.7) were synthesized using the Adams fusion method. The materials were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction. Their electrocatalytic activity for oxygen evolution was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. XRD analysis showed the secondary metals formed solid solutions with IrO2. T
Synthesis, characterisation and evaluation of ir o2 based binary metal oxide ...suresh800
This document describes the synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of various binary metal oxide electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction in solid polymer electrolyte electrolyzers. Specifically, IrO2, IrxRu1-xO2, IrxSnx-1O2 and IrxTax-1O2 (where 1 ≥ x ≥ 0.7) were synthesized using the Adams fusion method, and then characterized using XRD, SEM, TEM, and electrochemical techniques. XRD analysis showed that solid solutions were formed when RuO2, SnO2, or Ta2O5 were added to IrO2. TEM analysis revealed nanosize particles for all synthesized metal oxides. Electrochemical
Electrochemical performance of supercapacitor with glass wool separator under...journalBEEI
The paper presents the electrochemical performance of supercapacitor with glass wool separator under organic electrolyte of tetraethylammonium tetrafluoroborate (TEABF4). The performance was evaluated using symmetrical two-electrode system and compared to an identical supercapacitor with commercially available cellulose paper separator under 1 M TEABF4. The application of glass wool separator reduces the bulk resistance of supercapacitor by 19.6%, promotes more efficient ions transfer across active surface of electrode and significantly improves specific capacitance by 19.1% compared to cellulose paper. The application of higher concentration TEABF4 (1.5 M) even improves the overall performance of glass wool-based supercapacitor by 32.2% reduction of bulk resistance and 61.9% increment in specific capacitance compared to 1 M TEABF4. In addition, the energy and power densities are significantly improved by 64% and 165%, respectively for the one with 1.5 M TEABF4. In general, the low-cost material glass wool material has great potential to replace commercially available cellulose paper as separator in developing much better supercapacitor.
Maiyalagan,Electrochemical oxidation of methanol on pt v2 o5–c composite cata...kutty79
Platinum nanoparticles have been supported on V2O5–C composite through the reduction of chloroplatinic
acid with formaldehyde. The catalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron
microscopy. Catalytic activity and stability for the oxidation of methanol were studied by using
cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. Pt/V2O5–C composite anode catalyst on glassy carbon electrode
show higher electro-catalytic activity for the oxidation of methanol. High electro-catalytic activities
and good stabilities could be attributed to the synergistic effect between Pt and V2O5, avoiding the electrodes
being poisoned.
Corrosion Inhibition of Carbon Steel In Sulfuric Acid by Sodium CaprylateIJERA Editor
The interaction of a sodium salt of octanoic acid, sodium caprylate (SC), with a carbon steel (CS) surface was
investigated, using range of experimental techniques. It was shown that SC acts as a good CS general corrosion
inhibitor, yielding a maximum corrosion inhibition efficiency of 77%. This high inhibition efficiency is
maintained even at higher temperatures. It was determined that SC inhibits both partial corrosion reactions, and
can thus be considered to be a mixed-type inhibitor. The adsorption of SC on the CS surface was described by
the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. It was found that this process is spontaneous, irreversible and driven by the
entropy gain. The CS surface morphology was studied by SEM and it was demonstrated that SC is a very
effective general corrosion inhibitor of CS. This also was confirmed by contact angle measurements which
showed that the CS surface became more hydrophobic when the SC was added to the solution.
Corrosion Inhibition of Carbon Steel In Sulfuric Acid by Sodium CaprylateIJERA Editor
The interaction of a sodium salt of octanoic acid, sodium caprylate (SC), with a carbon steel (CS) surface was
investigated, using range of experimental techniques. It was shown that SC acts as a good CS general corrosion
inhibitor, yielding a maximum corrosion inhibition efficiency of 77%. This high inhibition efficiency is
maintained even at higher temperatures. It was determined that SC inhibits both partial corrosion reactions, and
can thus be considered to be a mixed-type inhibitor. The adsorption of SC on the CS surface was described by
the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. It was found that this process is spontaneous, irreversible and driven by the
entropy gain. The CS surface morphology was studied by SEM and it was demonstrated that SC is a very
effective general corrosion inhibitor of CS. This also was confirmed by contact angle measurements which
showed that the CS surface became more hydrophobic when the SC was added to the solution.
Improving the Dielectric properties of SAMsBen Catchpole
This document summarizes research into improving the dielectric properties of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) formed from ethylene-glycol terminated alkanethiols. The researchers investigated mixing oligo-ethylene glycol (OEG) terminated alkanethiol monolayers with small concentrations of 11-mercaptoundecanol (MUD). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy showed that for MUD concentrations up to 5%, the resistivity of the SAM increased and the phase of the impedance decreased, demonstrating improved dielectric properties. An equivalent circuit model is proposed to interpret the impedance spectroscopy data and determine monolayer conductivity. The results show that adding small amounts of MUD as a spacer improves
Electrochemical synthesis of o anisidine - o-aminophenol copolymersAlexander Decker
The document summarizes an experiment on the electrochemical synthesis of copolymers from o-anisidine and o-aminophenol monomers. Specifically, it discusses:
1) Electrochemical copolymerization of o-anisidine and o-aminophenol was carried out on a gold electrode at different feed concentrations of the monomers.
2) The resulting copolymers were characterized using cyclic voltammetry and exhibited different behaviors depending on the monomer feed concentrations and polymerization conditions.
