This document contains science sheets for primary 4 students covering topics on measuring tools, states of matter, elements, physical and chemical changes, the solar system, rotation of the Earth and sun, phases of the moon, and tides. It includes lessons, activities, problems and explanations of key concepts. Measurements of length, mass and volume are defined using standard units like meters, grams and liters. The three states of matter and changes between them are also described.

1. AlKa rma L a n g u a g e Sc h o o l
Ac a d emi c y e a r : 2 0 1 4 / 2 0 1 5
Pr imar y 4
Sc ience Sheet s
Fi r s t Term
· St udent Name: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
· Clas s : _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

2. 1- Measuring Tools
2- States of Matter
3- Elements around us
4- Physical and Chemical Changes
4-
2
Unit one
Unit two
1-Stars and Planets
2- Motion of Sun and Earth
3- Motion of Moon
4- Atmosphere and weather

3. UUnniitt OOnnee
3
11

4. Lesson : Measuring tools
There are many different things around us like:
Bag Ball Glass Stone Apple
All of these objects differ in:
Shape, size and mass, but all of these objects are known as matter.
4
1
Matter: Everything that has mass and volume:
Study
well
Mass: The amount of matter in an object.
Volume: The space occupied by the matter.

5. ·When you buy cloth, the seller asks about the length.
·When you buy vegetables, fruits or meat he asks about
the mass.
· When you buy milk or oil, he asks you about the volume.
1)-The centimeter (cm)
LLeennggtthh
5
Measuring ruler
Measuring tape
Centimeter
Metre
kilometer
Examples
Measuring tools Measuring units
1 meter= 100centimeter

6. Used for measuring small lengths
(Such as the length of your pen or your book)
2)-The meter (m)
For measuring big lengths
(Such as the dimensions of your classroom)
3 )-The kilometer (Km )
For measuring very big lengths (such as the distance between Cairo and
Alexandria)
1 Kilometer (Km) = 1000 meters (m)
6
Sensitive balance for gold & chemicals
Common balance for fruits & vegetables
Gram
Kilogram
Ton
1kilogram=1000 gram
1Ton=1000 kilogram

7. Measuring tools Measuring units
MMaassss
1) - The gram (gm) :
For measuring small masses such as jewelry and
chemical substances.
2) - The kilogram (Kg):
For measuring large masses such as fruits &
vegetables.
3 ) - The ton: For very big objects
Measuring tools Measuring units
VVoolluummee
7
Graduated cylinder
(Liquids – irregular shaped solids)
Graduate ruler
(solid regular shape)
Liquid volumes:
milliliter
liter
Solid volumes:
cubic centimeter cm3
cubic meter m3
1Liter =1000 milliter= 1000 cm3

8. 1-Calculating the volume of a regular solid
object:
By using the ruler to measure its dimension
then calculate its volume
Volume = Length x Width x Height =--- cm3
Width
Height
Length
Find the volume of a brick, knowing that its length = 7cm, its width= 5cm
and its height = 1cm
Volume = length x width x height
= 7 x 5 x 1 = 35 cm3
Estimating volumes of irregular shaped solid and insoluble in water
Use a graduated cylinder contains a quantity of water
a- Record the level of water in cylinder v1
b- Put a piece of stone then record the level =v2
The volume of stone =v2-v1
8
PPrroobblleemm
Solution

9. Explanation
When a piece of stone is put in a jar containing 30cm3 of water, the water
level rises to 50 cm3 what is the volume of the stone?
Volume of stone = V2 – V1 = 50 – 30 = 20 cm3
How to read the volume of liquids?
Look horizontally at the lowest (bottom) point of the water level
Activity: Masses of equals volumes to different materials:
Put iron cube on a common balance and put a wooden cube on the other
Observation: the balance shows that the iron is heavier than wood cube
Conclusion: Equal volumes of different materials have different mass
9
PPrroobblleemm
Solution
Note
:
When an object is submerged in a measuring cylinder
contains water rises up with volume equals the volume of the object.
When the body is submerged completely in a cylinder full of a liquid,
the liquid is spilled out of the cylinder,
So.: the volume of the body= the volume of the spilled water.

