Cloud computing is a technology that uses internet-connected remote servers rather than local hardware or software to maintain data and applications. This allows users to access files and applications from any device with an internet connection. Key benefits include reduced costs, increased storage, automatic updates, flexibility, and mobility. However, users relinquish direct control and responsibility of their data to the cloud provider.

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Cloud Computing
Definition
Cloud computing is a technology that uses the internet and central remote servers to maintain data and
applications. Cloud computing allows consumers and businesses to use applications without installation
and access their personal files at any computer with internet access. This technology allows for much
more efficient computing by centralizing storage, memory, processing and bandwidth.
Cloud computing is the delivery of computing as a service rather than a product, whereby shared
resources, software, and information are provided to computers and other devices as a utility (like
the electricity grid) over a network (typically the Internet).
Cloud computing provides computation, software applications, data access,data management and
storage resources without requiring cloud users to know the location and other details of the computing
infrastructure.
End users access cloud based applications through a web browser or a light weight desktop or mobile
app while the business software and data are stored on servers at a remote location. Cloud application
providers strive to give the same or better service and performance than if the software programs were
installed locally on end-user computers.
A simple example of cloud computing is Yahoo email, Gmail, or Hotmail etc. You dont need a software or
a server to use them. All a consumer would need is just an internet connection and you can start sending
emails. The server and email management software is all on the cloud ( internet) and is totally managed

2. by the cloud service provider Yahoo , Google etc. The consumer gets to use the software alone and enjoy
the benefits. The analogy is , 'If you need milk , would you buy a cow ?' All the users or consumers
need is to get the benefits of using the software or hardware of the computer like sending emails etc. Just
to get this benefit (milk) why should a consumer buy a (cow) software /hardware ?
Cloud computing is broken down into three segments: "application" "storage" and "connectivity." Each
segment serves a different purpose and offers different products for businesses and individuals around
the world. In June 2011, a study conducted by VersionOne found that 91% of senior IT professionals
actually don't know what cloud computing is and two-thirds of senior finance professionals are clear by
the concept, highlighting the young nature of the technology. In Sept 2011, an Aberdeen Group study
found that disciplined companies achieved on average an 68% increase in their IT expense because
cloud computing and only a 10% reduction in data center power costs
Characteristics
Cloud computing exhibits the following key characteristics:
 Empowerment of end-users of computing resources by putting the provisioning of those resources in
their own control, as opposed to the control of a centralized IT service (for example)
 Agility improves with users' ability to re-provision technological infrastructure resources.
 Application programming interface (API) accessibility to software that enables machines to
interact with cloud software in the same way the user interface facilitates interaction between humans
and computers. Cloud computing systems typically use REST-based APIs.
 Cost is claimed to be reduced and in a public cloud delivery model capital expenditure is converted
to operational expenditure. This is purported to lower barriers to entry, as infrastructure is typically
provided by a third-party and does not need to be purchased for one-time or infrequent intensive
computing tasks. Pricing on a utility computing basis is fine-grained with usage-based options and
fewer IT skills are required for implementation (in-house).
 Device and location independence enable users to access systems using a web browser
regardless of their location or what device they are using (e.g., PC, mobile phone). As infrastructure
is off-site (typically provided by a third-party) and accessed via the Internet, users can connect from
anywhere.
 Virtualization technology allows servers and storage devices to be shared and utilization be
increased. Applications can be easily migrated from one physical server to another.
 Multi-tenancy enables sharing of resources and costs across a large pool of users thus allowing for:
 Centralization of infrastructure in locations with lower costs (such as real estate, electricity, etc.)
 Peak-load capacity increases (users need not engineer for highest possible load-levels)
 Utilisation and efficiency improvements for systems that are often only 10–20% utilised.
 Reliability is improved if multiple redundant sites are used, which makes well-designed cloud
computing suitable for business continuity and disaster recovery.
 Scalability and Elasticity via dynamic ("on-demand") provisioning of resources on a fine-grained,
self-service basis near real-time, without users having to engineer for peak loads.
 Performance is monitored, and consistent and loosely coupled architectures are constructed
using web services as the system interface.
 Security could improve due to centralization of data, increased security-focused resources, etc., but
concerns can persist about loss of control over certain sensitive data, and the lack of security for
stored kernels. Security is often as good as or better than other traditional systems, in part because
providers are able to devote resources to solving security issues that many customers cannot afford.