3) Homopolymers of o-anisidine and o-aminophenol were also synthesized for comparison using different upper potential limits, which led to different cyclic voltammetric responses
Electrochemical properties of myoglobin deposited on multi walled carbon nano...Expand_Lives
We report the direct electrochemical and electrocatalytic properties of myoglobin (MB) on a multi-walled
carbon nanotube/ciprofloxacin (MWCNT/CF) film-modified electrode. A highly homogeneous MWCNT
thin-film was prepared on an electrode surface using ciprofloxacin (CF) as a dispersing agent. MB was
then electrochemically deposited onto the MWCNT/CF-modified electrode. The MB/MWCNT/CF film was
characterized by scanning electron microscopy and UV–visible spectroscopy (UV–vis). UV–vis spectra
confirmed that MB retained its original state on the MWCNT/CF film. Direct electrochemical properties of MB on the MWCNT/CF film were investigated by cyclic voltammetry. The formal potential and
electron transfer rate constant were evaluated in pH 7.2 buffer solution as−0.327 V and 300 s
−1
, respectively. In addition, the MB/MWCNT/CF-modified electrode showed excellent electrocatalytic properties
for the reduction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The MB/MWCNT/CF-modified electrode was used for the
detection of H2O2at concentrations from 1×10
−6
Mto7×10
−4
M in pH 7.2 buffer solution. Overall, the
MB/MWCNT/CF-modified electrode was very stable and has potential for development as a H2O2sensor.
This document summarizes the synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of various IrO2-based binary metal oxide electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction. IrO2, IrxRu1-xO2, IrxSnx-1O2 and IrxTax-1O2 (where x is between 1 and 0.7) were synthesized via an adapted Adams fusion method. X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy showed the materials formed nanocrystalline solid solutions. Electrochemical testing found that adding RuO2, SnO2, or Ta2O5 to IrO2 improved its catalytic performance for oxygen evolution. Specifically, Ir0.7Ru0.3O2 exhibited the best
Similar to Electrochemical synthesis, characterization and electrochemical behaviour of new conducting copolymers (20)
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several techniques for live virtual machine migration in cloud computing. It discusses works that have proposed affinity-aware migration models to improve resource utilization, energy efficient migration approaches using storage migration and live VM migration, and a dynamic consolidation technique using migration control to avoid unnecessary migrations. The document also summarizes works that have designed methods to minimize migration downtime and network traffic, proposed a resource reservation framework for efficient migration of multiple VMs, and addressed real-time issues in live migration. Finally, it provides a table summarizing the techniques, tools used, and potential future work or gaps identified for each discussed work.
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
1. The document discusses several challenges for integrating media with cloud computing including media content convergence, scalability and expandability, finding appropriate applications, and reliability.
2. Media content convergence challenges include dealing with the heterogeneity of media types, services, networks, devices, and quality of service requirements as well as integrating technologies used by media providers and consumers.
3. Scalability and expandability challenges involve adapting to the increasing volume of media content and being able to support new media formats and outlets over time.
This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalizationZilliz
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
Ocean lotus Threat actors project by John Sitima 2024 (1).pptxSitimaJohn
Ocean Lotus cyber threat actors represent a sophisticated, persistent, and politically motivated group that poses a significant risk to organizations and individuals in the Southeast Asian region. Their continuous evolution and adaptability underscore the need for robust cybersecurity measures and international cooperation to identify and mitigate the threats posed by such advanced persistent threat groups.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
AI 101: An Introduction to the Basics and Impact of Artificial IntelligenceIndexBug
Imagine a world where machines not only perform tasks but also learn, adapt, and make decisions. This is the promise of Artificial Intelligence (AI), a technology that's not just enhancing our lives but revolutionizing entire industries.
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and MilvusZilliz
During this demo, the founders of Secludy will demonstrate how their system utilizes Milvus to store and manipulate embeddings for generating privacy-protected synthetic data. Their approach not only maintains the confidentiality of the original data but also enhances the utility and scalability of LLMs under privacy constraints. Attendees, including machine learning engineers, data scientists, and data managers, will witness first-hand how Secludy's integration with Milvus empowers organizations to harness the power of LLMs securely and efficiently.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
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Electrochemical synthesis, characterization and electrochemical behaviour of new conducting copolymers
1. Chemistry and Materials Research
ISSN 2224- 3224 (Print) ISSN 2225- 0956 (Online)
Vol.3 No.10, 2013
www.iiste.org
Electrochemical Synthesis, Characterization and
Electrochemical behaviour of New Conducting Copolymers of 2methoxyaniline-co-2,3-dihydrothieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxine-2carboxylic acid
Mutlaq Shediad Al-jahdali1 Abdel Aziz Qasem Mohammad Jbarah2* Mohamed hamdy Mohamed Helal2
1. Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, PO box 80200, Jeddah 21589,
Kingdome of Saudi
2. Chemistry Department, Faculty of Arts and Science, Northern Borders University, PO box 1321, ArAr
91431, Rafha campus, Kingdome of Saudi Arabia
* E-mail of the corresponding author: jbr.abed@yahoo.com
Abstract
Electroactive conducting copolymers of 2-methoxyaniline
and 2,3-dihydrothieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxine-2carboxylic acid (EDOT carboxylic acid) molecules were prepared in non-aqueous solution by electrode potential
cycling. Copolymerization was carried out at different feed concentrations of the monomers on a gold electrode.