10. Lesson 2 Matter states and changes
 There are three states of matter:
1. Solid state: Examples: [wood – iron – gold – pen – disk – door – spoon ]
2. Liquid state: Examples: [water – milk – juices – tea – coffee]
3. Gaseous state: Examples: [oxygen – carbon dioxide – air – water vapour]
· Matter exists only in one state at room temperature .
10

11. 1. Properties of the three states of matter:
· Solid shape and volume:
Experiment Observation Conclusion
· Bring a stone and put
it in a jar then
transfer it in a dish.
The shape of solid does not
change.
The volume of stone does not
change
Solids have definite
shape and definite
volume.
· Liquid shape and volume:
Experiment Observation Conclusion
· Place 100cm3 of
water in each of the
following pots.
The water takes the shape of
its container.
The volume of water does not
change
Liquid has
definite volume
and indefinite
shape.
· Gases shape and volume:
Experiment Observation Conclusion
Blow a balloon and tie
The shape of balloon changes.
it with a thread then
The volume of balloon changes
press upon it by your
hand
Gases have
indefinite shape
and indefinite
volume.
Changes of Matter
11
Activities
Melting: Change of matter from solid into liquid by heating

12. Evaporation: Change of matter from liquid to gas by heating
Condensation: Change of matter from gas to liquid by cooling
Freezing: Change of matter from liquid to solid by cooling
SSttaatteess ooff mmaatttteerr
SSoolildid Liquid Liquid
12
GGaass
Freezing
Melting
Condensation
Evaporation

13. Its properties Its properties Its properties
Examples
Examples Examples
GaSolids Liquids s
Shape changes according to
the container (no definite
shape).
Shape changes
according to the
container (no definite
shape).
Definite
shape
Shape
Volume changes according to
the container (no definite
volume).
Definite Definite volume
volume
Volume
13
Definite shape
and definite
volume
Definite shape
and definite
volume
Definite volume and
indefinite shape. The
shape changes
according to the shape
of the container
Definite volume and
indefinite shape. The
shape changes
according to the shape
of the container
The volume and
shape change
according to the
shape of the
container
The volume and
shape change
according to the
shape of the
container
IIrroonn
AAirir
WWaatteerr
Lesson 3 Elements around us
EElelemmeennttss
Is the simplest
form of matter
that cannot be
decomposed into 2
substances or more
Is the simplest
form of matter
that cannot be
decomposed into 2
substances or more

14. Their properties Their properties
Examples Examples
· The Economic importance o f Elements (metals & non – metals
14
MMeettaalsls
NNoonn mmeettaalsls
1-Have luster (shiny) Have no luster (not shiny)
2-Good conductor of electricity Bad conductor except carbon
3-Good conductor of heat Bad conductor of heat
4-High melting point Low melting point
5-Malleable (can be bent) Not malleable (can’t be bent)
6-All are solid except mercury solid, liquid and gases
which is liquid
1-Have luster (shiny) Have no luster (not shiny)
2-Good conductor of electricity Bad conductor except carbon
3-Good conductor of heat Bad conductor of heat
4-High melting point Low melting point
5-Malleable (can be bent) Not malleable (can’t be bent)
6-All are solid except mercury solid, liquid and gases
which is liquid
Iron- copper- aluminum-gold-
silver and zinc
Solid as Carbon,sulphur and
phosphorus, liquid as bromine
Uses of metals and non metals

15. Metals Non - metals
15
1- Iron is used in bridges, car
frames, doors and lamp posts.
1-Carbon (graphite) as positive
poles in dry batteries. Why?
2- Aluminum is used in making
(manufacturing) cooking pots and
foil paper.
3- Gold & Silver are used in jewelers. 2-Diamond used in jewels.
4- Copper is used in making some
statues, metal coins & electric
wires.

16. 1- Electric wires are covered with a layer of plastic.
Because plastic is a bad conductor of electricity.
16
Give
reasons:

17. 2- Although metals are solids at room temperature, Mercury is
used in thermometers.
Because Mercury is the only liquid metal.
3- Although carbon is a non-metal, it is used to make the
positive poles of dry cells.
Because carbon is a good conductor of electricity.
Chemical change:
It is the change of the
structure of a substance
producing new substance with
new properties
Examples:
a- Burning of (candle- wood-sugar)
4- Car chassis (frames) & bridges are made of some metals.
Because metals can be hammered, bent and they are ductile.
Lesson Physical 4 and chemical change
Types of changes that occur to
Types of changes that occur to
matter
matter
17
Physical change
It is the change in the
appearance of matter
without a change in its
structure
Examples:
a- Dissolving of sugar & table
salt
b- Malleability, ductility and
bending of elements
C- Melting of wax & ice
d- Paper recycling.
Physical change
It is the change in the
appearance of matter
without a change in its
structure
Examples:
a- Dissolving of sugar & table
salt
b- Malleability, ductility and
bending of elements
C- Melting of wax & ice
d- Paper recycling.
Chemical change:
It is the change of the
structure of a substance
producing new substance with
new properties
Examples:
a- Burning of (candle- wood-sugar)
b- Iron rust
C-Fermentation of food
d- Production of yoghurt from
milk.
b- Iron rust
C-Fermentation of food
d- Production of yoghurt from
milk.

18. 18

19. Lesson 1: Stars and planets
1-They are lighting bodies with different shapes in the space
2-They seems very small because they are very far from us
a- It is the center of solar system
b- It is a shining star
c- It radiates (emits) light and heat
d- It is the nearest star to us
-They are dark bodies revolve around the sun in fixed orbits
-There are 8 planets, these planets are arranged from the nearest to the
farthest from the sun as:
19
Sta
rs
SSoollaarr ssyysstteemm
Sun Planets Moons Celestial
bodies
Asteroids Comets Meteors Meteoroids
Sun
PPllaanneettss

20. Mercury- Venus- Earth- Mars- Jupiter- Saturn- Uranus and Neptune
The planets of the solar system:
Because of its small size whereas its size is less than one fifth of
the earth’s size.
a- Dark bodies, reflects the light of the sun so it seems shiny
b-Revolves around the planets
20
MMoooonnss
G.R/scientists do not classify Pluto as a planet

21. Activity
 Use suitable colors :
The number of moons revolving around the planets:
Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune
- - 1 2 62 60 27 13
Compare between Star, planet & moon
Star Planet Moon
1-It is a shiny body.
1-It is a dark body.
2-It emits heat and
2-It doesn't emit heat
light.
or light.
3-It rotates in the
3- It rotates in space
space.
around the sun.
(apparent rotation)
Ex: The Earth
Ex: The sun
1-It is a dark body.
2-It reflects sunlight
falling on it.
3- It rotates in space
around planets.
Ex: The Moon
Lesson The rotation of the sun and earth
21
2

22. Celestial bodies: The stars, planets and moons are travelling in a
continuous rotation
The sun is a star but it seems larger than the other because it is the
nearest one to us
G.R
G.R
The apparent rotation of the sun
-The sun seems moving from the east to west because the earth rotates
around its axis and not due to the rotation of the sun
-Movement of the shadow of a fixed objectis as a result to the apparent
rotation of the sun
-The sun takes different apparent orbits from east to west
-A summer day is longer than the winter day because the apparent orbit
of the sun in summer is longer than the apparent orbit in winter
- In spring and autumn, the number of hours of the day is nearly equal to
the number of hours of the night.
22
1- The rotation of the sun
2- Rotation of the earth
a- Revolution of the
earth around the sun
b- Rotation of the
earth around its axis
Sequence of seasons Sequence of day and night

23. -The earth rotates around its axis once every 24 hours causing day
and night
-The hours of day is not equal to the hours of night because the
axis of the earth is inclined
-The earth revolves around the sun once every 365 and quarters a
day causing the sequence of the seasons
How to determine the length of day and night?
1- Read of sunset= Time of sunset [12: 00] t 12 hours [12: 00]
2- The length of day = Read of sunset [hour: min] – Read of sunrise
1- Read of sunset= Time of sunset [12: 00] t 12 hours [12: 00]
2- The length of day = Read of sunset [hour: min] – Read of sunrise
[hour : min]
[hour : min]
3- The length of night = 24 hours [24: 00] – length of day [hour: min]
3- The length of night = 24 hours [24: 00] – length of day [hour: min]
Lesson Motion of the moon
23
3
Rotation of the moon

24. Around its axis Around the earth
a-The moon rotates around its axis and around the earth
b-The moon rotates around the earth once every 28 days as the result of
its rotation around the earth the size of the area reflecting the sun light
on the moon changes and that’s why we see it shining
Phases of the moon
It begins in the form of a crescent then half of the moon becomes shining
and then it becomes full moon then changes into a crescent
New moon First Crescent first quadrature (half moon) first gibbous
2nd days 7th days 11thdays
At the beginning of the lunar month
Second crescent second quadrature (half moon) second gibbous
full moon
At the end of lunar month
Attraction among celestial bodies
24
Phases of the moon
2 days
4 days 3 days
21th days 17th days
14th days