3. However, the complexity of security is greatly increased when data is distributed over a wider area or
greater number of devices and in multi-tenant systems that are being shared by unrelated users. In
addition, user access to security audit logs may be difficult or impossible. Private cloud installations
are in part motivated by users' desire to retain control over the infrastructure and avoid losing control
of information security.
 Maintenance of cloud computing applications is easier, because they do not need to be installed on
each user's computer and can be accessed from different places.
Benefits of Cloud Computing
Cloud Computing brings with it many benefits to the end user. These include:
1. Access to a huge range of applications without having to download or install anything
2. Reduced Cost It helps keep the cost down for both the users and website owners. Also for the
users, they can access it from any computer and still have the file they need. For the owners,
they do not need to reproduce the software and ship it out. They just rent the server space.
Consumption is billed as a utility with minimal upfront costs. Users can avoid expenditure on
hardware and software; only using what they need
3. More Storage They can hold more storage than a personal computer can. It takes away the need
for the upgrading computer memory, which also helps keep the cost down for the companies and
users alike. Scalability via on-demand resources
4. Automatically Updated Owners no longer need to hire people to update more than one server,
and it also helps the users who do not like to download updates for the software. The server gets
the updates and everyone who uses the service gets the updates without updating anything on
their end.
5. Computing Flexibility It has more flexibility than other network computing systems and saves time
plus money for people who are in a time crunch.
6. Mobility Like most networks it allows users to connect even without their own computers,
meaning you can do your work from anywhere in the world as long as you have a internet
connection and a computer access. So you can take your work with you on your wedding and
vacations. Applications can be accessed from any computer, anywhere in the world.
7. No Downloads The users do not need to download anything, so that saves time and hard drive
space for users. They can just log onto the network.
8. Shared Resources A key component of cloud computing is that companies share resources. With
cloud computing, this allows them all to have access to the resources via cloud computing. This
again saves businesses time and money by placing their resources all in one location that is easy
for their workers to look up and access. Companies can share resources in one place
Drawbacks
Cloud Computing has many benefits, however there are also some associated risks with using cloud
computing. These include:

4. 1. Users do not physically possess storage of their own data, which leaves the responsibility and
control of data storage with the provider
2. Users could become dependent upon the cloud computing provider
3. With data held externally, business continuity and disaster recovery are in the hands of the
provider
4. Data migration issues when changing cloud provider
5. What happens if your cloud provider goes out of business?
Cloud Computing – Service Models.
Cloud computing providers offer their services according to three fundamental models: Infrastructure as a
service (IaaS), platform as a service (PaaS), and software as a service (SaaS) where IaaS is the most
basic and each higher model abstracts from the details of the lower models.
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS or HaaS)
In this most basic cloud service model, cloud providers offer computers – as physical or more often
as virtual machines –, raw (block) storage, firewalls, load balancers, and networks. IaaS providers supply
these resources on demand from their large pools installed in data centers. Local area networks including
IP addresses are part of the offer. For the wide area connectivity, the Internet can be used or - incarrier
clouds - dedicated virtual private networks can be configured.
To deploy their applications, cloud users then install operating system images on the machines as well as
their application software. In this model, it is the cloud user who is responsible for patching and
maintaining the operating systems and application software. Cloud providers typically bill IaaS services
on a utility computing basis, that is, cost will reflect the amount of resources allocated and consumed.

5. Hardware as a Service (HaaS)
 SaaS and PaaS are providing appliancess to customers, HaaS does not.
 It offers the hardware so that your organization can put whatever
they want onto it
 Rather than purchase servers, software, racks, and
having to pay for the datacenter space for them, the
service provider rents those resources:
- Server space
- Network equipment
- Memory
- CPU cycles
- Storage space
Examples: Amazon EC2, Rackspace Mosso, GoGrid.
Platform as a Service (PaaS)
In the PaaS model, cloud providers deliver a computing platform and/or solution stack typically including
operating system, programming language execution environment, database, and web server. Application
developers can develop and run their software solutions on a cloud platform without the cost and
complexity of buying and managing the underlying hardware and software layers. With some PaaS offers,
the underlying compute and storage resources scale automatically to match application demand s uch that
the cloud user does not have to allocate resources manually.
PaaS APIs
 normally based on HTML or JavaScript.
 provides automatic facilities for concurrency management, scalability,failover, and security.
 supports web development interfaces such as SOAP and REST
 able to access databases & reuse services within a private network
A general model is implemented under which developers build appls
 designed to run on the provider’s infrastructure
 delivered to users in via an Internet browser
Downfall
 A lack of interoperability and portability among providers
 If you create an appl with one cloud provider & decide to move to another, you may not be able to
do so or you’ll have to pay a high price
Examples: Google App Engine, Microsoft Azure, Zoho Creator, NetSuite NetFlex, Akamai EdgePlatform,
Salesforce Force.com, Facebook Platform
Software as a Service (SaaS)

