1) The study found that treating Candida albicans biofilms first with the azole antifungal fluconazole, followed by the echinocandin caspofungin, led to a significant decrease in the efficacy of caspofungin against the biofilms.
2) This phenomenon occurred due to stress responses in the biofilm cells induced by the fluconazole exposure. A key player in these stress responses is the heat shock protein Hsp90.
3) Depleting Hsp90 in the cells eliminated the decreased efficacy of caspofungin against biofilms pretreated with fluconazole. The stress response regulator calcineurin was also found to be involved but the cell wall
Third-generation beta-lactam antibiotics are effective against a wider range of microorganisms than are older antibiotics. Cefotaxime, moxalactam, cefoperazone, ceftizoxime, ceftazidime, cefsulodin, and ceftriaxone were used to treat 102 patients
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
KPC (Klebsiella pneumoniae Carbapenemases) producing bacteria has become a global threat, mainly due to the limited treatment options.
This video gives a basic outline of the KPC enzyme and KPC-producing bacteria.
You can view a video of this presentation here: https://youtu.be/vp7oyKyAq1s
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Third-generation beta-lactam antibiotics are effective against a wider range of microorganisms than are older antibiotics. Cefotaxime, moxalactam, cefoperazone, ceftizoxime, ceftazidime, cefsulodin, and ceftriaxone were used to treat 102 patients
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
KPC (Klebsiella pneumoniae Carbapenemases) producing bacteria has become a global threat, mainly due to the limited treatment options.
This video gives a basic outline of the KPC enzyme and KPC-producing bacteria.
You can view a video of this presentation here: https://youtu.be/vp7oyKyAq1s
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Dr Gokul Bangalore: Over the years antibiotic resistant infections have emerged as a serious threat world over. The mortality is increasing phenomenally and a serious thought should be given to prevent or at least delay the rapid development of resistance. Alexander Fleming clearly said in his speech when he received the Nobel prize in 1950, for the discovery of Penicillin, that if these antibiotics fall into wrong hands and misused, there will be increasing development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria ultimately pushing the world into pre antibiotic era. How true. The world is facing this now. Antibiotics are a single class of drugs which are maximally misused,abused, indiscriminately used and over used. Antibiotic stewardship programs should have been in place at least 40 years back when a pattern of resistance started emerging. Now every individual who prescribe antibiotics should think globally act locally. However there are a number of reasons for the failure of antibiotic stewardship programs. That is a different issue and addressed seriously.Gokul Bangalore: Dr. B. N. Gokul. MBBS, MD (Bangalore), Cert. HIC & ID (Sweden).
Former: Professor of Microbiology, NIMHANS, Bangalore,
This presentation gives a little details about 5th generation of cephalosporins and their usage.
it was done as a university presentation for Microbiology class.
The cephalosporins are β-lactam antibiotics isolated from Cephalosporium spp. or prepared semisynthetically
Most of the antibiotics introduced since 1965 have been semisynthetic cephalosporins.
Dr Gokul Bangalore: Over the years antibiotic resistant infections have emerged as a serious threat world over. The mortality is increasing phenomenally and a serious thought should be given to prevent or at least delay the rapid development of resistance. Alexander Fleming clearly said in his speech when he received the Nobel prize in 1950, for the discovery of Penicillin, that if these antibiotics fall into wrong hands and misused, there will be increasing development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria ultimately pushing the world into pre antibiotic era. How true. The world is facing this now. Antibiotics are a single class of drugs which are maximally misused,abused, indiscriminately used and over used. Antibiotic stewardship programs should have been in place at least 40 years back when a pattern of resistance started emerging. Now every individual who prescribe antibiotics should think globally act locally. However there are a number of reasons for the failure of antibiotic stewardship programs. That is a different issue and addressed seriously.Gokul Bangalore: Dr. B. N. Gokul. MBBS, MD (Bangalore), Cert. HIC & ID (Sweden).
Former: Professor of Microbiology, NIMHANS, Bangalore,
This presentation gives a little details about 5th generation of cephalosporins and their usage.
it was done as a university presentation for Microbiology class.
The cephalosporins are β-lactam antibiotics isolated from Cephalosporium spp. or prepared semisynthetically
Most of the antibiotics introduced since 1965 have been semisynthetic cephalosporins.
Slides from a talk given at the Queensland Azure user group on using Azure Storage with mobile apps, either using the traditional WebApi approach or using the Azure libraries direct from the mobile
Brief resource analysis of Ethiopia's energy infrastructure: sun, wind and grid interconnect. Lots of opportunity to bring basic electricity to the hardest constraint area to the remote SouthEast.
