This document provides an overview of the government and legal system in medieval England. It discusses the king and royal household, the privy council, parliament, and the king's role in parliament. It also describes the quasi-royal powers of palatinates and the Duchy of Lancaster. Additionally, it outlines several high-profile trials in parliament and describes the main courts including Chancery, King's Bench, Common Pleas, Exchequer, and Admiralty. It provides details on local courts, judges, and the roles of officers like sergeants, summoners, and pardoners.
Charles I had poor relations with Parliament because he constantly demanded money while being deceitful about how he would spend it. He tried to rule without Parliament and used unpopular means to raise funds such as ship money taxes and forcing loans. Charles also manipulated society by billeting soldiers with homeowners, increasing government fees, and selling noble titles to raise money, damaging his popularity with the people of England.
During the 9th and 10th centuries, Western Europe experienced instability from invasions from groups like the Normans, Muslims, and Hungarians. To gain military support against these invaders, monarchs established a feudal system where nobles became vassals who swore loyalty and service. As part of this system, vassals performed an homage ceremony where they knelt before the king and promised to provide military and economic aid in exchange for land holdings.
This document contains summaries of key concepts from the Middle Ages including:
1) The feudal hierarchy ranging from lords to serfs and their roles. Knights were tasked with protecting estates and fighting for monarchs.
2) Differences between a fief and manor, with fiefs being estates granted to vassals and manors being lands owned directly by lords.
3) The rise of partnerships between businessmen to undertake larger ventures, and bills of exchange that allowed safer money transfer between merchants.
4) Guilds that organized artisans and merchants respectively to advocate for their interests in the growing towns and villages. Merchants had greater capital and power.
Interim Injunctions to Freeze Assets in Fraud Casesppengelley
1. The document discusses the history and development of Mareva injunctions in common law jurisdictions like the UK and Canada. It traces the expansion of such injunctions from exceptions to the common law rule against pre-judgment asset freezing to more broad acceptance.
2. A key case was Mareva Compania Naviera SA v. International Bulkcarriers SA which established that courts have authority to freeze a defendant's assets before trial if there is a risk they may dispose of their assets and defeat a potential judgment.
3. Subsequent cases set guidelines for Mareva injunctions while also broadening the scope to include risks of asset removal rather than just subject matter of litigation. Mills v. Petrovic created a
William commissioned the Domesday Book in 1086 to survey the land and property holdings in England. The book recorded details about land ownership, populations, livestock, land use and revenue for each manor or village. It established a baseline of accountability for landholders and helped centralize royal governance. While not without errors, it provided an unprecedented level of information and established a model for later censuses and land surveys.
1) In the 15th century, news and propaganda in England was spread through proclamations by sheriffs, criers in cities and markets, and posters in churches and guildhalls.
2) The legal profession was growing, with around 140 lawyers in London in 1292 growing to around 2000 in 1400. Statutes were passed to better regulate attorneys and ensure only virtuous ones were allowed to practice.
3) Geoffrey Chaucer's family were involved in the legal profession, with Thomas Chaucer becoming a powerful figure and speaker of the house, and his descendants including Alice Chaucer inheriting wealth and lands and getting involved in disputes over the Fastolf estate.
Charles I had poor relations with Parliament because he constantly demanded money while being deceitful about how he would spend it. He tried to rule without Parliament and used unpopular means to raise funds such as ship money taxes and forcing loans. Charles also manipulated society by billeting soldiers with homeowners, increasing government fees, and selling noble titles to raise money, damaging his popularity with the people of England.
During the 9th and 10th centuries, Western Europe experienced instability from invasions from groups like the Normans, Muslims, and Hungarians. To gain military support against these invaders, monarchs established a feudal system where nobles became vassals who swore loyalty and service. As part of this system, vassals performed an homage ceremony where they knelt before the king and promised to provide military and economic aid in exchange for land holdings.
This document contains summaries of key concepts from the Middle Ages including:
1) The feudal hierarchy ranging from lords to serfs and their roles. Knights were tasked with protecting estates and fighting for monarchs.
2) Differences between a fief and manor, with fiefs being estates granted to vassals and manors being lands owned directly by lords.
3) The rise of partnerships between businessmen to undertake larger ventures, and bills of exchange that allowed safer money transfer between merchants.
4) Guilds that organized artisans and merchants respectively to advocate for their interests in the growing towns and villages. Merchants had greater capital and power.
Interim Injunctions to Freeze Assets in Fraud Casesppengelley
1. The document discusses the history and development of Mareva injunctions in common law jurisdictions like the UK and Canada. It traces the expansion of such injunctions from exceptions to the common law rule against pre-judgment asset freezing to more broad acceptance.
2. A key case was Mareva Compania Naviera SA v. International Bulkcarriers SA which established that courts have authority to freeze a defendant's assets before trial if there is a risk they may dispose of their assets and defeat a potential judgment.
3. Subsequent cases set guidelines for Mareva injunctions while also broadening the scope to include risks of asset removal rather than just subject matter of litigation. Mills v. Petrovic created a
William commissioned the Domesday Book in 1086 to survey the land and property holdings in England. The book recorded details about land ownership, populations, livestock, land use and revenue for each manor or village. It established a baseline of accountability for landholders and helped centralize royal governance. While not without errors, it provided an unprecedented level of information and established a model for later censuses and land surveys.
1) In the 15th century, news and propaganda in England was spread through proclamations by sheriffs, criers in cities and markets, and posters in churches and guildhalls.
2) The legal profession was growing, with around 140 lawyers in London in 1292 growing to around 2000 in 1400. Statutes were passed to better regulate attorneys and ensure only virtuous ones were allowed to practice.
3) Geoffrey Chaucer's family were involved in the legal profession, with Thomas Chaucer becoming a powerful figure and speaker of the house, and his descendants including Alice Chaucer inheriting wealth and lands and getting involved in disputes over the Fastolf estate.