Four different feed concentrations were used to prepare four different copolymers. The obtained copolymers
were characterized with cyclic voltammetry and infrared spectroscopy. The prepared hompolymers and
copolymers were investigated with in situ conductivity measurements. Two transitions were observed in the in
situ conductivities of the copolymers.
Keywords: in situ conductivity, 2-methoxyaniline, EDOT carboxylic, copolymers
1. Introduction
Recently, electrically conducting polymers have many potential applications, such as new materials for battery
electrodes (Otero & Cantero 1999, Amanokura et al. 2001, Gurunathan et al. 1999), supercapacitors
(Mastragostino et al. 2002), chemical sensors (Gupta et al. 2006, Sotzing et al. 2000, Lin et al. 1999, NicolasDebarnot et al. 2003). ion sieving (Shinohara et al. 1986), corrosion protection (Ohtsuka 2012, Garca et al. 2002),
and microwave shielding (Patil et al. 2012, Buckley & Eashov 1996). Among conducting polymers, poly(2methoxyaniline) (PMA) has attracted much attention. Bereket et al. (2005) have been studied its anti-corrosive
properties. Chaudhari and Patil (2008) have been investigated the corrosion protective of bi-layered composites
of polyaniline and PMA on low carbon steel. PMA have been synthesized for developed for development of
glucose biosensor (Savale & Shirsat 2009). The corrosion-protective performance of nano POA/alkyd coatings
has been investigated on mild steel (Jadhav et al. 2010).
Copolymerization of two different monomers that bear different functional groups leads to modified copolymers
that possessing interesting properties. several studies included copolymerization of aniline-thiophene, furanthiophene and aniline-pyrrole monomers have been reported recently (Arjomandi & Holze 2008, Alakhras &
Holze 2008, Vogel & Holze 2005, Antony & Jayakannan 2011). The primary advantage of copolymerization is
that it leads to a material in which its properties can be regulated by adjusting the ratio of the concentration of
monomers in the feed. Thus copolymerization is an important method to modify the properties of
individual homopolymers.
In the present study, 2-methoxyaniline (MA) and EDOT carboxylic acid (EDOTCA) have been se-lected
as monomers for performing electrochemical copolymerization (Figure 1) in 0.1M Tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate (TBATFB)/acetonitrile medium. Cyclic voltammetry was used to deposit
polymeric films on gold working electrode and sub-sequent characterization. Copolymers were also
characterized by Infrared spectroscopy. The copolymers and homopolymers were investigated by in situ
conductivity measurements.
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Vol.3 No.10, 2013
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Figure 1. Electrochemical coolymerization of MA and EDOTCA molecules.
2. Experimental
All chemicals were of analytical grade. The 2-methoxyaniline (Fluka) and EDOT-carboxylic acid (Aldrich) used
as received. Tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate (TBATFB; Aldrich, Stein-heim, Germany; 99%) was dried
in vacuo at 80ºC for 24 h. Acetonitrile (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany; anhydrous, <10 ppm H2O) was used
without further purification.
The electropolymerization was performed under potentiodynamic conditions at a scan rate of 100 mV/s and by
using 0.1M TBATFB in acetonitrile as supported electrolyte and in a one-compartment, three-electrode cell at
room temperature. The working electrode used is gold disc electrode, the counter electrode is platinum wire and
the reference electrode is Ag/AgCl (which has a potential of +0.22 vs SHE). The working gold disk electrode
(0.2 cm2) was polished down to 0.3 µ with Al2O3, rinsed with; acetone, distilled water and finally with
ethanol. Cyclic voltammetry was performed with a computerized SP50 potentiostat (from Bio Logic Science
Instruments, France). All solutions were freshly prepared, purged with nitrogen (99.999%), and all experiments
were performed at room temperature (20 ˚C).
The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of the homopolymer and copolymer films were recorded with KBr
pellets with a PerkinElmer FTIR 1000 spectrometer at a 2 cm-1 resolution. For these measurements, the film was
scraped off from the electrode and dried.
In the In situ conductivity measurements the polymer was deposited on a two-strips gold electrode in a three
electrode cell with a specially designed electronic circuit supplying 10 mV DC voltage across the two gold strips
(Holze and & Lippe 1990). In this measurements the two gold strips of the electrode are separated by a gap of a
few micrometers that is easily bridged through deposition of conducting polymers, when both electrodes are
connected electrically together and used as the working electrode. Although this setup is associated with the
problem of ensuring the identical thicknesses of films across the insulating gap, nevertheless, approximately
reproducible results can be obtained by adjusting the experimental conditions as very thin films can usually form
good bridges over the gap between the electrodes.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1 Electrochemical oxidation of OA and EDOTCA
Figure 2 shows the electrooxidation of MA (10 mM) in 0.1 M TBATFB solution when cycling the
potential between -0.2 and 1.50 V at a scan rate of 100 mV/s. In the positive sweep one anodic peaks are
well defined at 0.934 V is caused by the oxidation of –NH2 of MA. The anodic peak due to electro oxidation
of 10 mM MA started around +0.673 V (versus Ag/AgCl), in 0.1 M TBATFB/acetonitrile solution.
The oxidation peak of MA at platinum working electrode were reported by Ozyilmaz et al. (2008) at +0.93 V for
low scan rate and at approx. +1.21V for high scan rate which is in perfect agreement with our result. On the
negative sweep the cyclic voltammogram is not showing any corresponding reduction peaks.
