This document provides information about creating partitions and filesystems in Linux. It discusses various Linux filesystem types like ext2, ext3, xfs, reiserfs v3, and vfat. It covers the commands and tools used to create partitions (fdisk, mkfs), filesystems (mkfs), and swap spaces (mkswap, swapon). It also discusses viewing filesystem information, mounting filesystems, and the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard for directory structure in Linux.
P2Cinfotech is one of the leading, Online IT Training facilities and Job Consultant, spread all over the world. We have successfully conducted online classes on various Software Technologies that are currently in Demand. To name a few, we provide quality online training for QA, QTP, Manual Testing, HP LoadRunner, BA, Java Technologies.
Unique Features of P2Cinfotech:
1. All online software Training Batches will Be handled by Real time working Professionals only.
2. Live online training like Real time face to face, Instructor ? student interaction.
3. Good online training virtual class room environment.
4. Special Exercises and Assignments to make you self-confident on your course subject.
5. Interactive Sessions to update students with latest Developments on the particular course.
6. Flexible Batch Timings and proper timetable.
7. Affordable, decent and Flexible fee structure.
8. Extended Technical assistance even after completion of the course.
9. 100% Job Assistance and Guidance.
Courses What we cover:
Quality Assurance
Business Analsis
QTp
JAVA
Apps Devlepoment Training
Register for Free DEMO:
www.p2cinfotech.com p2cinfotech@gmail.com +1-732-546-3607 (USA)
Slides from the Introduction to UNIX Command-Lines class from the BTI Plant Bioinformatics course 2014. This is a course teach by the Sol Genomics Network researchers at the Boyce Thompson Institute.
P2Cinfotech is one of the leading, Online IT Training facilities and Job Consultant, spread all over the world. We have successfully conducted online classes on various Software Technologies that are currently in Demand. To name a few, we provide quality online training for QA, QTP, Manual Testing, HP LoadRunner, BA, Java Technologies.
Unique Features of P2Cinfotech:
1. All online software Training Batches will Be handled by Real time working Professionals only.
2. Live online training like Real time face to face, Instructor ? student interaction.
3. Good online training virtual class room environment.
4. Special Exercises and Assignments to make you self-confident on your course subject.
5. Interactive Sessions to update students with latest Developments on the particular course.
6. Flexible Batch Timings and proper timetable.
7. Affordable, decent and Flexible fee structure.
8. Extended Technical assistance even after completion of the course.
9. 100% Job Assistance and Guidance.
Courses What we cover:
Quality Assurance
Business Analsis
QTp
JAVA
Apps Devlepoment Training
Register for Free DEMO:
www.p2cinfotech.com p2cinfotech@gmail.com +1-732-546-3607 (USA)
Slides from the Introduction to UNIX Command-Lines class from the BTI Plant Bioinformatics course 2014. This is a course teach by the Sol Genomics Network researchers at the Boyce Thompson Institute.
Nesta semana ocorreu o Primeiro Treinamento de AWS da Site Blindado Labs, ministrado pelo Heitor Vital (CTO Site Blindado).
Vídeo do treinamento: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2C0JlawhSwY
Mais info: http://labs.siteblindado.com/2014/09/primeito-treinamento-de-aws-amazon-web.html
AWS Certification Lessons and Tips, AWS Meetup Lehi - April 2016Dan Neff
Erik and I share our experiences in preparing for and obtaining our Professional Solutions Architect certification. We share testing tips, time management strategies, and some thoughts on our work post-certification.
A video of our presentation is also available:
http://www.1strategy.com/blog/utah-aws-meetup-aws-certifications-april-27-2016/
This presentation will provide the information about the Linux Root File systems and its hierarchy. So any technocrate who is willing to gain info about root files of Linux can easily understand . preffered for Embedded system design Students who are pursuing diploma courses in various CDAC centers.
CompTIA Linux+ Powered by LPI certifies foundational skills and knowledge of Linux. With Linux being the central operating system for much of the world’s IT infrastructure, Linux+ is an essential credential for individuals working in IT, especially those on the path of a Web and software development career. With CompTIA’s Linux+ Powered by LPI certification, you’ll acquire the fundamental skills and knowledge you need to successfully configure, manage and troubleshoot Linux systems. Recommended experience for this certification includes CompTIA A+, CompTIA Network+ and 12 months of Linux admin experience. No prerequisites required.
