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The induction machine, invented by Nikola Tesla in 1888, has become widely used for electromechanical energy conversion due to its ease of manufacture and robustness. It is available in power ratings from fractional horsepower to megawatts. As an AC electromechanical energy conversion device, the induction machine interfaces with the external world through two connections - a mechanical rotating shaft and electrical terminals to which a three-phase AC supply is connected. This module will discuss the three-phase induction machine, as single-phase induction machines are limited to small power levels.
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Electric motors and generators operate based on the principles of electromagnetic induction. Motors convert electrical energy to mechanical motion, while generators convert mechanical motion to electrical energy. They both work by using magnetic fields to exert forces on electric currents or moving charges. The direction of these forces causes rotation, which is then harnessed to power other devices or generate electricity from mechanical inputs. Back-EMF is a reaction force that ensures conservation of energy during these conversions between electrical and mechanical domains. The efficiency of motors and generators depends on factors like resistance, friction, and how well the device's geometry maximizes the electromagnetic forces involved.
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raja sharma- class 12 art integration project physics
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(Aliv) Multiple Transformers Oil Temperature Monitoring with Automatic Circui...Md Abu Jauad Khan Aliv
Multiple Transformers Oil Temperature Monitoring with Automatic Circuit Breaker Operation with SMS Based Alerts9.3 transformers
The document discusses transformers and their role in electrical distribution systems. It explains that transformers operate on the principle of mutual inductance to increase or decrease voltage. Step-up transformers are used to transmit electricity at high voltages over power lines, while step-down transformers lower the voltage for safe distribution and use. The development of efficient transformers enabled the modern electrical grid that transmits power over long distances at high voltages and distributes it locally at lower voltages.
Automatic transfer switch (ats)
The document discusses automatic transfer switches (ATS). An ATS automatically switches power sources to ensure reliable electrical supply to connected loads. It will start a backup generator and switch over to it upon sensing a failure of the primary power source. When the primary power is restored, the ATS will switch back and shut off the generator. ATS are commonly used in homes with backup generators to power the home during utility outages. They isolate the generator from utility lines for safety and prevent overloading. The document describes different types of ATS including open transition, closed transition, soft loading, and static, as well as their applications.
Lecture 04 transformers
This document provides an overview of transformers and their operation. It discusses:
- The history and development of transformers from the 1880s to present day
- The basic components and construction of transformers
- How an ideal transformer works based on Faraday's law of induction
- How voltages and currents are related in an ideal transformer based on turn ratios
- How real transformers approximate ideal transformer behavior
- Examples of analyzing circuits containing transformers by referring their sides
- The theory of operation for real single-phase transformers based on mutual and leakage fluxes
Transformers protection, an introduction
The following topics are covered: components of power distribution systems, fuses, padmounted transformers, pole mounted transformers, vault installed transformers, transformer stations protection, transformer connections, thermometers, pressure relief devices, restricted ground faults, differential protection current transformers connections, overexcitation, inrush current, percentage differential relays, gas relays, characteristics of CTs.
Transformers Project report
Tanuj Gupta completed a project on transformers for his Class XII physics class. Transformers are essential devices that use mutual induction to convert alternating voltages between high and low levels. They are used widely in power transmission and everyday devices. The project report discussed the principles, construction, working, efficiency losses, and uses of transformers.
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Modelling and Control of a Microgrid with100kW PV System and Electrochemical ...
This document outlines the modeling and control of a microgrid system with a 100kW PV system and battery energy storage. It discusses the components of a microgrid including distributed generators, energy storage systems, loads, and power conditioning for grid connection and islanding modes. Power electronic converters including boost converters and inverters are modeled for interfacing the PV and battery. Maximum power point tracking and current control methods are summarized for grid synchronization. Simulation results are presented to validate the microgrid model and control strategies.
foot step power generation of generatwe electricity.pptx
This document presents a project on generating electrical power from footstep motion. A group of students designed a system to convert the mechanical energy of human footsteps into electrical energy using piezoelectric sensors and a circuit consisting of a bridge rectifier, capacitor, resistor, and LED. The generated electrical energy can be stored in a battery and then used to power small DC loads or converted to AC power. Potential applications include powering devices in public places or remote areas where other power sources may not be available.
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This document summarizes inductive charging technology. It begins with an introduction that explains inductive charging works by transferring electricity between two coils placed close together without being connected. It then discusses how inductive charging works through induction coupling using electromagnetic fields to transfer energy between objects. The document lists some key advantages as creating a shock-free environment and reducing e-waste, and disadvantages as potential radiation and decreased efficiency over long distances. It provides examples of applications in consumer electronics, transportation, and powering implantable medical devices. It concludes by stating wireless charging has huge potential to transform infrastructure if power can be transmitted without wires.
Witricity
This document is a seminar report on wireless electricity or WiTricity submitted by Devarkshyani Jali Srivastava in partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Technology degree. It provides an overview of the history of wireless power transmission dating back to the 19th century work of scientists like Ampere, Maxwell, Tesla, and Marconi. It then defines WiTricity as the wireless transmission of electric power over distance without wires using resonant inductive coupling. The report goes on to discuss some of the key advantages of and applications for WiTricity technology.
WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION TECHNOLOGY
The document is a technical seminar presentation on wireless power transmission technology by a student named K Sunita. It discusses the history of wireless power transmission from Nikola Tesla's experiments to modern implementations. It covers different wireless power transfer technologies like inductive coupling, resonant inductive coupling, microwave power transmission and their working principles. The advantages of wireless power transmission in reducing transmission losses and enabling power transfer to remote areas are highlighted. Applications like electric vehicle charging and consumer electronics are mentioned.
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This document is a project report submitted by four students for their Bachelor of Technology degree. It discusses the development of a 500W, 12V to 220V solar inverter. The report includes chapters on the components used in the inverter such as solar panels, microcontrollers, transformers and more. It also provides a literature review on previous related projects and discusses implementing and testing the inverter hardware.
RESEARCH PAPER ON SOLAR BASED WIRELESS CHARGING
THESE PAPER IS BASED ON WIRELESS CHARGING OF ELECTRIC VEHICLE AND IN FUTURE I HOPE WE WILL INVENT THIS TECHNOLOGY IN INDIA
Mz2421362141
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Hybrid Inverter Using Solar Battery Charger
1) The document describes a study on a hybrid inverter that uses both solar energy and grid electricity to generate power. The hybrid inverter combines solar panels, batteries, charge controllers, and an inverter.
2) The hybrid inverter operates in two modes - grid-tied mode uses grid power to supplement solar power, while standalone mode uses only solar and battery power.
3) Testing showed the hybrid inverter is efficient, reliable, and cost-effective. It can reduce energy use and carbon emissions, making it suitable for domestic and commercial use.
Hybrid inverter project report
The need of running AC Loads on solar energy leads us to the design of Solar Power Inverter.. Since the majority of modern conveniences all run on 220 volts AC, the Power Inverter will be the heart of the Solar Energy System. It not only converts the low voltage 12 volts DC to the 220 volts AC that runs most appliances, but also can charge the batteries if connected to the utility grid as in the case of a totally independent stand-alone solar power system. These are special inverters which are designed to draw energy from a battery, manage the battery charge via an onboard charger.
An inverter is an electrical device that converts direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC); the converted AC can be at any required voltage and frequency with the use of appropriate transformers, switching, and control circuits. Solid-state inverters have no moving parts and are used in a wide range of applications, from small switching power supplies in computers, to large electric utility high-voltage direct current applications that transport bulk power. Inverters are commonly used to supply AC power from DC sources such as solar panels or batteries.
Report on Mini Tesla Coil
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A Three Phase Multi Level Converter for grid Connected PV System
Photovoltaic energy is a wide kind of green energy. A high performance on these systems is needed to make the most of energy produced by solar cells. Also, there must be a constant adaptation due to the continuous variation of power production. Control techniques for Power Converters like the MPPT algorithm (Maximum Power Point Tracking) present very good results on photovoltaic chains. Nevertheless, losses on power elements reduce global performance and the voltage/current adaptation is not always possible. This paper presents a single-phase 11-level (5 H-bridges) cascade multilevel DC- AC grid-tied inverter. Each inverter bridge is connected to a 200 W solar panel. OPAL-RT lab was used as the hardware in the loop (HIL) real-time control system platform where a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm was implemented based on the inverter output power to assure optimal operation of the inverter when connected to the power grid as well as a Phase Locked Loop (PLL) for phase and frequency match. A novel SPWM scheme is proposed in this paper to be used with the solar panels that can account for voltage profile fluctuations among the panels during the day. Simulation and experimental results are shown for voltage and current during synchronization mode and power transferring mode to validate the methodology for grid connection of renewable resources.
220KV Substation Training Report
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Power electronic control of induction generator used in small hydro power system
This document summarizes a paper that examines power electronic control techniques for induction generators used in small hydro power systems. It discusses how induction generators are commonly used for their low cost and maintenance. Various power electronic control methods are described, including electronic load control, decoupled voltage and frequency control, and STATCOM-based control, which aim to maintain a constant output voltage and frequency under changing load conditions. The paper also presents simulation results using MATLAB that analyze the performance of an induction generator connected to both linear and non-linear loads under different load values. The results demonstrate variations in output voltage, power factor, and harmonic distortion based on the load.
Wireless charging of electric vehicles document
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The document discusses solar inverters for on-grid solar energy systems. It explains that solar inverters are necessary to convert the direct current (DC) output of solar panels into alternating current (AC) that can be fed into the electric grid. High efficiency and reliability are important for solar inverters in order to optimize the performance and minimize maintenance costs of solar energy systems. The document also provides an overview of grid-connected solar power systems and how excess power from such systems can be supplied to the electric grid or used to offset on-site electricity consumption.