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3. Chemistry and Materials Research
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Vol.3 No.10, 2013
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0.00025
0.00020
/ A
0.00015
I
0.00010
0.00005
0.00000
-0.00005
-0.5
0.0
0.5
EA
g /A g C l
/ V
1.0
1.5
Figure 2. Cyclic voltammogram for electrolysis of solution containing 10 mM MA in 0.1 M TBATFB in
acetonitrile by cycling the potential between -0.2 and 1.5 V at a scan rate of 100 mV/s.
Figure 3 shows the electro-oxidation of EDOTCA (10 mM) in 0.1 M TBATFB/ acetonitrile solution
when cycling the potential between -0.3 and 1.6 V at a scan rate of 100 mV/s. In the positive sweep one
anodic peaks are well defined at 1.549 V is caused by the oxidation of the sulfur atom of EDOTCA. The
position of this anodic peak is higher with 19 mV than that reported by Ocampo et al. (2006) for the
oxidation of 10 mM 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) in a solution of 0.1 M LiClO4 in acetonitrile and
at steel electrode. Ocampo et al. (2006) also reported that a second anodic peak corresponds to the oxidation
of EDOT located at higher potential value and overlaps with the oxidation of the medium. Both, the anodic peak
that observed in this study for EDOTCA and the one that obtained by Ocampo et al.(2006) for EDOT are higher
than that reported elsewhere (Saraҫ et al. 2003, Vasantha & Phani 2002). All of the differences between the
position of the anodic potential that observed in our study for EDOTCA and that reported for EDOT in previous
works can be attributed to two reasons. The first one is the structural difference between EDOT and EDOTCA.
The second one is that we used in our experiments a different supporting electrolyte and working electrode
than that used in the reported works for electrochemical behavior of EDOT.
0.0005
0.0004
I
/ A
0.0003
0.0002
0.0001
0.0000
-0.5
0.0
0.5
EA
g /A g C l
/ V
1.0
1.5
Figure 3. Cyclic voltammogram for electrolysis of solution containing 10 mM EDOTCA in 0.1 M TBATFB in
acetonitrile by cycling the potential between -0.3 and 1.6 V at a scan rate of 100 mV/s.
3.2 Electrochemical homopolymerization of MA
The multisweep cyclic voltammograms (40 cycles) of 1 mM MA in 0.1 M TBATFB/acetonitrile solution at gold
electrode are displayed in Figure 4. It was observed from Figure 4 that the oxidation peak of the MA in the first
cycle disappears and anew anodic and cathodic currents increase in the potential region between -200.0 and 1.07
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Vol.3 No.10, 2013
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V with each subsequent cycle. Obviously, These currents are corresponding growth of the PMA films at the gold
surface. In the positive sweep in the cycles of Figure 4 an anodic beaks observed at 0.384 and 0.875 V. In the
negative sweep the cyclic voltammograms are showing a two corresponding reduction peaks at -0.008 and 0.571
V. These peaks are caused by oxidations and reductions of the polymers films that growth at the gold surface.
0.00025
F ir s t C y c le
0.00020
I
/ A
0.00015
0.00010
0.00005
0.00000
-0.00005
-0.00010
-0.00015
-0.5
0.0
EA
0.5
g /A g C l
/ V
1.0
1.5
Figure 4. Cyclic voltammograms for electrolysis of solution containing 10 mM MA in 0.1 M TBATFB in
acetonitrile by cycling the potential between -0.2 and 1.5 V at a scan rate of 100 mV/s.
The PMA modified electrode was then immersed into monomer free electrolyte solution and its
cyclic voltammogram was recorded in the potential range between -0.2 and 1.20 V as depicted in Figure 5.
The film was very stable; it did not lose its electrochemical activity after repetitive cycling both at very low
and very high scan rates in this potential region. The cyclic voltammogram of the PMA film (Figure 5) shows
a two anodic peaks at 0.371 and 1.067 V and its corresponding cathodic waves at 0.217 and 0.707 V.
This electrochemical behavior are totally different from the electrochemical behavior of the MA
monomers which are described in the Figure 2. This difference is an evidence of the formation of the polymer
film at the gold surface. Bereket et al. (2005) reported that the PMA film exhibits one broad oxidation and
one reduction peaks in the blank solution. In them results the broad anodic peak was observed in the
potential range between 0.3 to 1.6 V which in the potential range of the two anodic peaks that observed in our
study. The difference between our result and that of Bereket et al (2003) might be related to the difference in
the electrolyte solutions that they used in them experiments from that one we used in this study. In our study we
used 0.1 M TBATFB in acetonitrile as supporting electrolyte. The supporting electrolyte used in the experiments
of Bereket et al. is 20mM HClO4 in 0.1M tetrabutylammonium perchlorate. The use of this supporting
electrolyte might cause an overlap between tow anodic peaks to appear as broad one as reported in the Bereket et
al. (2005) result. A two well-resolved anodic peaks in the cyclic voltammograms recorded during the synthesis
of PMA film in aqueous solution of H2SO4 as supporting electrolyte are reported elsewhere (Borole et al. 2005).
Patil et al. (1997) were reported the difference between the electrochemical behavior of PMA in the presence and
absence of NaCl. They obtained a well distinct peaks in the cyclic voltammogram of the PMA that deposited in
the presence of NaCl in the deposition medium. While in the absence of NaCl in the the deposition medium they
observed that the peaks of the cyclic voltammogram are not well-resolved.