It is the File system that is contained on the same partition on which the "Root directory" is located. It is the File system on which all the other file systems are mounted
Inspection and maintenance tools (Linux / OpenStack)Gerard Braad
This handout is part of the training at UnitedStack and will introduce you to several inspection and maintenance tools.
It is generated from the slides at: http://gbraad.gitlab.io/tools-training/
Source: https://gitlab.com/gbraad/tools-training
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithyg2nightmarescribd
Have you ever wanted a Ruby client API to communicate with your web service? Smithy is a protocol-agnostic language for defining services and SDKs. Smithy Ruby is an implementation of Smithy that generates a Ruby SDK using a Smithy model. In this talk, we will explore Smithy and Smithy Ruby to learn how to generate custom feature-rich SDKs that can communicate with any web service, such as a Rails JSON API.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
2. Exam Objectives
Key Knowledge Areas
ext2
ext3
xfs
reiserfs v3
vfat
Objective 4: Devices, Linux Filesystems, Filesystem Hierarchy Standard
Create partitions and filesystems Weight: 2
Terms and Utilities
fdisk
mkfs
mkswap
2
3. File Systems
3
FILE SYSTEM
is the methods and data structures that an operating system uses to keep track of files on disk or partition
or, the way the files are organized on disk
Linux Filesystems can be created with the mkfs command.
Cmd is a front end to several filesystem-specific commands (such as mkfs.ext3 for ext3 and mkfs.reiserfs for ReiserFS)
To view what filesystem-specific support is installed on the system use: ls /sbin/mk* command.
Linux Swapspaces are created with the mkswap command.
Ex: yourname@yourcomp~> ls /sbin/mk*
/sbin/mkdosfs /sbin/mkfs.ext2 /sbin/mkfs.ntfs
/sbin/mke2fs /sbin/mkfs.ext3 /sbin/mkfs.vfat
/sbin/mkfs /sbin/mkfs.ext4 /sbin/mkfs.xfs
/sbin/mkfs.btrfs /sbin/mkfs.ext4dev /sbin/mkhomedir_helper
/sbin/mkfs.cramfs /sbin/mkfs.msdos /sbin/mkswap
Create partitions and filesystems
4. File Systems
4
Linux Swapspaces and Filesystems can be created with fdisk
Ex: yourname@yourcomp~> fdisk -v
fdisk (util-linux-ng 2.16)
yourname@yourcomp~> sudo fdisk /dev/sdb
[sudo] password for:
The number of cylinders for this disk is set to 30401.
There is nothing wrong with that, but this is larger than 1024,
and could in certain setups cause problems with:
1) software that runs at boot time (e.g., old versions of LILO)
2) booting and partitioning software from other OSs
(e.g., DOS FDISK, OS/2 FDISK)
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/sdb: 250.1 GB, 250059350016 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 30401 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x000404d6
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 1 25 200781 83 Linux
/dev/sdb2 26 12965 103940550 83 Linux
/dev/sdb3 12966 30401 140054670 83 Linux
Command (m for help):
Create partitions and filesystems
5. Creating a swap space
5
swap space from other partition with mkswap
Ex: yourname@yourcomp~> mkswap /dev/sda4
Setting up swapspace version 1, size = 4192960 KiB
no label, UUID=8f5a3a05-73ef-4c78-bc56-0e9b1bcc7fdb
mkswap doesnt check if file or partition isn't used.
It can overwrite important files and partitions
swap space is part of hard disk that is used as virtual memory
Linux can use a normal file in filesystem or separate partition for swap space.
used as a raw partition, and will not contain any filesystem. type 82 (Linux swap);
Create partitions and filesystems
6. Creating a swap space
6
Ex: yourname@yourcomp~> dd if=/dev/zero of=/extra-swap bs=1024
count=1024
1024+0 records in
1024+0 records out
/extra-swap is the name of the swap file and the size of is given after the count=.
yourname@yourcomp~> mkswap /extra-swap 1024
Setting up swapspace, size = 1044480 bytes
After created a swap file or swap partition, you need to write a signature to its beginning;
contains administrative information used by kernel. command to do is mkswap
Ex:
the swap space is still not in use: it will exist, but the kernel does not use it to provide virtual memory.