6. In this model, cloud providers install and operate application software in the cloud and cloud users access
the software from cloud clients. The cloud users do not manage the cloud infrastructure and platform on
which the application is running. This eliminates the need to install and run the application on the cloud
user's own computers simplifying maintenance and support. What makes a cloud application different
from other applications is its elasticity. This can be achieved by cloning tasks onto multiple virtual
machines at run-time to meet the changing work demand. Load balancers distribute the work over the set
of virtual machines. This process is transparent to the cloud user who sees only a single access point. To
accomodate a large number of cloud users, cloud applications can be multitenant, that is, any machine
serves more than one cloud user organization. It is common to refer to special types of cloud based
application software with a similar naming convention:desktop as a service, business process as a
service, Test Environment as a Service, communication as a service.
The pricing model for SaaS applications is typically a monthly or yearly flat fee per user
Characteristics of SaaS:
1. Software applications or services are stored remotely
2. A user can then access these services or software applications via the Internet
3. In most cases, a user does not have to install anything onto their host machine,
 all they require is a web browser to access these services
 in some cases, additional plug-in/add-on for certain services are needed
4. Network-based manag & access to available software from central locations
 rather than at each customer’s site,
 enabling customers to access applications remotely via the Internet
 centralized enhancement and patch updating
5. Appl delivery from a one-to-many model,
 as opposed to a traditional one-to-one model.
 single-instance, multitenant architecture

7. The Cloud Pyramid
Storage as a Service (SaaS):
 Also known as disk space on demand
 The ability to leverage storage that physically exists at a remote site but is logically a local storage
resource to any application that requires storage.
 It’s a means that a third-party provider rents space on their storage to end-users who lack the budget
or capital budget to pay for it on their own.
 Ideal when technical personnel are not available or have inadequate knowledge to implement and
maintain that storage infrastructure
 Given the complexity of current backup, replication, and disaster recovery needs, the service has
become popular
 Hundreds of cloud storage providers on the Web,
 more seem to be added each day.
 The biggest advantage is cost savings:
 Storage rented from provider using a cost-per-gigabyte-stored or perdata-transferred model
Examples of specialized providers
1. Google Docs
2. Web email providers like Gmail, Hotmail, and
3. Yahoo! Mail
4. Flickr and Picasa
5. YouTube
6. Hostmonster and GoDaddy store files and data for
7. many client web sites.

8. 8. Facebook and MySpace are social networking sites
9. MediaMax and Strongspace offer storage space for any kind of digital data
Database as a Service (DaaS):
 Databases: repositories for information with links within the information that help make the data
searchable.
 Distributed databases, like Amazon’s SimpleDB, spread information among physically dispersed
hardware
 To the client, the information seems to be located in one place.
 Idea behind DaaS is to avoid the complexity and cost of running your own database
 The power is to leverage database technology that would typically cost thousands of dollars in
hardware and software licenses.
 Provides the ability to leverage the services of a remotely hosted database, sharing it with other users
and having it logically function as if the database were local.
Benefits:
o Ease of use
o Power
o Integration
o Management
Information as a Service:
 It refers to the ability to consume any type of remotely hosted information
 E.g. stock price information, address validation, credit reporting, through a well-defined interface such
as an API
 ability to mix and match a variety of information from many different sources through a single
application or mashup.
 We can get stock quotes from one information-as-a-service provider,census data from another
 GeoNames Web API, from geonames.org,
o a geographical database containing over 8 million geographical names
o provides a broad range of information on each, from its population and form of government
to its topology to its road and railway systems and more.
Communication as a Service (CaaS)
 CaaS is an outsourced enterprise communications solution
 Providers of this type of cloud-based solution are responsible for the management of hardware and
software
 Designed on a utility-like pricing model
 Requires little to no management oversight from customers.
 Network capacity and feature sets can be changed dynamically, so functionality keeps pace with
consumer demand and provider-owned resources are not wasted.