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I
/ A
0.0001
0.0000
-0.0001
0.0
E
/ V
0.5
A g /A g C l
1.0
Figure 5. Cyclic voltammograms for electrolysis of PMA in 0.1 M TBATFB/ acetonitrile solution (in monomer
free electrolyte solution) at a scan rate of 100 mV/s
3.3 Electrochemical homopolymerization of EDOTCA
Figure 6 shows the multisweep cyclic voltammograms (40 cycles) of 10 mM EDOTCA in
0.1 M TBATFB/acetonitrile solution at gold electrode. The formation and growth of the poly(EDOTCA)
polymer (PEDOTCA) film can easily be seen in this figure. The oxidation and reduction peaks of the film
increase in intensity as the film grows. In the multisweep cyclic voltammograms of Figure 6 the anodic current
that corresponds of the polymer film growth appears in the range between -0.052 and 0.835 V and
its corresponding cathodic one appears in the range between -0.285 and 0.686 V. This wide range potential
of electropolymerization is also observed in the in the cyclic voltammograms that recorded
for electropolymerization of EDOT in different supporting electrolytes and at different working
electrodes as reported by several previous works (Ocampo et al. 2006, Saraҫ et al. 2003, Ahmed et al. 2012).
0.00030
0.00025
0.00015
I
/ A
0.00020
0.00010
0.00005
0.00000
-0.00005
-0.5
0.0
EA
0.5
g /A g C l
/ V
1.0
1.5
2.0
Figure 6. Cyclic voltammograms for electrolysis of solution containing 10 mM EDOTCA in 0.1 M TBATFB in
acetonitrile by cycling the potential between -0.3 and 1.5 V at a scan rate of 100 mV/s.
A cyclic voltammogram was recorded for the gold electrode that covered with a layers of
the polymer PEDOTCA layers in a monomer free electrolyte solution in the potential range between -0.3 and 1.1
V as shown in Figure 7. The film was very stable; it did not lose its electrochemical activity after
repetitive cycling both at very low and very high scan rates in this potential region. The cyclic voltammogram of
the PEDOTCA film (Figure 7) shows two anodic peaks at 0.062 V and at 0.541 V and its corresponding cathodic
peak at 0.026 V and at 0.423 V. This electrochemical behavior are totally different from the electrochemical
behavior of the EDOTCA monomers which are described in the Figure 3. This difference is an evidence of the
formation of the polymer film at the gold surface. The two redox processes of Figure 7 located at higher
electrode potentials than that reported by Saraҫ et al. (2003) for poly(EDOT). They polymerized EDOT from a
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solution of 0.01 M of monomer concentration and in a supporting electrolyte that consist of 0.1 M
LiClO4/propylene carbonate at the carbon fibre microelectrode. These condition of polymerization are different
from that used in our study for elctropolymerization of EDOTCA. Therefore the two redox processes that
observed in our study are located at higher electrode potential than that reported by Saraҫ et al. Also the presence
of carboxylic acid group as substituent in PEDOTCA might be a second reason for the shifts of the two redox
processes to a higher electrode potentials as compared to that of poly(EDOT). It should be mentioned that the
shape of cyclic voltammogram of the PEDOTCA that obtained in our study is very similar to that reported for
poly(EDOT) (Saraҫ et al. 2003).
0.00010
I
/ A
0.00005
0.00000
-0.00005
-0.5
0.0
EA
/ V
0.5
g /A g C l
1.0
Figure 7. Cyclic voltammograms for electrolysis of PEDOTCA in 0.1 M TBATFB/ acetonitrile solution (in
monomer free electrolyte solution) at a scan rate of 100 mV/s
3.4 Electrochemical copolymerization of EDOTCA and MA
We used several different polymerization solutions with different feed ratios to prepare four new copolymers
consists of MA and EDOTCA by using cyclic voltammetry method. The copolymers, synthesized with various
feed ratios, were labeled copolymer A (COPA, 20mM MA + 5mM EDOTCA), copolymer B (COPB, 20mM MA
+ 10mM EDOTCA), copolymer C (COPC, 20mM MA + 15mM EDOTCA) and copolymer D (COPD, 5mM
MA + 20mM EDOTCA). Figure 8 a-d show the cyclic voltammograms recorded during the synthesis of
the above mentioned copolymers. The overall observations and results based on cyclic voltammograms of Figure
8 are concluded as follows. In each case it was observed an anodic and cathodic currents increase with each
subsequent cycle. These currents corresponding growth of the copolymers at the gold surfaces. The cyclic
voltammograms of Figure 8 are different from that of individual homopolymers (Figure 4 and 6). This difference
is notable when the concentration of EDOTCA monomer in the polymerization solution becomes very close to
that of MA monomer as in the case of COPB (Figure 8b) and COPC (Figure 8c). When the concen-tration of
EDOTCA monomer in the polymerization solution is very low as compared to that of MA monomer the cyclic
voltammograms (Figure 8a) becomes very similar to that of homopolymer MA (Figure 4). This indicates that
high MA units are incorporated into this copolymer chains. When the concentration of EDOTCA monomer in
the polymerization solution is very high as compared to that of MA monomer the cyclic voltammogram (Figure
8d) becomes very similar to that of homopolymerization of EDOTCA (Figure 6). Thus COPD are expected to
have more EDOTCA units at the copolymer backbone than that of MA units. Generally in all cases these
difference is further supports the formation of copolymers and thus, we got four different copolymers by
changing the monomers feed ratios in the polymerization solution.