3 S2014 Lollards and Religion in Early 15th Century EnglandRobert Ehrlich
The ideas of Wyclif spread to the Lollards in England. A series of measures are put into place by Archbishop Arundel and Henry IV. Heretics are burnt. Sir John Oldcastle, former associate of Prince Hal in the Glendower campaign is arrested and executed. Chantry chapels and indulgences are ways of dealing with religious ideas of Purgatory in the afterlife and penance in this life.
This document provides information about medical practices and guilds in medieval England. It discusses John Arderne, a 14th century surgeon who wrote about surgical procedures. It also describes the roles of guilds in regulating trades and professions. Guilds helped oversee practices like surgery and provided social support. The document examines court systems and how local and royal courts addressed legal issues involving guild members.
5.Technology and Laws of Warfare in the Age of ChaucerRobert Ehrlich
The document discusses changes in medieval warfare technology from the 11th to 14th centuries in England and France. It describes the increased use of infantry and missile weapons like the longbow, mounted archers, and large siege engines. Gunpowder also began seeing limited use in the 14th century. New tactics like chevauchée raids, where armies ravaged the countryside, emerged. The status of squires and men-at-arms changed as well, as unemployed knights sought opportunities after peace treaties.
Richard I, known as Richard the Lionheart, was King of England from 1189 to 1199. While he had some successes in the Third Crusade and as a military leader, he faced challenges as king domestically, such as raising funds through taxes. He left his brother John in charge of Normandy, which contributed to later conflicts. Richard's death in 1199 was a major loss for England and caused much mourning.
Henry III was crowned King of England in 1216 at age 9 after the death of his father, King John. He ruled until 1272. Though personally pious and generous, Henry III was a poor military leader and his conflicts with barons led to the development of parliamentary systems in England. He unsuccessfully tried to regain English lands in France and expand control in Britain. His borrowing of money increased anti-Semitism. The Magna Carta and representation in government continued growing in importance during his reign.
The document compares and contrasts the reigns of King Alfred of Wessex and King Æthelred of England in facing the threat from Viking invaders. It notes that while Alfred established burhs and a system of defense that brought peace for 15 years, Æthelred's defenses were commercial centers and he relied on increasing payments to the Vikings for temporary respites. Æthelred also lacked the support of nobles that Alfred had. The document provides context about the political situation and defensive strategies employed in England during this turbulent time.
William Wykeham established educational institutions in the late 14th century that helped establish a path for social mobility through education. In the 15th century, printing was developed which allowed for wider dissemination of texts and helped standardize the English language. Writers during this period included Gower, Hoccleve, and Lydgate who wrote in English for royal patrons. William Caxton introduced printing to England and published many texts, helping establish the English publishing industry. The growth of printing helped foster national identity and increased literacy.
Richard and John had a complex relationship. When Richard was imprisoned, John claimed the throne but Richard appointed Hubert Walter as archbishop instead. Richard later returned and pardoned John. As king, Richard established coroners and fixed royal revenues. The Magna Carta established liberties for the church, citizens, and barons. It limited feudal payments and established due process. It allowed barons to resist the king through force if liberties were denied. The charter was subsequently reissued and became an important foundation for rights in later centuries.
The reign of Henry II as he pursues the goals of ridding the land of adulterine (unauthorized) castles and criminous clerks. The attempt to separate secular and religious court systems runs into opposition from Becket.
Henry I established new monasteries and fostered new monastic orders like the Cistercians. After his death, England was divided in its support for either Stephen or Empress Matilda in the succession dispute to the throne. The country descended into civil war from 1139-1153 as each side fought for control. Eventually, a peace treaty in 1153 recognized Henry, son of Matilda, as Stephen's heir, allowing Stephen to remain king for the rest of his life. Stephen's reign was seen as a time of disorder and lack of justice.
I do not have enough context to determine the fair outcomes for these specific cases from ancient Babylonia. Different cultures and time periods often have diverse approaches to legal matters. Rather than impose modern views, it is best to seek to understand the principles and norms of the given society to assess whether their laws aligned with justice as understood at that time and place.
This is a different version than what we have already published. Visit us for more incredible history both here on SlideShare and on our main website, GVLN, Gloucester, Virginia Links and News.
3 S2014 Lollards and Religion in Early 15th Century EnglandRobert Ehrlich
The ideas of Wyclif spread to the Lollards in England. A series of measures are put into place by Archbishop Arundel and Henry IV. Heretics are burnt. Sir John Oldcastle, former associate of Prince Hal in the Glendower campaign is arrested and executed. Chantry chapels and indulgences are ways of dealing with religious ideas of Purgatory in the afterlife and penance in this life.
This document provides information about medical practices and guilds in medieval England. It discusses John Arderne, a 14th century surgeon who wrote about surgical procedures. It also describes the roles of guilds in regulating trades and professions. Guilds helped oversee practices like surgery and provided social support. The document examines court systems and how local and royal courts addressed legal issues involving guild members.
5.Technology and Laws of Warfare in the Age of ChaucerRobert Ehrlich
The document discusses changes in medieval warfare technology from the 11th to 14th centuries in England and France. It describes the increased use of infantry and missile weapons like the longbow, mounted archers, and large siege engines. Gunpowder also began seeing limited use in the 14th century. New tactics like chevauchée raids, where armies ravaged the countryside, emerged. The status of squires and men-at-arms changed as well, as unemployed knights sought opportunities after peace treaties.
Richard I, known as Richard the Lionheart, was King of England from 1189 to 1199. While he had some successes in the Third Crusade and as a military leader, he faced challenges as king domestically, such as raising funds through taxes. He left his brother John in charge of Normandy, which contributed to later conflicts. Richard's death in 1199 was a major loss for England and caused much mourning.
Henry III was crowned King of England in 1216 at age 9 after the death of his father, King John. He ruled until 1272. Though personally pious and generous, Henry III was a poor military leader and his conflicts with barons led to the development of parliamentary systems in England. He unsuccessfully tried to regain English lands in France and expand control in Britain. His borrowing of money increased anti-Semitism. The Magna Carta and representation in government continued growing in importance during his reign.