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Comparision of in vitro antibacterial activity of cefoperazone and levofloxac...pharmaindexing
Cefoperazone (a third generation cephalosporin) has effective in vitro activity against majority of pathogens. Levofloxacin (a flouroquinolone) is one which prescribed more due to its increased antibacterial activity against Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and atypical bacteria. Microbial resistance to antibiotics is now prevalent and poses a serious clinical threat. An attempt has been made to evaluate sensitivity of Cefoperazone and Levofloxacin against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi. A total of 120 isolates were collected from different pathological laboratories and medical centers in Karachi, Pakistan. The above stated clinical isolates were extracted from urine/stool, skin, blood and sputum samples. Results show least resistance of Levofloxacin as compare to Cefoperazone against Escherichia coli (32.5% and 42.5%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (36% and 48%) while Staphylococcus aureus is still susceptible towards Cefoperazone and least sensitive to Levofloxacin by showing 26.6% and 50% resistance respectively. Study concluded that the prevalent pathogens are still susceptible towards Levofloxacin and Cefoperazone but the gradual increase in resistance is alarming to the general practice of prescribing antibiotic which require routine evaluation and surveillance to ensure the effectiveness of the antibacterial agents.
A comparative study of procedures for binding of aflatoxin M1 to 1 Lactobacil...Jean Claude Assaf
Several strains of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB), frequently used in food fermentation and 20 preservation, have been reported to bind different types of toxins in liquid media. This study 21 was carried out to investigate the effect of different concentrations of Lactobacillus 22 rhamnosus GG (ATCC 53103) to bind aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in liquid media. AFM1 binding 23 was tested following repetitive washes or filtration procedures in combination with additional 24 treatments as heat, pipetting, and centrifugation. The mixture of L. rhamnosus GG and AFM1 25 was incubated for 18 hours at 37 °C and the unbound AFM1 was quantified by HPLC. The 26 stability of the bacteria-AFM1 complex for both viable and heat treated bacteria was tested. 27 Depending on the bacterial concentration and procedure used, the percentages of bound AFM1 28 by L. rhamnosus GG varied from as low as undetectable to as high as 63%. The highest 29 reduction in the level of unbound AFM1 was recorded for the five washes procedure that 30 involved heat and pipetting treatments. Results also showed that binding was partially 31 reversible and AFM1 was released after repeated washes. These findings highlight the effect 32 of different treatments on the binding of L. rhamnosus GG to AFM1 in liquid matrix.
To enjoy the presentation kindly download it.
For Original view, download "Poetsen One" font style from dafont website.
Here I have discussed all the first to fifth generation cephalosporins.
DNA Gyrase Inhibitors -Quinolones,Fluoroquinolones Vijay Salvekar
DNA Gyrase Inhibitors -Quinolones,Fluoroquinolones ,its Structure,Antimicrobial activity ,Mechanism of action,classifications ,Mechanisms of Resistance,Pharmacokinetics,Clinical uses,Adverse effects
DNA Gyrase Inhibitors -quinolones and Fluoroquinolones.pptxVijay Salvekar
DNA gyrase inhibitors of synthetic origin. Fluoroquinolones have been the most successful antibacterial agents targeting DNA gyrase. These compounds have been extensively explored and researched to improve spectrum of activity, potency and bacterial resistance.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
2. stricted to sessile cells within the biofilms and may not be retained
by the cells once they disperse out of the biofilm community.
Through evolution, C. albicans has developed mechanisms
that allow this opportunistic pathogen to cope with a variety of
environmental stresses and adapt to diverse niches within the host
(14, 17). Thus, we hypothesize that the induced resistance to
caspofungin seen subsequent to fluconazole treatment might have
been due to a cellular stress response subsequent to the exposure
of biofilm cells to fluconazole. In fact, these cellular stress re-
sponses have been involved in the development of resistance to
both azoles and echinocandins, mostly controlled by the Hsp90
molecular chaperone (14, 17–19) and, more recently, we have
reported on the important role of Hsp90 in mediating fungal bio-
film resistance (20). Therefore, our original investigations into the
mechanism(s) of induced caspofungin resistance subsequent to
fluconazole treatment focused first on a potential role of Hsp90.
Briefly, we used a tetracycline-regulatable HSP90 strain where
Hsp90 levels can be regulated by doxycycline (DOX) in growth
medium (21). In the absence of DOX (when HSP90 is being ex-
pressed), the tet-HSP90 strain behaved similarly to the wild-type
strains of C. albicans in that the biofilms were completely resistant
to fluconazole and sensitive to caspofungin (Fig. 1B). Also, simi-
larly to control biofilms, under these conditions the tet-HSP90
biofilms displayed elevated caspofungin resistance after prior ex-
posure to fluconazole (Fig. 1B). However, when DOX was added
into the biofilm growth medium, leading to a depletion of Hsp90
levels, we found that the induced resistance to the echinocandin
was virtually abolished (Fig. 1C). Overall, these results highlight
that C. albicans Hsp90 plays an important role in the induced
resistance to caspofungin displayed by cells within the biofilms
subsequent to fluconazole pretreatment.