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a
C O P A
b
0.0003
)
(
0.00015
0.0002
0.00010
0.0001
/ A
/ A
0.00005
I
I
C O P B
)
(
0.00020
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0.0000
0.00000
-0.0001
-0.00005
-0.0002
-0.00010
-0.4
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
EA
/ V0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
-0.5
C O P C
0.0
d
0.5
EA
g /A g C l
/ V
1.0
1.5
C O P D
(
0.0003
)
)
(
c
0.6
g /A g C l
0.00025
0.0002
0.00020
0.0001
/ A
0.0000
I
I
/ A
0.00015
0.00010
0.00005
-0.0001
0.00000
-0.0002
-0.00005
-0.0003
-0.5
0.0
0.5
EA
g /A g C l
/ V
1.0
1.5
-0.5
0.0
EA
0.5
g /A g C l
/ V
1.0
1.5
Figure 8. Cyclic voltammograms for electrolysis of solution containing (a) 20 mM MA + 5mM EDOTCA in 0.1
M TBATFB/acetonitrile (b ) 20 mM MA + 10 mM EDOTCA in 0.1 M TBATFB/acetonitrile (c ) 20
mM MA + 15 mM EDOTCA in 0.1 M TBATFB/acetonitrile (d ) 5 mM MA + 20 mM EDOTCA in
0.1 M TBATFB/acetonitrile at a scan rate of 100 mV/s.
To determine the electrochemical behavior of the copolymers COPA, COPB, COPC and COPD a
cyclic voltammograms were recorded for the gold electrodes that covered with the layers of each copolymer in
a monomer free electrolyte solution. The cyclic voltammograms are shown in Figure 9a-d. Figure 9 shows that
the electrochemical behaviors of copolymers COPA, COPB, COPC and COPD are not identical.
Figure
9a
shows
a
typical
cyclic
voltammogram
of
a
copolymer
obtained
from
a 0.1 M TBATFB/acetonitrile solution containing 20 mM MA and 5 mM EDOTCA. Two
overlaps anodic/cathodic peaks couple appear with the copolymer film at a position quite different
from the positions observed with PMA (Figure 5) and PEDOTCA (Figure 7). The anodic peaks appear at 0.637
and 0.959 V and its corresponding cathodic peaks appear at 0.276 and 0.535 V. The cathodic and anodic currents
of this copolymer are very similar to that found with the homopolymer PMA and higher than that found with the
PEDOTCA. This implies that the electrochemical activity (redox capacity) of this copolymer is very close to that
of the PMA. The difference between the two anodic/cathodic peak couples positions between COPA and PMA
should be attributed to the effects of the presence of small amount of the EDOTCA monomer in the
polymerization solution that used in the case COPA. As the concentration of the EDOTCA monomers increased
in the feed ratio of the polymerization solution that used for the copolymers, the difference in electrochemical
behavior of the copolymers from that of homopolymers becomes notable. This situation is observed in the case
of COPB and COPC. A higher current densities corresponding to the anodic and cathodic peaks are observed for
the copolymers COPB (Figure 9b) and COPC (Figure 9c) than that of homopolymers (Figure 5 and 7 ) and other
copolymers (Figure 9a and 9d). This implies that the electrochemical activity (redox capacity) is higher for these
copolymers. A second observation is that the cyclic voltammograms of these copolymers shows three poorly
resolved anodic/cathodic peak couples. The anodic peaks corresponding to the oxidation of COPB appear at
0.539, 0.924 and 1.374 V and its corresponding cathodic peaks appear at 0.045, 0.784 and 1.27 V. For
the COPC the anodic peaks appears at 0.484, 1.131 and 1.359 V and its corresponding cathodic peaks
appears at -0.096, 0.317 and 1.142 V. When we used higher concentration of the EDOTCA monomers in the
feed ratio of the polymerization solution than that of MA monomers as in the case of COPD (Figure 9d),
the cyclic voltammogram shows only one anod-ic/cathodic peak couple. The anodic peak appears at 0.604 V and
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its corresponding cathodic one appears at 0.208 V. The cathodic and anodic currents of this copolymer are very
similar to that found with the homopolymer PEDOTCA and lower than that found with the other copolymers.
0.0004
C O P A
b
C O P B
)
(
)
(
a
0.0001
/ A
I
/ A
0.0002
I
0.0000
0.0000
-0.0002
-0.5
EA
0.5
g /A g C l
/ V
1.0
1.5
-1.0
2.0
0.0
0.5
d
0.00015
C O P C
g /A g C l
/ V
1.0
1.5
2.0
1.0
1.5
2.0
C O P D
)
(
-0.5
EA
(
c
0.0
)
-0.0001
-1.0
0.0004
0.00010
/ A
/ A
0.00005
I
I
0.0000
0.00000
-0.00005
-0.0004
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
E
0.5
A g /A g C l
/ V 1.0
1.5
2.0
-0.00010
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
EA
0.5
g /A g C l
/ V
Figure 9. Cyclic voltammograms for the gold electrodes covered with (a) COPA, (b) COPB, (c) COPC and (d)
COPD in 0.1 M TBATFB/acetonitrile solution (in monomer free electrolyte solution) at a scan rate of
100 mV/s
3.5 FTIR measurements
The copolymer was characterized by FTIR. The FTIR spectra of PMA, PEDOTCA, COPA, COPB, COPC and
COPD are shown in Figure 10a-f. Assignments of the observed bands are listed in Table 1 and based
on literature data ( Varsányi 1974, Dollish et al. 1974, Lin-Vien et al. 1991, Larkin 2011, Stuart 2004).