The document compares and contrasts the reigns of King Alfred of Wessex and King Æthelred of England in facing the threat from Viking invaders. It notes that while Alfred established burhs and a system of defense that brought peace for 15 years, Æthelred's defenses were commercial centers and he relied on increasing payments to the Vikings for temporary respites. Æthelred also lacked the support of nobles that Alfred had. The document provides context about the political situation and defensive strategies employed in England during this turbulent time.
William Wykeham established educational institutions in the late 14th century that helped establish a path for social mobility through education. In the 15th century, printing was developed which allowed for wider dissemination of texts and helped standardize the English language. Writers during this period included Gower, Hoccleve, and Lydgate who wrote in English for royal patrons. William Caxton introduced printing to England and published many texts, helping establish the English publishing industry. The growth of printing helped foster national identity and increased literacy.
Richard and John had a complex relationship. When Richard was imprisoned, John claimed the throne but Richard appointed Hubert Walter as archbishop instead. Richard later returned and pardoned John. As king, Richard established coroners and fixed royal revenues. The Magna Carta established liberties for the church, citizens, and barons. It limited feudal payments and established due process. It allowed barons to resist the king through force if liberties were denied. The charter was subsequently reissued and became an important foundation for rights in later centuries.
The reign of Henry II as he pursues the goals of ridding the land of adulterine (unauthorized) castles and criminous clerks. The attempt to separate secular and religious court systems runs into opposition from Becket.
Henry I established new monasteries and fostered new monastic orders like the Cistercians. After his death, England was divided in its support for either Stephen or Empress Matilda in the succession dispute to the throne. The country descended into civil war from 1139-1153 as each side fought for control. Eventually, a peace treaty in 1153 recognized Henry, son of Matilda, as Stephen's heir, allowing Stephen to remain king for the rest of his life. Stephen's reign was seen as a time of disorder and lack of justice.
I do not have enough context to determine the fair outcomes for these specific cases from ancient Babylonia. Different cultures and time periods often have diverse approaches to legal matters. Rather than impose modern views, it is best to seek to understand the principles and norms of the given society to assess whether their laws aligned with justice as understood at that time and place.
This is a different version than what we have already published. Visit us for more incredible history both here on SlideShare and on our main website, GVLN, Gloucester, Virginia Links and News.
The Life of King Henry the FifthShakespeare homepage Henry V .docxoreo10
The Life of King Henry the Fifth
Shakespeare homepage | Henry V | Entire play
ACT I
PROLOGUE
Enter Chorus
Chorus
O for a Muse of fire, that would ascend
The brightest heaven of invention,
A kingdom for a stage, princes to act
And monarchs to behold the swelling scene!
Then should the warlike Harry, like himself,
Assume the port of Mars; and at his heels,
Leash'd in like hounds, should famine, sword and fire
Crouch for employment. But pardon, and gentles all,
The flat unraised spirits that have dared
On this unworthy scaffold to bring forth
So great an object: can this cockpit hold
The vasty fields of France? or may we cram
Within this wooden O the very casques
That did affright the air at Agincourt?
O, pardon! since a crooked figure may
Attest in little place a million;
And let us, ciphers to this great accompt,
On your imaginary forces work.
Suppose within the girdle of these walls
Are now confined two mighty monarchies,
Whose high upreared and abutting fronts
The perilous narrow ocean parts asunder:
Piece out our imperfections with your thoughts;
Into a thousand parts divide on man,
And make imaginary puissance;
Think when we talk of horses, that you see them
Printing their proud hoofs i' the receiving earth;
For 'tis your thoughts that now must deck our kings,
Carry them here and there; jumping o'er times,
Turning the accomplishment of many years
Into an hour-glass: for the which supply,
Admit me Chorus to this history;
Who prologue-like your humble patience pray,
Gently to hear, kindly to judge, our play.
Exit
SCENE I. London. An ante-chamber in the KING'S palace.
Enter the ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY, and the BISHOP OF ELY
CANTERBURY
My lord, I'll tell you; that self bill is urged,
Which in the eleventh year of the last king's reign
Was like, and had indeed against us pass'd,
But that the scambling and unquiet time
Did push it out of farther question.
ELY
But how, my lord, shall we resist it now?
CANTERBURY
It must be thought on. If it pass against us,
We lose the better half of our possession:
For all the temporal lands which men devout
By testament have given to the church
Would they strip from us; being valued thus:
As much as would maintain, to the king's honour,
Full fifteen earls and fifteen hundred knights,
Six thousand and two hundred good esquires;
And, to relief of lazars and weak age,
Of indigent faint souls past corporal toil.
A hundred almshouses right well supplied;
And to the coffers of the king beside,
A thousand pounds by the year: thus runs the bill.
ELY
This would drink deep.
CANTERBURY
'Twould drink the cup and all.
ELY
But what prevention?
CANTERBURY
The king is full of grace and fair regard.
ELY
And a true lover of the holy church.
CANTERBURY
The courses of his youth promised it not.
The breath no sooner left his father's body,
But that his wildness, mortified in him,
Seem'd to die too; yea, at that very moment
Consideration, like an angel, came
And whipp'd the offending Adam out of him,
Leaving his body as a paradise, ...
The document discusses a classroom activity where students are asked to analyze sources from 1214-1215 related to King John and the signing of the Magna Carta in 1215. The sources provide context for the political situation preceding the Magna Carta. Students are then asked to determine if the Magna Carta was a document that only benefited barons or if it established important principles about how the king can rule that benefited all of England. They are instructed to write a short essay with their conclusion and cite evidence from the Magna Carta sources.
Before Henry II, the English legal system was decentralized with local courts handling most cases. Henry II centralized the system under the royal courts, establishing the Common Bench and increasing visits from royal judges to enforce standardized common law across the realm. He developed trial by jury and limited the use of violent trials like ordeals that had been used to determine guilt or innocence. Punishments remained harsh though, with mutilation or execution for serious crimes, and stocks or public humiliation for lesser offenses. Prison was rarely used as a punishment at this time.
King Lear is considered one of Shakespeare's greatest plays. King Lear decides to step down and divide his kingdom between his three daughters. When his youngest and favorite daughter refuses to compete and...