9.  Delivers
- Voice over IP (VoIP) services,
- Instant Messaging (IM), and
- Video conferencing capabilities
- Advanced features: chat, multimedia conferencing, Microsoft Outlook integration, real-time presence,
“soft” phones (software-based telephones), video calling, unified messaging and mobility etc.
Identity as a Service:
 Offers a digital identity—a set of bytes—to describe the user
 Based on this information, the application can determine who the user is and what he or she is
allowed to do.
 In-house applications rely on services like Active Directory to provide this information.
 Clouds, however, have to use their own identity services.
 If you sign on services to Amazon cloud services, you have to sign on using an Amazondefined
identity.
 Google’s App Engine requires a Google account
 Windows uses Windows Live ID for use with Microsoft’s cloud applications.
 OpenID
o is an open, decentralized, single sign-on standard that allows users to log in to many services
using the same digital identity.
o is in the form of a uniform resource locator (URL) and does not rely on a central authority to
authenticate a user’s identity.
o Since a specific type of authentication is not required, nonstandard forms of authentication may
be used, including smart cards, biometric, or passwords.
o Used by many organizations, including: Google, IBM, Microsoft, Yahoo!
Monitoring as a Service (MaaS)
 Outsourced provisioning of security, primarily on business platforms that leverage the Internet to
conduct business.
 Security monitoring involves protecting an enterprise or government client from cyber threats
 Security-as-a-service, is the ability to deliver core security services remotely over the Internet.
 While the typical security services provided are rudimentary, more sophisticated services such as
identity management are becoming available.
Process as a Service
 Remote resource that can bind many resources together, e.g. services & data hosted within the same
CC resource or remotely to create business processes

10.  Business process: meta-application that spans systems, leveraging key services& information
combined into a sequence to form a process
 These processes are easier to change than are applications and thus provide agility to those who
leverage these process engines delivered on demand
Integration as a Service
The ability to deliver a complete integration stack from the cloud
 including interfacing with applications, semantic mediation, flow control, integration design, and so on.
 includes most of the features and functions found within traditional enterprise application integration
technology, but delivered as a service
Governance/Management as a Service (GaaS):
 Any on-demand service that provides the ability to manage one or more cloud services.
 These are typically simple things such topology, resource utilization, virtualization, and uptime
management
 Governance systems are becoming available as well, offering, for instance, the ability to enforce
defined policies on data and services.
Testing as a Service (TaaS):
 Ability to test local or cloud-delivered systems using testing software and services that are remotely
hosted.
 While a cloud service requires testing unto itself, TaaS systems have the ability to test other cloud
applications, Web sites, and internal enterprise systems, and they do not require a hardware or
software footprint within the enterprise.
What’s New!
Amazon services:
Amazon was one of the first companies to offer cloud services to the public, and they are very
sophisticated
Most extensive cloud service to date
Offers a number of cloud services
1. Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) offers virtual machines and extra CPU cycles foryour organization.
2. Simple Storage Service (S3) allows you to store items up to 5GB in size in Amazon’s virtual storage
service.

11. 3. Simple Queue Service (SQS) allows your machines to talk to each other using this message-passing
API.
4. SimpleDB is a web service for running queries on structured data in real time. This service works in
close conjunction with S3 and EC2, collectively providing the ability to store, process, and query data sets
in the cloud.
5. CloudFront enables to place online content at the edges of the network, meaning that content is
delivered from a location close to the user requesting it.
Microsoft’s solution for CC: Windows Azure
 An OS that allows organizations to run Windows apps and store files and data using Microsoft’s
datacenters
 Azure Services Platform includes services that allow developers to:
o establish user identities,
o manage workflows,
o synchronize data,
o perform other functions as they build software programs on Microsoft’s online computing platform.
 Key components of Azure Services Platform include
o provides service hosting and management and low-level scalable storage, computation, and
networking.
o SQL Services - provides database services and reporting.
o .NET Services - provides service-based implementations of .NET Framework concepts such as
workflow.
o Live Services - used to share, store, and synchronize documents,photos, and files across PCs,
phones, PC applications, and web sites.
o SharePoint Services and Dynamics CRM Services - used for businesscontent, collaboration, and
solution development in the cloud.
Salesforce
 Force.com - on-demand cloud computing platform (PaaS) offers:
o Apex, an integrated development environment
o Programmable interface, User interface options
o Business logic, Workflow and approvals engine
o Automatic mobile device deployment
o Web services integration, A relational database
o Reporting and analytics
 Visualforce
o Framework for creating new interface designs
o Enables user interactions that can be built and delivered with no software or hardware
infrastructure requirements
o uses HTML, AJAX, and Flex, for business applications
 CRM (customer relationship management) offering consists of the Sales Cloud and the Service Cloud
with five core applications:
o Sales,
o Marketing,

12. o Service,
o Collaboration,
o Analytics,
o Custom applications
 AppExchange
- is a directory of applications built for Salesforce.com by third-party developers.
- users can purchase and add to their Salesforce.com environment.
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