25. -There are attraction forces among the celestial bodies
-There is an attraction force between the earth and the sun and between
the earth and the moon
Phenomena resulted from the attraction of both the sun and the moon
to the earth
Why the tide and ebb happens?
It is due to the attraction between the earth and the moon and the
attraction happens between
The earth and the sun as well but the moon is considered the main reason
for tide and ebb because it is nearer to the earth than the sun
Water falling effect
Activity
-put a plastic fan under a water tap and let the water fall
25
Tide
Is the rising of water level to
extend that water covers the
seashores the maximum of the
rising is when the moon is full
Ebb
It is when the water
returns back to its
normal level after the
tide

26. Observation: The rushing of the tap water rotates the fan this is the
idea of the turbines
-The turbines are rotated by the falling of water or by air pushing to
produce electricity
The benefits of tide and ebb:
1-Generating electricity: the flowing of water during the tide and its
retraction during the ebb makes the turbines rotate and produce
electricity
2-Cleaning the coast: water carries the wastes from the coast to the sea
3-Ships and boats: access to the shallow water paths
Lesson The atmosphere and the weather
4
Atmosphere components
26
1- Oxygen gas:
It represents about 1/5of air volume.
The main source of oxygen on Earth is the
photosynthesis process in green plants.
2- Carbon dioxide:
Lime water is used to test carbon dioxide.

27. Gas Oxygen Nitrogen Carbon dioxide other gases Water
27
vapour
Ratios 21% 78% 0.03% 0.79% changing
Im
por
tan
ce
of
3- Nitrogen gas:
It is the most abundant gas in the air as it represents
4/5 of the volume of the atmosphere.
4- Water vapour:
The humidity of air depends on the amount of water
vapour that presents in air so the humidity increases in
coastal regions.

28. Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nitrogen
28
1- Necessary for
respiration of living
organisms.
1- Green plants use it to
make photosynthesis
process.
1- Decrease the effect
of oxygen in combustion.
2- Helps in burning of
fuel.
2- Use to make soda
water.
2- Used in making
ammonia and nitrogenous
fertilizers
3- Divers use oxygen
cylinder to help them
breath under water
3- Helps in fire
extinguisher (put off)
because it doesn’t burn.
4- It is used with
acetylene in cutting and
welding metals.
WWeeaatthheerr
Is the expected conditions of the
atmosphere in an area during a short
period of time not exceeding one week
Clouds & rains

29. The
weather
factors
29
Temperature
Atmospheric pressure
Winds
Temperature
1
Maximum temperature
The expected
temperature during the
day time
Minimum temperature
The expected
temperature during the
night time
Measured by
Mercury thermometer or
digital thermometer
Atmospheric pressure
2
Measured by
Barometer
Activity

30. The cup of water and atmospheric pressure
-Fill a cup with water completely then cover it with white paper, then turn
the cup upside down
Observation: Water does not fall from the cup
Conclusion: the atmospheric pressure equals to water pressure in the cup
- There are places with high atmospheric pressure and others with
low atmospheric pressure
Formation of clouds
4 Clouds and rains
30
Wind
3
Is the movement of air from high
pressure areas toward lower pressure
areas
*The speed of wind causes the rising of
waves of the sea
Measured by
Anemometer measures wind speed
Vane determines the direction of the wind
a
Formation of clouds
The sun rays
The sun rays
evaporate the water
changing it into
water vapour then it
rises in the sky ,
cooled and condensed
evaporate the water
changing it into
water vapour then it
rises in the sky ,
cooled and condensed
forming clouds
forming clouds
Falling of rains
Winds move the
Falling of rains
Winds move the
clouds then it
changes into drops
of water air cannot
carry it so it falls
clouds then it
changes into drops
of water air cannot
carry it so it falls
as rains
as rains

31. The importance of weather prediction
People follow the weather forecast in T.V in order to face some
conditions as:
1-If predicting a lower temperature people should wear heavy
clothes
2-Predicting strong wind below, sea wavesrises up, fishing boats are
advised not to sail
3-Predicting a foggy morning car drivers should slow down ,to avoid
accidents
31