This document provides excerpts from William Shakespeare's play Hamlet and speeches from Queen Elizabeth I that relate to themes in the play such as the relationship between a ruler and their subjects, the performance of one's role or station in life, and the transitory nature of human existence. The excerpts showcase how Shakespeare and Queen Elizabeth explore these ideas through the characters and events in Hamlet as well as through the Queen's own words addressing her people and role as monarch.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of the British political system from prehistoric times to the present. It discusses the various groups that have inhabited the British Isles, the establishment of the United Kingdom, the evolution of parliamentary democracy, and key reforms that expanded voting rights. Major events and figures that shaped British politics are also outlined, such as the Norman Conquest, Magna Carta, the English Civil War, and postwar establishment of the welfare state.
Virginia a commentary on lord macaulays pastiche ofKeith Armstrong
This is a commentary on Lord Macaulays pastiche of a Roman epic poem Virginia from his book; Lord Macaulays Essays And The Lays Of Rome first published in 1842.
His works include an essay on Milton 1825 published in the Edinburgh Review, a volume of verse, Lays of Ancient Rome 1842, and the History of England 1848-61 covering the years up to 1702.
2. F2013 Edward III: Hundred Years War, Wine and WoolRobert Ehrlich
This document provides an overview of topics related to the financing of the Hundred Years War through wine, wool, and merchants in the 14th century. It discusses how Edward II struggled with favorites and rebellions, leading to his abdication. Wine production and trade, especially from Gascony, helped finance the war, as did the English wool trade through Flanders. Merchants organized into livery companies and financed both sides of the conflict. Standards for weights and measures supported international trade in wool. By 1337, taxes and borrowed money financed a larger portion of the government and war costs compared to earlier decades.
Letter VI—On the PresbyteriansTHE CHURCH OF ENGLAND is con.docxSHIVA101531
Letter VI—On the Presbyterians
THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND is confined almost to the kingdom whence it received its name, and to Ireland, for Presbyterianism is the established religion in Scotland. This Presbyterianism is directly the same with Calvinism, as it was established in France, and is now professed at Geneva. As the priests of this sect receive but very inconsiderable stipends from their churches, and consequently cannot emulate the splendid luxury of bishops, they exclaim very naturally against honours which they can never attain to. Figure to yourself the haughty Diogenes trampling under foot the pride of Plato. The Scotch Presbyterians are not very unlike that proud though tattered reasoner. Diogenes did not use Alexander half so impertinently as these treated King Charles II.; for when they took up arms in his cause in opposition to Oliver, who had deceived them, they forced that poor monarch to undergo the hearing of three or four sermons every day, would not suffer him to play, reduced him to a state of penitence and mortification, so that Charles soon grew sick of these pedants, and accordingly eloped from them with as much joy as a youth does from school.
1
A Church of England minister appears as another Cato in presence of a juvenile, sprightly French graduate, who bawls for a whole morning together in the divinity schools, and hums a song in chorus with ladies in the evening; but this Cato is a very spark when before a Scotch Presbyterian. The latter affects a serious gait, puts on a sour look, wears a vastly broad-brimmed hat and a long cloak over a very short coat, preaches through the nose, and gives the name of the whore of Babylon to all churches where the ministers are so fortunate as to enjoy an annual revenue of five or six thousand pounds, and where the people are weak enough to suffer this, and to give them the titles of my lord, your lordship, or your eminence.
2
These gentlemen, who have also some churches in England, introduced there the mode of grave and severe exhortations. To them is owing the sanctification of Sunday in the three kingdoms. People are there forbidden to work or take any recreation on that day, in which the severity is twice as great as that of the Romish Church. No operas, plays, or concerts are allowed in London on Sundays, and even cards are so expressly forbidden that none but persons of quality, and those we call the genteel, play on that day; the rest of the nation go either to church, to the tavern, or to see their mistresses.
3
Though the Episcopal and Presbyterian sects are the two prevailing ones in Great Britain, yet all others are very welcome to come and settle in it, and live very sociably together, though most of their preachers hate one another almost as cordially as a Jansenist damns a Jesuit.
4
Take a view of the Royal Exchange in London, a place more venerable than many courts of justice, where the representatives of all nations meet for the benefit of mankin ...
This document discusses potential governance models for autonomous space colonies based on historical examples. It describes challenges colonies may face due to isolation from Earth and limited resources. It analyzes the democratic and consensus-based social organization of 18th century pirates and the Mayflower Compact as precedents. The document suggests space colony residents may agree on a code of conduct and elect leaders, with punishments aimed at rehabilitation rather than imprisonment. Direct democracy is presented as a modern governance model for Mars.
Mary I, aka Bloody Mary, and her queenship. Marriage to Philipnof Spain. The start of joint stock companies and their role in international trade and exploration.
Absolutism in France was based on the idea of divine right monarchy, where kings received their power directly from God. Louis XIV ruled as an absolute monarch, centralizing authority and weakening the nobility. He built the grand Palace of Versailles to overawe visitors and keep the nobility occupied and competing for royal favor. Louis revoked the Edict of Nantes, expelling Protestants from France to strengthen Catholicism as the sole religion.
Ammianus Marcellinus (c.330-395 CE)History, XIV.16 The Luxury .docxgalerussel59292
Ammianus Marcellinus (c.330-395 CE):
History, XIV.16: The Luxury of the Rich in Rome, c. 400 CE.
Rome is still looked upon as the queen of the earth, and the name of the Roman people is respected and venerated. But the magnificence of Rome is defaced by the inconsiderate levity of a few, who never recollect where they are born, but fall away into error and licentiousness as if a perfect immunity were granted to vice. Of these men, some, thinking that they can be handed down to immortality by means of statues, are eager after them, as if they would obtain a higher reward from brazen figures unendowed with sense than from a consciousness of upright and honorable actions; and they are even anxious to have them plated over with gold!
Others place the summit of glory in having a couch higher than usual, or splendid apparel; and so toil and sweat under a vast burden of cloaks which are fastened to their necks by many clasps, and blow about by the excessive fineness of the material, showing a desire by the continual wriggling of their bodies, and especially by the waving of the left hand, to make more conspicuous their long fringes and tunics, which are embroidered in multiform figures of animals with threads of divers colors.