Hsp90 helps C. albicans cells to survive the lethal effect of the
antifungal drugs by stabilizing key regulators of cellular signaling
(14, 17, 21). Thus, to further dissect the mechanism(s) by which
Hsp90 regulates the induced resistance in the sequential flucona-
zole-caspofungin treatment, we utilized strains lacking specific
downstream effectors of Hsp90. In particular, both calcineurin, a
Ca2ϩ
-calmodulin-activated protein phosphatase, and Mkc1, the
terminal mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in the protein
kinase C (PKC) signaling cascade, represent major Hsp90 client
proteins involved in antifungal drug resistance in C. albicans, in-
cluding during the biofilm mode of growth (14, 20, 22). To this
end, we examined the C. albicans mutant strain lacking the cata-
lytic subunit of calcineurin (⌬cna1 cna1) (19) in our sequential
checkerboard antifungal drug assay. As expected, the biofilms
formed by the calcineurin mutant were more sensitive to flucona-
zole with an SMIC50 of 32 g/ml (Fig. 2A). These biofilms were
also hypersensitive to caspofungin. We found that pretreatment of
the calcineurin mutants with fluconazole did not translate into
subsequent caspofungin resistance (Fig. 2A). In fact, despite the
fluconazole exposure, these biofilms were still hypersensitive to
caspofungin.
As mentioned before, Mkc1 is an important determinant of the
PKC-cell wall integrity pathway (23). Since the primary target of
caspofungin is -1,3-glucan in the cell wall (24), we questioned if any
compensatorymechanismsinthecellwallmayalsoinfluencebiofilm
resistance to caspofungin after fluconazole treatment. However, as
shown in Fig. 2B and in stark contrast to results obtained using the
calcineurin mutant, fluconazole pretreatment still resulted in in-
ducedresistancetocaspofunginofbiofilmsformedbythemkc1mkc1
mutant strain (25). These results clearly indicate that Mkc1, the ter-
minal MAPK in the PKC signaling cascade, is dispensable for the
induction of caspofungin resistance after exposure to fluconazole.
FIG 1 (A) Biofilms of C. albicans SC5314 were grown in 96-well microtiter
plates in RPMI medium at 37°C. After 24 h, cells were washed with phosphate-
buffered saline (PBS) to remove nonadherent cells and fresh medium was
added with various concentrations of antifungal drugs in a checkerboard for-
mat. First, fluconazole (FLC) was added in all but the first column of the wells,
which was replenished with RPMI medium. After 24 h of fluconazole pretreat-
ment, biofilms were washed once with PBS and then treated with different
concentrations of caspofungin (CAS) for an additional 24 h. Metabolic activity
of the biofilm cells was measured using the XTT assay. (B and C) Genetic
compromise of HSP90 results in sensitivity to caspofungin despite fluconazole
pretreatment. HSP90 levels were regulated in the C. albicans tetracycline-reg-
ulatable (⌬hsp90 tet HSP90) strain by the presence and absence of DOX. In the
absence of DOX (when HSP90 was being expressed), the strain showed a re-
sponse similar to that of the SC5314 wild-type strain with induction of caspo-
fungin resistance. However, in the presence of DOX (lacking HSP90 expres-
sion), the biofilms were sensitive to caspofungin subsequent to fluconazole
exposure. Color gradients are representative of biofilm viability such that light
colors depict maximum metabolic activity (low inhibition) and the darkest
color represents maximum inhibition of biofilm viability.
TABLE 1 Preexposure to azole antifungal agents induces subsequent
resistance to echinocandin derivatives in C. albicans biofilms, as
measured by SMIC80 using the XTT reduction assaya
Sequential treatment
SMIC80 (g/ml)a
No azole
(echinocandin
only)
Low
azole
concn
Medium
azole
concn
High
azole
concn
Fluconazole-caspofungin 0.25 0.25 Ͼ2 Ͼ2
Fluconazole-micafungin 0125 0.125 Ͼ2 Ͼ2
Fluconazole-anidulafungin 0.125 0.125 Ͼ2 Ͼ2
Voriconazole-caspofungin 0.25 0.5 Ͼ2 Ͼ2
a
The low, medium, and high azole concentrations were 1, 64 and 512 g/ml for
fluconazole and 0.25, 16, and 128 g/ml for voriconazole, respectively.
Sarkar et al.
1184 aac.asm.org Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
onJune19,2015byguesthttp://aac.asm.org/Downloadedfrom
3. Overall, this report reveals that, in a sequential antifungal drug
therapy regimen in vitro, prior treatment of C. albicans biofilms
with an azole leads to a significant decrease in the efficacy of echi-
nocandin agents, almost completely abolishing their otherwise ex-
cellent in vitro antibiofilm activity. This activity is dependent on
the concentration of azole used, in that biofilms pretreated with
higher concentrations of azole derivatives demonstrated higher
resistance to echinocandins under both static and flow conditions.
This phenomenon is related to the induction of cell stress re-
sponses mediated by Hsp90 and its client protein calcineurin but
not by Mkc1. If confirmed in vivo, these observations may have
profound implications for the clinical management of patients
with candidiasis, further advocating for the use of echinocandins
as first-line therapy when a biofilm etiology is suspected.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was supported by a grant from Merck & Co., Inc.
We thank Leah E. Cowen for C. albicans mutant strains and Rick
Kirkpatrick and the Fungus Testing Lab at UTHSCSA for isolates of non-
albicans Candida spp.
The content of this work is solely our responsibility and does not
necessarily represent the official views of the founder.
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