3. It is the systemized
knowledge from
observations and
experiments.
These experiments are
carried out to determine
the principal about
how nature
operates………
4. What is problem?
Questions about living things have
provided problems that man has
investigated to aid his own survival and to
satisfy his desire to know.
?
5. What is biological method?
The scientific method in which
biological problems are solved, is
termed as biological method.
OR
An organized way of solving
problems
6. IMPORTANCE
In scientific research
Advancements of
medicines
Ecology
Technology
Also ensures the
quality of data for
public use.
7. Steps in the Scientific
Method
1) Recognition of biological
problem
2) Observation
3) Hypothesis
4) deduction
5) Experiment
6) Summarization of result
7) Reporting the result
8. STEP 1.
Recognition of biological problem
A biological
problem is a
question
related to living
organisms
that is either asked
by some one or
comes in biologist’s
mind by himself
9. STEP 2. Observations
Biologist recall previous
observation or make new
ones.
Made with five senses
vision
Hearing
Smell
Taste
touch
AH—Look at this!
10. Observations
An example of an
observation might
be noticing that
many salamanders
near a pond have
curved, not
straight, tails
11. Observations
I observe that plants
near my neighbors yard
grow bigger than the
others in my yard.
12. Types of Observations
Qualitative
Physical traits that can
be described
are variable
not measureable
These can not be
written in numbers
Quantitative
Made through
instruments
are invariable
measureable
These can be
written in numbers
17. Example ……..
qualtitative
The freezing point of
water is colder than
boiling point of water
quantitative
The freezing point of
water is 0 c than
boiling point of water
is 100 c.
18. qualtitative
The liter of
water is heavier
than liter of
ethanol.
Quantitative
The liter of
water is heavier
than liter of
ethanol.
19. STEP 3. Hypothesis
Biologist organize
observations into
data form and
construct a
statement that may
prove to be the
“Answer of the biological
problem”
Tentative explanation
of observations is
called hypothesis.
20. Hypothesis
An example of a
hypothesis might
be that the
salamanders have
curved tails due to
a pollutant in the
moist soil where
they live.
21. Characteristics of hypothesis
It should be general statement
It should agree with available
observations
It should be kept as simple as
possible.
Must be testable
22. Step 4.
DEDUCTIONS…..(expect)
Definition:
The logical consequences of hypothesis
Or
the conclusion drawn from Hypothesis using if-then..........
For this purpose, a hypothesis is taken as true
and expected results are drawn from it.
Sometimes written as If…Then… statements
Predicts an outcome
23. “If……then……”
If I put fertilizer on
my plants, then they
will grow bigger
Step 4. DEDUCTIONS
25. Experimentation
The most basic step
Biologists perform
experiment to see if
hypothesis are true or not
A procedure to test the
hypothesis.
26. Remember: To be a Valid
Experiment:
Two groups are required ---
the control & experimental
groups
There should be only one
variable
27. What is the Purpose of a
Control?
Controls are NOT being
tested
Controls are used for
COMPARISON
28. #1 Experimental Group-given the experimental factor
or changed in some way
#2 Control Group:-NOT changed
Experimental Group
Fertilizer
Control Group
No Fertilizer
29. Step 6.
Summarization of results
Biologist gather actual,
quantitative data from
experiments.
Data are then averaged and
compared statistically.
To draw conclusions,
biologist also uses statistical
analysis.
30. Step 7.
Reporting results
In scientific journals and books, in talks at
national and international meetings and in
seminars at colleges and universities.
Essential part of scientific method.
Allows other people to verify the results
Or
Apply knowledge to solve other
problems