Others again, put on a feigned severity of countenance, and extol their patrimonial estates in a boundless degree, exaggerating the yearly produce of their fruitful fields, which they boast of possessing in numbers, from east and west, being forsooth ignorant that their ancestors, who won greatness for Rome, were not eminent in riches; but through many a direful war overpowered their foes by valor, though little above the common privates in riches, or luxury, or costliness of garments.
If now you, as an honorable stranger, should enter the house of any passing rich man, you will be hospitably received, as though you were very welcome; and after having had many questions put to you, and having been forced to tell a number of lies, you will wonder---since the gentleman has never seen you before---that a person of high rank should pay such attention to a humble individual like yourself, so that you become exceeding happy, and begin to repent not having come to Rome ten years before. When, however, relying on this affability you do the same thing the next day, you will stand waiting as one utterly unknown and unexpected, while he who yesterday urged you to "come again," counts upon his fingers who you can be, marveling for a long time whence you came, and what you can want. But when at last you are recognized and admitted to his acquaintance, if you should devote yourself to him for three years running, and after that cease with your visits for the same stretch of time, then at last begin them again, you will never be asked about your absence any more than if you had been dead, and you will waste your whole life trying to court the humors of this blockhead.
But when those long and unwholesome banquets, which are indulged in at .
The document is an introduction to the Code of Hammurabi, an ancient set of Babylonian laws established by King Hammurabi of Babylon around 1780 BC. It begins by providing background on Hammurabi and how he came to rule Babylon, establishing a kingdom with foundations as strong as heaven and earth. It then lists Hammurabi's many accomplishments and attributes that established him as a great and righteous king. The introduction sets up Hammurabi as a divinely appointed king tasked with establishing justice and order through his legal code.
The document provides the full text of William Shakespeare's play "The Tragedy of King Lear" in 3 acts. It includes an introduction that the text is from The Electronic Classics Series and is made freely available. The summary also notes that the play depicts the tragedy of King Lear and his dividing of his kingdom between his three daughters, and the plights of the Earl of Gloucester and his sons Edgar and Edmund.
The curator of the Imperial Secretariat Library tries to evenly divide its 150,000 volume collection between the new states emerging from the partition of British India. The partition led to the division of collections and archives between India and Pakistan.
12 The Raj -Burma campaign and Bengal famineRobert Ehrlich
The Burma campaign was almost entirely the work of the British Indian Army. The success in driving Japanese troops from Burma is attributed to the efforts of General William Slim. He used Dakota planes to support troop movements and proceeded even in the monsoon season. Different approaches to the campaign were conducted by US General 'Vinegar Joe' Stillwell and British General Orde Wingate.
9 The Raj Rowlatt, Amritsar and Non Cooperation Robert Ehrlich
The Raj continues wartime measure through the Rowlatt Act. Protests result. A peaceful gathering at Amritsar is massacred by General Dyer. Dyer is removed from his post. is treatment is brought to Parliament where he is praised by Lords but the dismissal is upheld by Commons after a speech by Churchill. Gandhi uses satyagraha in labor disputes but extends this to non-cooperation with the raj. He is arrested but soon released. Congress becomes a larger force among the Indian public.
The presentation begins with a look at the role of Indians in England. Many serve in the shipping industry as lascars and some remain in England, primarily in the Docklands section of London. Recently noted is Queen Victoria's munshi, Abdul This presentation then looks at the contribution of India to the Great War (World War I). The opinions of sepoys are known from letters transcribed by censors. The army served on the Western Front, in East Africa, Mesopotamia, the Suez and was a component at Gallipoli Some opposition to the war came from expatriates in Canada and the US. Others gave support but agitated for home rule. Gandhi supported the ambulance corps and recruiting. The war resulted in an increase in industrial produciton.
7 The Raj - Imperial Architecture -Art and NationalismRobert Ehrlich
This presentation looks at building built by the Raj and Raj-supported princes in the late 19th century. Havell makes a case for including Indian elements in public buildings while others advocate using architecture associated with imperial power in Europe. Indian painters evolve from artists who use the motifs of western art to those who look to traditional art
After a brief look at the jubilees celebrated in India the presentation looks at the proposed 1905 Bengal partition and its consequences. Partition is justified by administrative concerns but the partition map effects religious differences and a policy of divide and rule. Muslims in Bengal support the partition but the Indian National Congress opposes it.The reaction is to combine support of native industry with boycott of foreign goods. Opponents divide into moderates who support just these efforts . and extremists who advocate swaraj or self-rule. The Raj counters with the Minto-Morley reforms which give a small increase in local self-government. In 1911 the partition is repealed
6 The Raj - Indentured Indian Labor in South AfricaRobert Ehrlich
A look at the Indian diaspora in South Africa where indentured labor predominates but there are formeer indentured laborers who have small businesses and merchants or 'passenger' Indians' who have paid there own way. Gandhi goes to South Africa as lawyer for a merchant but encounters the plight of indentured labor. He develops the technique fo satyagraha to protest discrimination against Indians.
5 The Raj Political. Social and Religious Reform and WomenRobert Ehrlich
The Indian National Congress makes moderate demands for political reforms. The British make laws or attempt to make laws dealing with practices that some identify with religious traditions and others fee it is up to Indians to address. Some measures that are considered suppressive of free speech and participation in the system are. overturned. Particularly troublesome is the question whether Indians can sit on juries that try British citizens.
The rise of Indian nationalism in the late 19th century is a combination of rising Indian identity but also Hindu and Muslim identity. At Ayodha they come into conflict. A limited self-governance is offered through the 1892 Councils Act. Education is expanded particularly high education.
The use of caste by the British in terms of their remake of the army. Caste as a census. A look at caste from historic, linguistic and genetic point of view.
The changes that take place in India after the areas administered by the East India Company are assumed by the Crown. The army is restructured in an attempt to prevent future mutinies. A series of famines occurs and question arise about how to prevent or lessen their impact.
