The document outlines the scientific method as it applies to solving biological problems, specifically using malaria as a case study. It describes the steps involved, including problem recognition, observation, hypothesis formulation, deductions, experimentation, and summarizing results, ultimately leading to the conclusion that plasmodium is the cause of malaria. The content emphasizes the importance of systematic observation and experimentation in biology.

1. SOLVING A BIOLOGICAL PROBLEMS
Class 9th Biology Chapter 02
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CHAPTER 02
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2. INTRODUCTION:
• Biology helped us to know the cause and cure of many disease.
• There is nothing magical about science.
• You are curious, like new and different thing?
• You are scientist… !
• Needed to use scientific method.
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3. BIOLOGICAL METHOD:
• Biological problems are solved by a series of steps of biological method.
• It is also known as scientific method.
• It has following steps:
1. Recognition of a biological problem.
2. Observation
3. Hypothesis
4. Deductions
5. Experiment
6. Result
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4. 1. RECOGNITION OF
BIOLOGICAL PROBLEMS
• It is a question related to living
organisms
• Either asked by someone
• Comes in mind of researcher.
• How ?
• When ?
• Where ?
• Why ?
• What ? Etc.
E.g., Malaria was a problem since
ancient times. But the cause was not
known. So, the problem is what is
the cause of Malaria.
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5. 2.OBSERVATIONS
• Observation are made by FIVE senses.
1. Vision
2. Hearing
3. Smell
4. Taste
5. Touch
• There are two types of observation.
1. Qualitative observations
2. Quantitative observations.
There were FOUR major Observation about malaria:
1. 1. Malaria and marshy areas have some relation.
2. 2. Quinine is an effective drug for treating malaria.
3. 3. Drinking the water of marshes does not cause
malaria.
4. 4.Plasmodium is seen in the blood of malarial
patients. Based on
quality e.g., hot
water
Based on
measurable
value e.g., 1L of
water
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6. 3. FORMULATION OF
HYPOTHESIS
• A hypothesis should have following
characteristics:
1. It should be a general
statement.
2. It should be tentative idea.
3. It should agree with the
available observations.
4. It should be testable.
5. Potentially falsifiable.
Based on observation and other
information laveran in 1882 formulate
the hypothesis
“PLASMODIUM is the cause of Malaria”
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7. 4. DEDUCTIONS
• Deductions are the logical consequences
of hypothesis.
• Deductions involves “IF” and “THEN”
logic.
• It should be TRUE and must be proved
through experiment otherwise it may be
rejected.
“ IF PLASMODIUM is the cause of
malaria, then all the persons ill with
malaria should have PLASMODIUM
in Their blood”
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8. 5.EXPERIMENTATION
• Experiment are performed to prove if
hypothesis is true or not.
• The deductions drawn from
experiment are subjected to rigorous
testing.
• Through experimentation, biologist
learns which hypothesis is correct.
Blood of 100 patients was
examined under microscope. The
results shows that almost all
malarial patients had
PLASMODIUM in their blood.
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9. 6.SUMMARIZATION OF
RESULTS
• Actual quantitative data from
experiment.
• This data arranged to draw results.
Result was quite convincing to
prove the hypothesis that
“PLASMODIUM is the cause of
malaria”
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10. SEE YOU IN THE NEXT VIDEO...
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