This document discusses hemodynamic disorders including edema, hyperemia, congestion, hemorrhage, hemostasis, thrombosis, embolism, and infarction. It focuses on hemorrhage, defining it as blood escaping from vessels due to rupture. Common causes are listed as trauma, atherosclerosis, inflammation, and neoplasm. Specific types of hemorrhages like petechiae, purpura, and ecchymoses are described based on their size and location. Clinical features and significance are discussed depending on the rapidity and site of bleeding.

1. Hemodynamic Disorders
Hemodynamic Disorders
 Edema
 Edema
 Hyperemia and Congestion
 Hyperemia and Congestion
 Hemorrhage
 Hemorrhage
 Hemostasis and Thrombosis
 Hemostasis and Thrombosis
 Embolism
 Embolism
 Infarction
 Infarction
 Shock
 Shock
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Dr. Krishna Tadepalli, MD, www.mletips.com

2. •• Hemorrhage = Extravasation of blood due to vessel rupture
Hemorrhage = Extravasation of blood due to vessel rupture
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–– Causes = Trauma, Atherosclerosis, Inflammation, Neoplasm
Causes = Trauma, Atherosclerosis, Inflammation, Neoplasm
Hemorrhagic diatheses: hemorrhage from insignificant injury
Hemorrhagic diatheses: hemorrhage from insignificant injury
(causes = deficiency of platelet //Clotting factors)
(causes = deficiency of platelet Clotting factors)
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••
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Hematoma = Bleeding with tissues
Hematoma = Bleeding with tissues
Morphologic types
Morphologic types
Petechiae = 1-2 mm size minute hemorrhages; into skin, mucosa &
Petechiae = 1-2 mm size minute hemorrhages; into skin, mucosa &
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serosal surfaces; due to deficiency of platelet //Clotting factors,
serosal surfaces; due to deficiency of platelet Clotting factors,
Uremia( platelet functional defects)
Uremia( platelet functional defects)
Purpura = ≥3 mm size hemorrhages, due to causes of Petechiae +
Purpura = ≥3 mm size hemorrhages, due to causes of Petechiae +
Amylodosis, Vasculitis
Amylodosis, Vasculitis
•• Ecchymoses = 1-2 cm size hemorrhages, Bruise (subcutaneous),
Ecchymoses = 1-2 cm size hemorrhages, Bruise (subcutaneous),
Hemopertoneum (peritoneal cavity), Hemoarthrosis (Joint)
Hemopertoneum (peritoneal cavity), Hemoarthrosis (Joint)
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Dr. Krishna Tadepalli, MD, www.mletips.com

3. ••
••
Hemorrhage
Hemorrhage
Clinical Features = based on rapidity & site
Clinical Features = based on rapidity & site
•• >20% loss of blood volume  hypovolemic //Hemorrhagic shock
>20% loss of blood volume  hypovolemic Hemorrhagic shock
•• Even mild bleeds in Brain  critical
Even mild bleeds in Brain  critical
•• All patients with Hemorrhage eventually develop anemia due to
All patients with Hemorrhage eventually develop anemia due to
 Iron deficiency
 Iron deficiency
3
Dr. Krishna Tadepalli, MD, www.mletips.com

4. Petechiae of the
colonic mucosa
Fatal intracerebral
bleed
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Dr. Krishna Tadepalli, MD, www.mletips.com

5. •• Clinical significance
Clinical significance
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Most common cause of death in pts. With cirrhosis ??
Most common cause of death in pts. With cirrhosis
Most common cause of death in aortic dissections &
Most common cause of death in aortic dissections &
Aneurysms ??
Aneurysms
Petechiae in 40 yr old male patient 3 days after fracture of
Petechiae in 40 yr old male patient 3 days after fracture of
long bones in aatraffic accident= why?
long bones in traffic accident= why?
Four day old new born has petechiae and purpura and low
Four day old new born has petechiae and purpura and low
platelet count. Megakaryocytes in bone marrow are
platelet count. Megakaryocytes in bone marrow are
increased in # = explain the mechanism
increased in # = explain the mechanism
34 yr old female complains of menorrhagia ((excess
34 yr old female complains of menorrhagia excess
menstrual bleeding ))for the past 4 cycles. Peripheral blood
menstrual bleeding for the past 4 cycles. Peripheral blood
and marrow finding are matching with findings of the
and marrow finding are matching with findings of the
above patient (new born)= explain
above patient (new born)= explain
A 55 yr old male with blood pressure of 220/14o mm.Hg.
A 55 yr old male with blood pressure of 220/14o mm.Hg.
Develops, severe headache, visual disturbances, vomitings.
Develops, severe headache, visual disturbances, vomitings.
CT scan confirms intra cerebral bleed. What is the most
CT scan confirms intra cerebral bleed. What is the most
common cause of death in this patient?
5
common cause of death in this patient?
Dr. Krishna Tadepalli, MD, www.mletips.com

6. •• Clinical significance
Clinical significance
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••
Most common cause of death in pts. With cirrhosis ??
Most common cause of death in pts. With cirrhosis
Most common cause of death in aortic dissections &
Most common cause of death in aortic dissections &
Aneurysms ??
Aneurysms
Petechiae in 40 yr old male patient 3 days after fracture of
Petechiae in 40 yr old male patient 3 days after fracture of
long bones in aatraffic accident= why?
long bones in traffic accident= why?
Four day old new born has petechiae and purpura and low
Four day old new born has petechiae and purpura and low
platelet count. Megakaryocytes in bone marrow are
platelet count. Megakaryocytes in bone marrow are
increased in # = explain the mechanism
increased in # = explain the mechanism
34 yr old female complains of menorrhagia ((excess
34 yr old female complains of menorrhagia excess
menstrual bleeding ))for the past 4 cycles. Peripheral blood
menstrual bleeding for the past 4 cycles. Peripheral blood
and marrow finding are matching with findings of the
and marrow finding are matching with findings of the
above patient (new born)= explain
above patient (new born)= explain
A 55 yr old male with blood pressure of 220/14o mm.Hg.
A 55 yr old male with blood pressure of 220/14o mm.Hg.
Develops, severe headache, visual disturbances, vomitings.
Develops, severe headache, visual disturbances, vomitings.
CT scan confirms intra cerebral bleed. What is the most
CT scan confirms intra cerebral bleed. What is the most
common cause of death in this patient?
5
common cause of death in this patient?
Dr. Krishna Tadepalli, MD, www.mletips.com