The Government of India Act of 1935 and discontent. The entrance of India into World War 2 and the resulting disaffection of the Indian National Congress, the opposition of the Indian Antional Army and the support of over 2 million volunteers. The Indian Army is crucial in East Africa and the Middle East and of great support in North Africa and Italy. A look at the summer capital of Simla.
The Indian Army after the Great War. The consequences of the swadeshi movement. Move of the capitol to New Delhi. Congress rejects the reformed government proposed by the Simon Commission. Round table conferences to try to reconcile differences. Salt Satyagraha led by Gandhi to try to obtain concessions.
3 England & India Before the Raj: New Products, New MilitarismRobert Ehrlich
The East India Company must accommodate to changing regimes in Britain. Its product create changing tastes: tea, cotton cloths and diamonds. A look at Company officials who get rich on diamonds.
5 England & India Before the Raj; Controlling Indian territoryRobert Ehrlich
The East India Company must now administer the territory where it has obtained revenue rights. The Company is under increased scrutiny and a hearing is held on Clive and his vast gains. Parliament attempts to have an influence in this administration.
A governor-general, Warren Hastings is sent to lead the three divisions of presidencies.
War continues in the south with conflicts between Mysore and its neighbors. After France enters on the side of revolting American colonists, the conflict again spills over into India. A technological advance is the sue fo improved rockets by Mysore
We also look at working conditions for civilian employees in India.
4 England and India Before the Raj: From Commercial to Military PowerRobert Ehrlich
This is the time of Clive.
The decline of the Mughal Empire leads to the development of regional powers.
In the Carnatic conflicts between these powers offer opportunities for expansion of East India Company influence. In this they come into conflict with the French and European and North American Wars (Austrian Succession, Seven Years) involve an Indian theater.
In Bengal rights granted by a weak Mughal Emperor are abused. A new leader, nawab, of Bengal attempts to check these abuses. He attacks Calcutta but a counterattack at the Battle of Plassey results in a puppet nawab. He too grows weary of abuses and demands and at Buxar is defeated. The Emperor then grants the Company revenue rights in Bengal and neighboring areas.
Financial difficulties result in a British bailout with restrictions. The Company is allowed to send tea to North America with a lower tariff but it is rejected. The American Revolution results.
The use of European trained native Indian troops (sepoys) begins
13 f2015 Science and Invention in Restoration EnglandRobert Ehrlich
A overview of scientific institutions that facilitated the advances, particularly the Royal Society. Some of teh major scientists and some of the less well known scientist who contributed to their work.
The Restoration theater saw the establishment of two patent theater companies, the Duke's Company and the King's Company, who built new theaters like the Theatre Royal in Drury Lane. The theaters featured innovations like proscenium stages and movable scenery. Popular genres included Restoration comedy which featured witty dialogue, adaptations of Shakespeare, and spectacular "machine plays." Acting styles emphasized physicality and emotion over rhetoric. Leading actors like Betterton and Barry became stars, and women began performing professionally. Audiences were diverse but often arrived seeking entertainment and socializing over the plays themselves.
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How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
3. The King and his household
• Queen
• Chamberlain
• Keeper of the Wardrobe
– Private finances
– 1360s Came under oversight of Exchequer
4. King and public administration
• Privy Council
– Often set up on request of Parliament
– Assent of lords and bishops
– Include Chancellor, Treasurer, Keeper of the Privy
Seal
– Parliament ordered that they be paid; free of
interests in areas they regulate
• Packing the Council
6. King in Parliament
•
•
•
•
•
‘Mandated’ by Henry III
General case for Edward I
Edward II absent
Edward III generally present
Richard II present except when expressing
dissatisfaction with agenda
7. Palatinates
• Exercise of a quasi-royal prerogative
• Separate administrative apparatus and courts
– Durham under a prince-bishop
– Chester under the Earl of Chester
– Lancaster under the Duke of Lancaster
8. Duchy of Lancaster
• 1262-66 Henry III confiscates land of rebels
affiliated with Simon de Montfort
• 1267 Edmund Crouchback receives these
lands and is made Earl of Lancaster
• 1322 Thomas, son of Edmund, executed for
his role in Gaveston murder; brother, Henry
succeeds
9. Duchy of Lancaster
• 1345 Henry Grosmont succeeds his father as
Earl of Lancaster
• 1351 In recognition of his role in the war with
France, Henry Grosmont made Duke of
Lancaster
– Lancaster made County Palatine for Henry’s
lifetime
10. John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster
1361 Henry Grosmont dies without male heir
– Ducal title becomes extinct; palatinate powers
reverted to King Edward III
– Henry’s daughters receive land as dowry
– 1359 Blanche marries John of Gaunt
1362 John of Gaunt made Duke of Lancaster
1372 Palatinate recreated for John’s lifetime
1390 Palatinate extended to John’s heirs
11. Trials by Parliament
1368 John Lee
1376 “Good Parliament”
William Latimer and Richard Lyons
Accusations in Commons
Trial by Lords
1386 “Wonderful Parliament”
Michael de la Pole
12. 1376 Impeachment of William Latimer
– Issued licenses to evade the staple by
exporters of wool
– Loans to the King 9may have come from
King;s money)
– Abuse of Bretons leads to French capture
Proven. Fine of 20,000 marks and
imprisonment; loss of positions
Pardoned
13. 1376 Impeachment of Lyons
– Misuse of position to evade the staple
– Appropriation of customs duties for himself
– Usury; Purchase of Royal debts at a discount
and collecting full value from the Crown
Proven
Pardoned but not restored to office
15. Court of Chancery
• Court of equity
• Verbal contracts, land
law and matters of trusts
• Loose rules of procedure
• 12 clerks of first bench
w. at least 3 assistants
16. Court of Common Pleas
• Suits between two
citizens
• Chancellors were
judges under Edward
III
17. Judges
1346 Judges were obliged to swear that
"they would in no way accept gift or reward
from any party in litigation before them or
give advice to any man, great or small, in
any action to which the King was a party
himself"
1350 Chief Justice of the King’s
Bench, William de Thorpe, was sentenced to
death for bribery (later pardoned, but
demoted).
