The document summarizes key concepts in genetics including alleles, dominant and recessive traits, monohybrid and dihybrid crosses, incomplete dominance, sex-linked traits, multiple alleles, and pedigrees. It provides examples of Punnett squares to determine possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from genetic crosses between parents with different traits. Key terms like phenotype, genotype, homozygous, and heterozygous are defined.

1. Genetics

2. Vocabulary Review
 Allele
 Dominant vs. Recessive
 Heterozygous vs. Homozygous
 Phenotype vs. Genotype

3. Law of Segregation
 allele pairs separate or segregate during gamete
formation, and randomly unite at fertilization.

4. Monohybrid Crosses (Punnett
Squares)
 Genotype Ratio?
1AA:2Aa:1aa
 Phenotype Ratio?
3dominant:1recessive

5. Punnett Squares
 Things to consider:
 Which trait is dominant and which is recessive?
 Is each parent heterozygous or homozygous (dominant
or recessive)?
 What allele abbreviation would we use?
 Genotype and Phenotype ratios can be DIFFERENT!!!

7. Molly and Neil are planning to have
children. Molly has blue eyes and Neil has
brown eyes. What color eyes could their
children have?
**Neil’s mom had blue
eyes and his dad was
homozygous for brown
eyes**

8.  Now we know:
 Molly=bb
 Neil=Bb
 Genotype Ratio:
1Bb:1bb
 Phenotype Ratio:
1 brown eyes: 1 blue
eyes

9. In plants, tall height (T) is dominant to short (t). A homozygous
dominant plant is crossed with a heterozygous plant. What would
be the resulting phenotypic and genotypic ratios in the resulting
generation of plants?

10. Incomplete Dominance
 form of intermediate inheritance in which one allele for a specific
trait is not completely dominant over the other allele resulting in a
third phenotype that is a combination of the dominant and
recessive phenotypes

12.  Genotypic Ratio?
1:2:1
(WW:RW:RR)
 Phenotypic Ratio?
1:2:1
(white:pink:red)

13. Sex-linked Traits (Examples: red-
green color blindness, hemophilia)
 xBxB : normal female
 xBxb: carrier female
 xbxb :affected female
 xBy: normal male
 xby: affected male

14. Cross a male with hemophilia with a
normal woman whose father had
hemophilia.
Xh y
Genotypic ratio: 1xHXh
x HXh xHy :1xHy: 1Xh Xh : 1Xhy
xH
Phenotypic ratio: 1 normal
female: 1 hemophiliac female:
X h Xh Xhy 1 normal male: 1 hemophiliac
Xh male

15. Review Questions
 A male with hemophilia marries a normal woman whose
father had hemophilia. What are the chances of their sons
and daughters having hemophilia? Be sure to give the
phenotypic and genotypic ratios.
 A normal male marries a woman who is also normal but
whose father was colorblind. What are the chances of
their sons and daughters being color blind? Give the
phenotypic and genotypic ratios.

16. Blood Type: Multiple Alleles
 Blood types:
 A, B, AB, and O
 Alleles
 Codominance: A & B
 I A and IB (can be homozygous or heterozygous)
 Recessive: O
 i

17. A female with type AB blood is crossed with a
man who has type O blood. What are the
genotypic and phenotypic combinations their
children could have?
 Parents: I AIB x ii
IA IB
 Genotypic Ratio: 1 I A i: 1 I B i IA i IB i
 Phenotypic ratio: 1 type A: 1 type B i
IA i IB i
i

18. *Look over dihybrid
cross notes*

19. END PUNNETT
SQUARES

20. Pedigrees: chart of an individual's ancestors used in
human genetics to analyze Mendelian inheritance of
certain traits, especially of familial diseases.

21. Pedigrees
Female Male
Offspring

22. Pedigrees
Individuals can be shaded to track certain traits.
Female with specific trait Male with specific trait

23. Pedigree Key:
& = color blind
& = normal vision xBxb xby
What would be the
genotype of each of
xbxb xBy
the individuals?