The spectrum of POA (Figure 9a, Table 1) shows a peaks at 736, 1032, 1045, 1150, 1378 and 1460 cm-1
which are assigned for γ(CH) of aromatic ring, δ(ring), ν(Ph-O-C), ν(C-N-C), δ(CH) of aromatic ring and
ν(ring), respectively. In the spectrum of PEDOTCA (Figure 10b, Table 1), there are several peaks appears at
820, 865, 1253, 1503 and 1619 cm-1 that assigned for βas(CH2), thiophene ring breathing, ν(C-O-C)
of ethylenedioxy moiety, ν(ring) and ν(ring), respectively. These Peaks are clearly distinguishable from that
of POA. Most of the above mentioned characteristic peaks of PMA and PEDOTCA are also appeared in
the spectra of the copolymers COPA (Figure 10c), COPB (Figure 10d), COPC (Figure 10e) and COPD
(Figure 10f). This feature indicated that these copolymers contains both OA and EDOTCA units. Its
was notable that most of the paeks of COPD (Figure 9f) were common for PEDOTCA. This result confirms that
the the EDOTCA units are dominant in the copolymer COPD. This conclussion confirms our result that
discussed above in the case of electrochemical behaviour of this copolymer. It should be mensitioned that there
are two new peaks appeared only in the copolymers spectra. The first one appeared at 693, 688, 694, and
678 cm-1 in the spectrum of COPA, COPB, COPC and COPD, respectively. The second peak appeared at
1585, 1587 and 1584 cm-1 in the spectrum of COPA, COPB and COPC, respectively. Since these
peaks are missed in the spectra of the homopolymers it was probably that these peaks are
concerning the intramolecular interaction between MA and EDOTAC units at the copolymers backbone.
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Vol.3 No.10, 2013
a
P M A
0.25
b
)
(
0.20
Absorption / -
0.15
Absorption / -
P E D O T C A
)
(
0.20
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0.10
0.05
0.15
0.10
500
750
1000
1250
1500
1750
2000
500
750
-1
1250
1500
1750
2000
Wavenumbers / cm
C O P B
)
d
(
C O P A
)
(
c
1000
-1
Wavenumbers / cm
0.30
0.15
0.20
Absorption / -
Absorption / -
0.25
0.15
0.10
0.10
0.05
0.05
500
750
1000
1250
1500
1750
2000
500
750
-1
1250
1500
1750
2000
1500
1750
2000
Wavenumbers / cm
C O P C
f
0.30
C O P D
)
(
)
(
e
1000
-1
Wavenumbers / cm
0.15
0.25
Absorption / -
Absorption / -
0.20
0.10
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.05
500
750
1000
1250
1500
1750
2000
500
-1
750
1000
1250
-1
Wavenumbers / cm
Wavenumbers / cm
Figure 10. Infrared spectrum of the copolymers, resolution 4 cm-1, 32 scans.
27
10. Chemistry and Materials Research
ISSN 2224- 3224 (Print) ISSN 2225- 0956 (Online)
Vol.3 No.10, 2013
www.iiste.org
Table1. Assignment of vibrational modes of the homopolymers and copolymers.
Mode
γ(ring)a
β(C-(OH))b
γ(ring)a
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
γas(CH2)b
n.a.
n.a.
γ(CH)a
n.a.
βas(CH2)b
ring breathingb
γ(CH)a
δ(ring)a
ν(Ph-O-C)a
ν(C-S)b
δ(CH)a
ν(C-N-C)a
n.a.
ν(C-O-C)b
δ(ring)a
ν(ring)b
δ(CH)a
ν(ring)b
ν(ring)a
ν(ring)a
ν(ring)b
ν(ring)b
n.a.
ν(ring)b
ν(C=O)b
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
PMA
412
499
561
736
791
887
1032
1045
1086
1150
1283
1378
1460
1483
-
PEDOTCA
445
521
613
659
716
820
865
1056
1172
1253
1327
1430
1503
1536
1619
1674
1783
1923
1953
Infrared Band Position (cm-1)
COPA
COPB
413
478
517
512
693
688
742
739
837
822
866
867
1029
1047
1043
1092
1155
1157
1242
1245
1292
1326
1379
1378
1468
1451
1504
1508
1585
1587
1623
1623
-
COPC
694
738
823
863
1026
1044
1152
1242
1291
1382
1453
1505
1584
1624
-
COPD
442
578
606
651
678
714
736
821
862
1024
1100
1173
1254
1326
1425
1504
1691
1776
1929
1956
a
: band corresponding to MA moiety of the polymer; b: band corresponding to EDOT moiety of the polymer; δ: in-plane deformation; γ: outof-plane deformation; ν: stretchinz; βas: rocking; γas: twisting; β: bend; n.a.: not assigned.
3.6 In situ conductivity measurements
The resistivity versus the applied electrode potential plot of PMA in 0.1 M TBATFB/acetonitrile is displayed in
Figure 11a. PMA shows two changes in resistivity. When the applied potential is increased, the resistivity of
PMA decreases sharply by 1.9 orders of magnitude at 0.15 V and then increases again at 0.69 V. When the
potential shift is reversed from 1.0 to -0.2 V, the conductivity is almost completely restored. The resistivity
versus
the
applied
electrode
potential
plot
of
the
other
homopolymer,
PEDOTCA
in 0.1 M TBATFB/acetonitrile is displayed in Figure 11b. The polymer shows a single change in resistivity.