Create partitions and filesystems
7. Creating a swap space
7
initialized swap space is used with swapon.
tells kernel that swap space can be used and path to swap space is given as argument
Ex:
yourname@yourcomp~> swapon /extra-swap
to start swapping on temporary swap file use the following command:
/dev/hda8 none swap sw 0 0
/swapfile none swap sw 0 0
startup scripts will run command swapon -a, which will start swapping on all the swap spaces listed in /etc/fstab
Ex:
Swap spaces can be used automatically by listing them in /etc/fstab file
swap space can be removed with swapoff
swap used automatically with swapon -a can be removed from with swapoff -a; it looks at /etc/fstab to find what to
remove
Create partitions and filesystems
8. Creating a swap space
8
monitor swap with free or top or in /proc/meminfo
View enabled swap devices use swapon –s or with cat /proc/swaps
yourname@yourcomp~> swapon –s
Filename Type Size Used Priority
/dev/sdb1 partition 514044 0 -1
/dev/sdb5 partition 4192928 0 -2
yourname@yourcomp~> cat /proc/swaps
Filename Type Size Used Priority
/dev/sdb1 partition 514044 0 -1
/dev/sdb5 partition 4192928 0 -2
Ex:
Create partitions and filesystems
9. Creating an ext3 filesystem
9
Ex: yourname@yourcomp~> mkfs -t ext3 /dev/sda8
mke2fs 1.41.9 (22-Aug-2009)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
2624496 inodes, 10488429 blocks
524421 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=4294967296
321 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8176 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208,
4096000, 7962624
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (32768 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
This filesystem will be automatically checked every 20 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
• To add journal to an existing ext2, use tune2fs with -j option.
• To display or set label for ext2 or ext3, use e2label. Labels limited to 16 characters.
• To display UUID (Universally Unique Identifier) for the formatted partition, use blkid cmd
Linux filesystems generate UUID when the filesystem is formatted - 128-bit identifier displayed as 32 hexadecimal digit and four
hyphens
Create partitions and filesystems
10. Other tools and filesystems
10
cfdisk tool (console based)
Ex:
Create partitions and filesystems
11. Other tools and filesystems
11
gpart partitioning tool
Ex:
Create partitions and filesystems
12. Linux file system
12
Linux filesystem contains files arranged on a block storage device in directories.
Linux filesystem is a single tree with the / directory as its root directory.
Ex:
Create partitions and filesystems
13. File system Hierarchy Standard
13
Directories required in / by the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard
Set of requirements and guidelines for file and directory placement under UNIX-like operating systems.
Directory Description
bin Essential command binaries
boot Static files of the boot loader
dev Device files
etc Host-specific system configuration
lib Essential shared libraries and kernel modules
media Mount point for removable media
mnt Mount point for mounting a filesystem temporarily
opt Add-on application software packages
sbin Essential system binaries
srv Data for services provided by this system
tmp Temporary files
usr Secondary hierarchy
var Variable data
http://www.pathname.com/fhs/
Create partitions and filesystems
15. Linux file system
15
A simple description of UNIX system, applicable to Linux, is:
"On a UNIX system, everything is a file; if something is not a file, it is a process.”
• Regular files: Contain normal data. Ex. text files, executable files or progs, input for or output from a program.
• Directories: Files that are lists of other files.
• Special files: The mechanism used for input and output. Most special files are in /dev
• Links: System to make a file or directory visible in multiple parts of the system's file tree.
• Domain sockets: Special file type (similar to TCP/IP sockets) providing inter-process networking protected by the file
system's access control.
• Named pipes: More or less like sockets. Form a way for processes to communicate with each other, without using
network socket semantics.
Create partitions and filesystems
16. Linux file system
16
The -l option to ls cmd displays the file type, using the first character of each input line
Good options are with -F and --color combined:
Ex: yourname@yourcomp~> ls -l
total 80
-rw-rw-r-- 1 jaime jaime 31744 Feb 21 17:56 intro Linux.doc
-rw-rw-r-- 1 jaime jaime 41472 Feb 21 17:56 Linux.doc
drwxrwxr-x 2 jaime jaime 4096 Feb 25 11:50 course
File types in ls -long list
Symbol Meaning
•- Regular file
•d Directory
•l Link
•c Special file
•s Socket
•p Named pipe
•b Block device
File types in ls –F
suffixes to non-standard file name. For mono-color use and printing
Character File type
•nothing Regular file
•/ Directory
•* Executable file
•@ Link
•= Socket
•| Named pipe
View info coreutils ls
Create partitions and filesystems