21. A sergeant of the law, wary and wise
• Who'd often gone to
Paul's walk to advise,
• There was
also, compact of
excellence.
• Discreet he was, and
of great reverence;
• At least he seemed
so, his words were so
wise.
22. Often he sat as justice in assize,
By patent or commission from the crown;
Because of learning and his high renown,
He took large fees and many robes could own.
• Highest class of lawyers
• Common pleas judges drawn from them
23. Admiralty Court
• Maritime law derived from Rolls of Oléron
– Rights of masters and mariners; discipline
– Rights of salvage
– Piracy
• Disputed jurisdiction with Common Pleas
25. The reeve he was a slender, choleric man
Well could he manage granary and bin;
No auditor could ever on him win.
He could foretell, by drought and by
the rain,
The yielding of his seed and of his grain.
His lord's sheep and his oxen and
his dairy,
His swine and horses, all his stores, his
poultry,
Were wholly in this steward's managing;
26. A summoner was with us in that place,
Who had a fiery-red, cherubic face,
For eczema he had; his eyes were
narrow
As hot he was, and lecherous, as a
sparrow;
With black and scabby brows and
scanty beard;
27. No borax, ceruse, tartar, could discharge,
Nor ointment that could cleanse enough, or
bite,
To free him of his boils and pimples white,
Nor of the bosses resting on his cheeks.
Well loved he garlic, onions, aye and leeks,
And drinking of strong wine as red as blood.
Then would he talk and shout as madman
would.
28. And when a deal of wine he'd poured within
Then would. he utter no word save Latin.
Some phrases had he learned, say two or three,
Which he had garnered out of some decree;
No wonder, for he'd heard it all the day;
And all you know right well that even a jay
Can call out "Wat" as well as can the pope.
29. A better comrade 'twould be hard to find.
Why, he would suffer, for a quart of wine,
Some good fellow to have his concubine
A twelve-month, and excuse him to the full
(Between ourselves, though, he could pluck a
gull).
30. And if he chanced upon a good fellow,
He would instruct him never to have awe,
In such a case, of the archdeacon's curse,
Except a man's soul lie within his purse;
For in his purse the man should punished be.
"The purse is the archdeacon's Hell," said he.
But well I know he lied in what he said;
A curse ought every guilty man to dread
(For curse can kill, as absolution save),
31. With him there rode a gentle pardoner
His wallet lay before him in his lap,
Stuffed full of pardons brought from
Rome all hot.
A voice he had that bleated like
a goat.
No beard had he, nor ever should
he have,
For smooth his face as he'd just had a shave;
I think he was a gelding or a mare.
32. But in his craft, from Berwick unto Ware,
Was no such pardoner in any place.
For in his bag he had a pillowcase
The which, he said, was Our True Lady's veil:
He said he had a piece of the very sail
That good Saint Peter had, what time he went
Upon the sea, till Jesus changed his bent.
33. He had a latten cross set full of stones,
And in a bottle had he some pig's bones.
But with these relics, when he came upon
Some simple parson, then this paragon
In that one day more money stood to gain
Than the poor dupe in two months could attain.
Editor's Notes
The layout of the Privy Palace is comparatively little known, as a consequence of the destruction of several buildings in the 16th century. Others survived within the Parliamentary estate until the 19th century, and were recorded before and after the 1834 fire, following which demolition was almost total.Moreover the nature of medieval and Tudor use precluded the pictorial recording of the buildings by artists, who would generally have been excluded from this area.[2]For these reasons, references to the buildings in administrative documents are of particular value: for example, 15th-century accounts describe new buildings in the vicinity of the Jewel TowerThe treasure roll of Richard II, compiled in 1398/9, offers a rare insight into the magnificence of a late medieval English king. The roll, unknown until it was rediscovered in the 1990s, describes in exceptional detail the crowns, jewels, and other precious objects belonging to the king and to his two queens, Anne of Bohemia and Isabelle of France.
One of the main places where treasure was stored during Richard II's reign was the so-called Great Treasury underneath the Chapter House on the east side of the cloister walk of Westminster Abbey. This treasury was in the charge of the treasurer and barons of the Exchequer. It was from here that valuables were taken to be used as pledges to the city of London to raise money for the French war early in Richard's reign and from here that they were delivered to Henry IV's keeper of the jewels in November 1399. The Chapter House crypt had served as a royal treasury by the 1260s. It was twice robbed in 1296 and in 1303, whereupon the treasure was removed for a time to the Tower. Soon after the second theft, the crypt was converted to make it more secure. Part of the cellar under the monks' dormitory was walled up to create the Pyx Chamber (sometimes known as the Pyx Chapel). Two skins of thick double doors were added over the existing door to safeguard the entrance. The wood of these doors has been dated by dendrochronology (the study of tree rings) to around 1300.
The 'great' (grand) crown, was very heavy at 23 marks (11.5 lbs). It was enriched with two large oriental rubies, balas rubies, sapphires, emeralds and freshwater pearls, and was valued at the staggering sum of £33,584. The other, weighing 9 marks 4 oz., set with emeralds, balas rubies and pearls, was estimated to be worth the lesser but still enormous sum of £10,101 6s. 8d. Crowns or detached pieces from crowns were often chosen in both England and France in this period for pawning when the king needed to raise money. Elsewhere in the inventory detached gold and jewelledfleurons are described.
