According to PCI Syllabus For OU, JNTU, UPTU Links of other videos on Antibiotics 1)Antibiotics-History & Introduction|Medicinal Chemistry https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xdKch... 2)Learn Complete Topic -β-Lactam antibiotics(Penicillin) in Medicinal Chemistry https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qXQ3S... Learn easily Chapter β-Lactam antibiotics Cephalosporin contents -History & Classification -SAR & Synthesis -Use & Adverse Effects

1. Chapter Content
-History & Classification
-SAR & Synthesis
-Use & Adverse Effects
According to PCI Syllabus
For OU,JNTU,UPTU

2. History of Cephalosporins
The cephalosporins are a class of β-lactam antibiotics originally derived from the
fungus Acremonium, which was previously known as "Cephalosporium".
The first chemical compounds of the cephalosporin group were isolated from
Cephalosporium acremonium, a cephalosporin-producing fungus first discovered by
Giuseppe Brotzu in 1948 from a sewage outfall off the Sardinian coast.
He noticed these cultures produced substances that were effective against
Salmonella typhi, the cause of typhoid fever, which had β-lactamase.
Guy Newton and Edward Abraham at the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology at the
University of Oxford isolated cephalosporin C.
The first agent cefalotin (cephalothin), was launched by Eli Lilly and Company in 1964.

3. Chemistry Of Cephalosporin
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-It has a bicyclic system containing 4- membered 𝜷 -lactam ring fused to a six membered dihydro
thiazine ring system.
-Nucleus of the most cephalosporin is 7- amino-cephalosporanic acid (7 ACA) .
-The nucleus of Cephalosporins, 7-aminocephalosporanic acid bears a close resemblance to 6-amino
penicillanic acid.

4. Chemical Classification
Drug Name
1st Generation Cephalosporins
Active against gram-
positive
Bacteria
-Pneumococci
-Streptococci
-Staphylococci
Gram Negative Bacteria
-E.Coli
-Klebsiella pnumoniae

5. Second Generation
R R1
Active against
-Hemophilus
-Enterobacter aerogenes
-Neisseria Species.

6. Third Generation R R1
-Much more activity against gram-negative
bacilli
-β-lactamase producing strains of
Haemophilus and Neisseria.

7. Fourth Generation
R R1
They have increased
stability from hydrolysis by
plasmid and chromosomally
mediated β- lactamases.

8. 5th Generation
Ceftaroline Fosamil
Ceftobiprole

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10. Acetoxy group=
Acyl Group=

12. Synthesis:
7-Aminocephalosporin
acid from Cephalosporin C

13. Synthesis of Cefalexin

14. Synthesis of Cefazolin

15. Synthesis of Cefadroxil

17. Cephalosporin Mode of Action
Cephalosporins are a type of β-lactam
antibiotic closely related to the penicillin's.
They are bactericidal, with the same MOA as
other beta-lactams.
Cephalosporins disrupt synthesis of the
peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls.
Peptidoglycan is a strong structural molecule
specific to the cells walls of bacteria. With
the cell wall structure compromised, the
bactericidal result is lysis and death of the
cell.
Our cells do not have cells walls or
peptidoglycan, therefore, B-lactam
antibiotics are able to target bacterial cells
without harming human cells.

18. Therapeutic Uses of
1st Generation Cephalosporin 3rd Generation Cephalosporin
• Pharyngitis -Gonorrhea
• Tonsillitis -Meningitis
• Otitis -Sepsis
• Pneumonia -Typhoid
• UTI -Surgical prophylaxis
• Skin infections -Intra-abdominal infections
• Bone infections (cefazolin)
• Surgical prophylaxis (cefazolin is drug of choice ) 4th Generation Cephalosporin
-Upper RTI
2nd Generation Cephalosporin -Intra abdominal infections
• Upper RTI (weaker effect) -Febrile neutropenia
• Pneumonia 5th Generation Cephalosporin
• Bone infections -Skin infections
• Gonorrhea
• Surgical prophylaxis(cefuroxime 1.5 G 1hour prior )
• Meningitis (cefuroxime ; but less effective than 3rd
• generation

19. Brand Name of Cephalosporin drugs
• Ceftin and Zinacef (cefuroxime)
• Duricef (cefadroxil)
• Keflex and Keftabs (cephalexin)
• Maxipime (cefepime)
• Ancef and Kefazol (cefazolin)
• Ceclor and Cefaclor (cefaclor)
• Cefdinir
• Rocephin (ceftriaxone)
• Suprax (cefixime)
• Teflaro (ceftaroline fosamil)
• Warnings and Precautions

20. Adverse Effects
Allergic Reactions
Nephrotoxicity
Diarrhoea
Disulfiram like Reaction
Bleeding Disorder
Superinfections