The document discusses intolerance and discrimination in the United States during the 1920s. It describes how the Ku Klux Klan grew in popularity in the 1920s, targeting African Americans and immigrants. Prohibition was introduced in 1920 due to pressure from temperance groups, but ultimately failed due to widespread flouting of the law and the rise of organized crime. The Great Depression began with the stock market crash of 1929, causing unemployment to rise above 14 million by 1933. Roosevelt defeated Hoover in the 1932 election by promising a "New Deal" to address the Depression.
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2. The Key Question:
How far was the US a
free and equal society
in the 1920’s?
- How widespread was racial
intolerance in US society?
- What were the ‘Roaring
Twenties’?
- Why was prohibition
introduced, and then later
repealed?
- How far did the roles of
women change during the
1920s?
Changing attitudes in the 1920s; race
relations and discrimination against African
Americans; the Ku Klux Klan; the ‘Roaring
Twenties’; film and other media; the Red
Scare; the case of Sacco and Vanzetti;
prohibition and reasons for its repeal in
1934; gangsterism and corruption; change
and continuity in the roles of women.
3. Tolerance: Women – greater freedom
• The rise of the ‘flapper’.
• No longer needed chaperones.
• Could drink, smoke and kiss in public.
• Divorces doubled between 1914 and
1929.
• 19th Amendment (voting) August
1920.
• However:
• More in the cities than in the country
eg. Anti Flirt League
• Few women elected into politics by
1929 (Eleanor Roosevelt was the
exception rather than the rule)
4. Intolerance: Racism
• Johnson-Reid Act (1924) – banned Asian
immigration, quota of 150,000 per year
all immigration.
• The Klu Klux Klan – increasingly popular
after the screening of the film: Birth of a
Nation in 1915
• Lynchings, beatings etc of Black African
Americans
• Mainly in areas of WASP (White Anglo
Saxon Protestants), the Bible Belt/Deep
South
• 4.5 million members at their peak in 1924
• Governors of Oklahoma and Oregon were
both members of the Klan
5. Intolerance: The Red Scare
Causes:
• The Russian Revolution 1917 – Americans
feared Communism spreading to America
(NOT the Domino Theory)
• Fear of immigration from Eastern Europe.
• Increasing hysteria whipped up by the press
etc eg. J Edgar Hoover having files on 60,000
suspects with 10,000 being deported (only
556 had any basis in fact!)
Evidence that this was a ‘reality’
• 1919 – 400,000 workers going on strike
• Police going on strike in Boston
• Bombs (36) being sent to prominent
Americans including the Attorney General.
6. Intolerance: Scope and Sacco and Vanzetti
Scopes
• Tennessee (Bible belt) had banned the
teaching of evolution.
• Scopes taught it anyway – he was put on trial.
• Found guilty and fined $100.
Sacco and Vanzetti
• Put on trial for murder despite having a
strong alibi.
• Judge referred to them as “those anarchist
bastards” and described Vanzetti as an
“enemy of existing institutions”
• Sentenced to death
• Executed in 1927 despite massive protests.
7. Intolerance: Prohibition - Causes
• 18th Amendment (Volstead Act)
proposed in 1917 and became
law in 1920.
• By 1916 21 states had already
banned saloons.
• Anti Saloon League and
Women’s Christian Temperance
Union.
• Dries claimed that 3000 infants
were smothered each year by
drunk parents.
8. Intolerance: Prohibition - successes
• Levels of alcohol consumption
fell by 30% in the 1920s
• Enforcement could be effective
eg. Izzy and Moe (prohibition
agents) found alcohol in New
Orleans within 35 seconds.
• In 1929 66, 878 arrests were
made.
9. Intolerance: Prohibition - failures
• The majority of Americans just weren’t willing to
obey the law leading to a black market eg. William
Mckoy made 70 million smuggling in illegal
alcohol..
• Maryland never even introduced prohibition.
• By 1925 there were more speakeasies in cities than
there had been saloons in 1919.
• Corruption – “Put your hands on the table, both of
them. Every son of a bitch wearing a diamond is
fired”, George Remus etc
• Gang violence – Gangs made over $2 billion from
the sale of illegal alcohol, Al Capone made $60
million per year just from his speakeasies.
• This caused increased gang violence eg. St
Valentine’s Day Massacre (7 members of Bugsy
Moran's gang dead – 1929).
• 1926 and 1927 saw 130 gangland murders in
Chicago, but not one arrest.
10. The Wall Street Crash
What were the
causes and
consequences of
the Wall Street
Crash?
- What impact did the
Crash have on the
economy?
- What were the social
consequences of the
Crash?
- Why did Roosevelt win
the election of 1932?
The Wall Street Crash and its financial
effects; the economic and social
effects for Americans in urban areas
and in the countryside; the reaction
of President Hoover to the Crash and
the Depression; the Bonus Marchers
and ‘Hoovervilles’; the Presidential
election of 1932; Hoover’s and
Roosevelt’s programmes; reasons
why Roosevelt won; the contrast
between Roosevelt’s and Hoover’s
views of the role of government.
11. The Wall Street Crash: Causes
• The stock market was becoming a ‘sure fire’
way to make money eg. Union Carbide shares
increased by $268 in 7 months (1929)
• Increased share ownership – more people
were buying shares without understanding
the Stock Market (1920 4 million share
owners, by 1929 this was 20 million)
• Increased speculation – buying and selling
shares quickly for a short term profit, this
created instability in the companies (600,000
speculators).
• Buying on the Margin – people putting 10% of
the price of the shares down and borrowing
the rest from the bank.
• Banks lent $9 billion for speculating in 1929
alone.
12. The Wall Street Crash: Impacts
• Unemployment: By 1933 14 million
workers were unemployed, Toledo 80%.
• Banks: They went bust, 1929 659 went
bankrupt
• Industry and farming: Production
dropped by 40% and wages by 60%
betewen 1928 and 1933. Farm income
had dropped to $5 billion per year.
• Bonus Marchers: WWI veterans marched
to aske for their war bonus to be paid
early. General MacArthur burnt their
camp down.
• Human cost: Hoovervilles and
malnutrition 45 people died in New York
in 1932.
13. The 1932 Election
Hoover:
• ‘Prosperity is just around the corner’, believed
in Rugged Individualism and the policies that
had worked in the 1920s eg. Blocked the
Garner-Wagner relief bill that would have
provided $2.1 billion to create jobs.
• He did cut taxes and introduce tariffs, but
these did not stimulate the economy.
• Standing by MacArthur over the Bonus
Marchers lost him support.
Roosevelt:
• Campaigned to do something, travelled
20,800 km and gave 16 major speeches (plus
60 from the back of the train). Promised a
‘New Deal’, but carefully didn’t give any
details!