The first council of Richard was composed of two bishops, two earls, two barons, two bannerets, and four knights,7 which was changed in the same year to consist of three bishops, two earls, two bannerets, and two knights, besides the officersPay close to 200 pounds which by the most conservative estimate would be over 10000 pounds todayThis royal policy shows a reversion in some ways to the usages of Edward III. which Parliament had sought to coun- teract. For one thing, to offset the power of the older nobles the king added many new men, so that the membership, which had been limited to twelve or fifteen, immediately became larger. At one meeting of the thirteenth year there were twenty-one present,' while during the year as many as thirty-four councillors may be counted. Of these a larger proportion than before were banneretsand knights., whose usefulness was plainly enhanced. On one oc- casion a series of ordinances was passed by the king in the presence of a council of thirteen, seven of whom were of knightly rank
Durham The Court of the County of Durham was abolished by section 2 of the Durham (County Palatine) Act 1836.The Court of Chancery of the County Palatine of Durham and Sadberge was abolished by the Courts Act 1971.The Court of Common Pleas of the County Palatine of Durham[14] was abolished by the Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1873.Chesterhe offices of Chief and Puisne Justice were abolished in 1830,LancasterCourt of Chancery of the County Palatine of Lancaster was a court of chancery that exercised jurisdiction within the County Palatine of Lancaster until it was merged into the High Court in 1972.The creation of the County Palatine in 1351 gave the Duke of Lancaster the right to appoint magistrates within the Duchy.This long tradition came to an end on 31 March 2005 under the Courts Act 2003. Prior to this, the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster had the authority, on behalf of The Queen, to appoint magistrates in Lancashire, Greater Manchester and Merseyside. Responsiblity for the appointment of magistrates throughout England and Wales is now the responsibility of the Ministry of Justice, under the Lord Chancellor.
In 1368, however, Lee was denounced in parliament for various misdeeds. William Latimer of Dorset accused him of having seized and dragged him to London, keeping him prisoner there until Latimer agreed to surrender his rights in a wardship and marriage. Lee then leased the lands back to Latimer, an arrangement that the latter was forced to recognize in the exchequer. Lee denied the charges, but the council did not accept his version of the story and found him guilty. He was also accused of cheating another man out of a wardship, saying that it pertained to the king. Others came forward to complain that Lee had misused his powers as steward to have individuals attached and brought before him, as though before the royal council, wherever he pleased and outside the places where pleas were ordinarily heard. On his authority as steward he forced men to answer in the Marshalsea court for acts committed outside the verge, and thus beyond the scope of his authority. Others he had seized and committed to prison in the Tower of London, without the king's authorization. He meddled in local courts by letting an approver go at large. Lee was thrown into the Tower until he paid a fine and ransom at the king's will.Emergence of a SpeakerBy 1376 people were getting tired of the elderly Edward III's rule, and the influence of his favourites. In the Parliament of that year the Commons chose Sir Peter de la Mare to act as its spokesman before the King in joining its complaints with that of the Lords.De la Mare was thus the forerunner of the office of Speaker of the House of Commons - a member selected by the Commons to chair its business and represent its views. The following year Thomas Hungerford was the first spokesman to be termed Speaker in the official record.Good ParliamentThe Parliament of 1376 was called the Good Parliament. This was because the Commons prosecuted before the nobles some of the King's corrupt ministers, a process known as impeachment. This became a frequent procedure over the following years as Parliament turned against Edward III's successor Richard II.
Latimer – Royal ChamberlainThe principal ones were that he and the London merchant Richard Lyons (d. 1381) had arranged the issue of licences for the evasion of the staple by exporters of wool; that they had arranged for a loan of 20,000 marks to be taken with an unnecessary rate of interest by the king; that Latimer and his lieutenants had carried out extortions at Bécherel; that he had negligently allowed the castles of Bécherel and St Sauveur to fall to the French. No diect evidence from Brittany but cruelties of his followers are known.
Chancery ordinance (1389), under the chancellor twelve clerks of the first bench. Each of the Chancery masters had three clerks under him, but the senior, the keeper of the Chancery rolls, had, following this ordinance, six clerks of his own. Two of the remaining eleven were preceptores, authorizing writs, six were examiners and one, from 1336, a notary who wrote and enrolled international documents. 8 The twelve clerks of the second bench, who wrote the charters, letters patent and the writs, consisted of two clerks of the crown, who wrote the writs of the crown, with two assistants each, the clerks of the petty bag who wrote the writs «diem clausit extremism», the clerk in charge of searches through the Chancery rolls in the Tower of London and the clerk who read the records and pleas of Chancery. Each of these had one assistant. Twenty-four cursitors wrote the stock writs and the « ad quod damnum» writs. All work had to be examined by the examiners of the senior bench. No one is to reveal the secrets of the Chancery. They are to live in a common dwelling, and they are not to take bribes.
Segeant of Law
common law courts ob- jected to the ill-defined, but all too apparent, admiralty court. A good illustration is the 1364 case concerning the obstruction of a creek near Colchester by one Lionel de Brodenham. The violation was discovered and the case was heard by the admiralty court. The common law justices apparently had no knowledge of this hearing and initiated proceedings of their own. To prevent the re- trial, a writ of supersedeas was issued to stay the hearing, no doubt to the great relief of Brodenham. The right of the admiralty courtwas recognized, but only at the intervention of the crown.51 In the same year a Suffolk county jury challenged the admiralty deci- sion in a murder case. The jury found that the vice-admiral, Hugh Fastolf, was wrong in concluding that a Stephen Gerrard was killed at sea. His death occurred on land, they claimed, and then ques- tioned if there was not some conspiracy involved in the death since twelve men were indicted for the murder. In response, the admi- ralty jurors claimed that Falstolf 's commission extended his juris- diction per costerammaris as well as at sea. They appealed to the record of their hearing at the vice-admiralty court for vindica- tion.5
Master carried cargo from various ownersStopped an boarded by pirates.After negotiation the pirates agree to take 100 pounds worth of food and leave everything else alone,SaierScoef, a London merchant and owner of the foods, objected to his cargo being used as the pay-off Master denies responsibility for loss.Guy de Brian, admiral of the West decided that Saier's pleas was just and made an interesting decision regarding compensation.71 The value of the ship's cargo was L1000 and Saier's loss (L100) saved the owners of the remaining L900 worth of cargo from any personal loss. The court decided that the merchants who benefited from Saier's unfortunate sacrifice, ought to reimburse him-pound for pound, penny for penny. The admiral declared that he would hold the ship and cargo in London until the remain- ing contents could be appraised and the owners made satisfaction to Saier
Mange villager’s labor service.Formation of plow teamsPenning livestock and insuring enough forage for winter.Community by-laws. Elected by the best-off peasants
The Archdeacon extorted finesby threats of excommunication, the fact of excommunication, when notified to a civil magistrate, procuringthe offenders imprisonment