When the applied potential is increased, the resistivity decreased sharply by 2.7 orders of magnitude around
0.49 V with a highly stable conductivity up to 1.2 V. In a potential scan back from 1.5 to -0.2 V, the resistivity
is almost completely restored. The conductivity of PEDOTCA is around one order of magnitude lower than that
of polythiophene (Vogel & Holze 2005). The high resistivity of polythiophene as compared to that
of PEDOTCA should be related the structural difference between them. The presence
of ethylenedioxy substituents at the thiophene ring in PEDOTCA increases the steric hindrance
and distortion along the polymer chain which modifies the structure and thus the properties of the
polymer. It should be mentioned that the observed conductivity of PMA is less than that of PEDOTCA by 2.1
orders of magnitude.
28
11. Chemistry and Materials Research
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Vol.3 No.10, 2013
a
P M A
)
(
7.0
www.iiste.org
6.5
6.0
/ o h m
)
5.0
(
L o g
R
5.5
4.5
4.0
3.5
-0.5
0.0
EA
(
/ V 0.5
1.0
P E D O T C A
)
b
6.0
g /A g C l
5.5
4.0
(
3.5
L o g
/ o h m
)
4.5
R
5.0
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
-0.5
0.0
0.5
EA
g /A g C l
/ V
1.0
1.5
Figure 11. Resistivity versus electrode potential data in a solution of acetonitrile+0.1M TBATFB of (a) PMA, (b)
PEDOTCA.
In situ conductivity measurements with different monomers concentrations in the polymerization solution were
performed; results obtained with copolymers of different compositions are presented in Figure. 12a-d. The
copolymer COPA (Figure. 12a) shows two change in resistivity. When the applied potential is increased, the
resistivity decreases sharply by 2.1 orders of magnitude at 0.18 V with a stable resistivity up to 0.79 V and then
increases again. The resistivity is almost completely restored when the potential is shifted back from 1.5 to 0.2 V. The conductivity behavior of this copolymer is very close to that of PMA and less than that of PEDOTC
by 1.6 orders of magnitude. This indicates that high MA units are incorporated into the copolymer chains. The
copolymers COPB (Figure. 12b) and COPC (Figure. 12c) show two change in resistivity. When the applied
potential is increased, the resistivity decreases sharply by 2.2 orders of magnitude at 0.37 V in the case of COPB
and by2.6 orders of magnitude at 0.46 V in the case of COPC. With further increasing the applied potential , the
resistivity increased sharply at 0.88 V in the case of COPB and at 0.96 V in the case of COPC. The resistivity of
COPB and COPC is not restored when the potential is reversed from 1.5 to -0.2 V. This might be due to
degradation of these copolymers at high potentials. It was notable from the Figures 12b and c that the
conductivity of the copolymers COPB and COPC is higher than that of PMA and less than that of PEDOCA.
The conductivity of the COPD is observed to be 0.2 orders of magnitude less than that of PEDOT. From the
Figure 12d, the resistivity of COPD is decreases sharply by 2.9 orders of magnitude at 0.48 V and with further
increasing the applied potential , the resistivity increased at 0.95 V. The resistivity of this copolymer is not
restored when the potential is reversed from 1.5 to -0.2 V. Based on the observations the in situ conductivity
behaviors of the copolymers are not the sum of those of the two individual homopolymers, but seem to
be determined by the EDOCA fraction in the copolymer. Figure 13 represents the minimum observed resistivity
of the homopolymers and copolymers versus mole fraction of the EDOTCA that used in the
polymerization solution. It was clearly that there is considerable drop in overall resistivity
even at the smallest EDOTCA-content.
29
12. Chemistry and Materials Research
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Vol.3 No.10, 2013
b
6.5
C O P B
)
(
(
C O P A
)
a
6.5
www.iiste.org
6.0
6.0
5.5
5.5
/ o h m
)
/ o h m
5.0
)
4.5
R
R
5.0
4.0
L o g
(
L o g
(
4.5
3.5
4.0
3.0
3.5
2.5
2.0
0.0
0.5
EA
c
/ V
-0.5
1.5
C O P C
d
6.5
g /A g C l
/ V
1.0
1.5
C O P D
6.0
5.5
5.5
5.0
5.0
/ o h m
)
)
/ o h m
0.5
)
(
6.0
4.5
R
R
4.5
L o g
4.0
3.5
(
4.0
(
L o g
0.0
EA
(
6.5
g /A g C l
1.0
)
3.0
-0.5
3.5
3.0
3.0
2.5
2.5
2.0
-0.5
2.0
0.0
0.5
EA
g /A g C l
/ V
1.0
1.5
-0.5
0.0
0.5
EA
g /A g C l
/ V
1.0
1.5
Figure 12. Resistivity versus electrode potential data in a solution of acetonitrile+0.1M TBATFB of (a) COOA,
(b) COPB, (c) COPC, (d) COPD.
5. Conclusion
The electrochemical copolymerization of MA and EDOTCA was successfully realized in a nonaqueous electrolytes . At higher concentrations of MA in the feed, more MA units were incorporated into
the copolymer. The copolymers showed fairly good stability. The copoly-mers formed with different
feed concentrations of monomers exhibited different cyclic volt-ammetric behaviors. All in situ resistivities
of the copolymers were higher than that of PMA in less than that of PEDOTCA homopolymers. Two transitions
were observed in the in situ con-ductivities of the copolymers. A drop in overall resistivity of the copolymers
was observed even at the smallest EDOTCA content.
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