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This document discusses basic principles and functions of electrical machines. It provides classifications of electric machines according to power supply and NEMA standards. The key components and operating principles of DC and AC machines are described. Methods for determining machine parameters like resistance and reactance are outlined. The document also covers protection, maintenance, and applications of electric machines.
Witricity
Witricity is a technology that transfers electricity wirelessly over short air gaps. It works by using magnetic field resonance from inductive coupling between coils. Witricity was pioneered by researchers at MIT in 2007 and works by powering devices within a few inches contactless. Applications include charging phones on wireless charging pads and electric vehicles wirelessly. Advantages are efficient power transfer without wires, while disadvantages include limited range and high installation costs for long distances. Witricity is seen as a promising technology for a wireless future with many applications.
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This document summarizes a seminar presentation on solar power inverters. It includes an abstract, introduction, literature review, concept, working, components, output circuit diagram, advantages, applications, and conclusion. The main components discussed are an Arduino Uno for programming, an ATmega328P microcontroller, MOSFETs, an LCD display, solar panels, and an inverter circuit. The inverter converts DC power from the solar panels to AC power for use in homes. Advantages include a renewable energy source, constant supply, and reduced consumption from conventional sources. Applications include powering traffic lights, homes, and industries.
wireless electricity
This document summarizes wireless electricity and power transfer techniques. It discusses Nikola Tesla's early work transmitting power wirelessly and defines different wireless power transfer methods like inductive coupling and resonant inductive coupling. Inductive coupling uses electromagnetic induction to transfer power between devices in close proximity like wireless charging pads. Resonant inductive coupling combines induction with resonance to transfer power over greater mid-range distances. The document also describes transferring power over long distances using microwave transmission and proposes collecting solar power in space and transmitting it to receivers on the ground. While wireless power has advantages like efficiency and flexibility, its disadvantages include higher setup costs and potential interference issues depending on the transmission method used.
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Transformer wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The document summarizes key information about transformers:
- Transformers transfer energy through inductive coupling between winding circuits. A changing current in the primary winding creates a changing magnetic field that induces a voltage in the secondary winding.
- Transformers come in various sizes, from thumb-sized to units weighing hundreds of tons used in power grids. They are essential for transmitting, distributing, and utilizing electrical energy.
- An ideal transformer transfers power without losses according to turns ratio. Real transformers have losses from winding resistance, leakage flux, and magnetic core properties like hysteresis and eddy currents.
Single phase power systems
- A single-phase power system uses a single AC voltage source to power loads. A split-phase system uses two in-phase AC sources in series to provide power at more than one voltage, reducing conductor needs.
- A three-phase power system uses three AC voltage sources phase-shifted 120 degrees from each other to power loads. This allows the same power to be delivered using the same conductor currents as a split-phase system, while further reducing system voltage for safety. Three-phase systems can deliver more power without adding conductors.
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This document contains a 20 question chemistry test covering topics in units 1 and 2 on basic chemistry concepts and atomic structure. Unit 1 questions cover chemical formulas, molar mass, important scientists, the number of molecules in a gas, and concentration calculations. Unit 2 questions cover electronic configurations, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, quantum numbers, de Broglie wavelength, Pauli's exclusion principle, and radiation energy relationships. The test contains multiple choice, short answer, and calculation questions evaluating fundamental chemistry understandings.
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1. A synchronous generator produces alternating current (AC) voltage of constant frequency, typically 50Hz or 60Hz. It uses electromagnetic induction to generate voltage as conductors cut magnetic flux lines.
2. In a synchronous generator, conductors rotating in a magnetic field generate a sinusoidal voltage waveform. The magnitude of the induced voltage depends on the magnetic flux density, length of the conductor in the field, and the relative velocity between the conductor and the field.
3. Lenz's law states that the direction of the induced current will be such that its magnetic field opposes the change that produced it. Thus, in a generator the current induced will generate a counter magnetic field that opposes the motion of the conductor
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This document summarizes information about group 16 elements. It discusses how ozone acts as a powerful oxidizing agent by decomposing into nascent oxygen. It also describes how ozone can be quantitatively estimated by treating it with excess potassium iodide solution to liberate iodine, which is then titrated. Additionally, it notes that the two sulfur-oxygen bonds in sulfur dioxide are not equal and describes how the presence of sulfur dioxide can be detected by its pungent smell and ability to reduce acidified potassium dichromate solution to green chromium (II) sulfate.
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The document discusses two types of harmonics that can occur in induction machines: time harmonics and space harmonics. Time harmonics are caused by non-sinusoidal voltage supply from the source and can include the 3rd, 5th, and 7th harmonics. Space harmonics are caused by the non-sinusoidal air-gap flux distribution due to slotting of the stator and rotor. Space harmonics include the 5th and 7th harmonics, which rotate at different speeds than the fundamental waveform. Both types of harmonics can affect the machine's torque and speed characteristics and cause unwanted heating effects.
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The document discusses the equivalent circuit model of an induction machine. It describes how the machine can be represented as a circuit with resistances and reactances to model its electrical behavior under steady state operating conditions. The circuit is initially derived with an open rotor circuit and then modified to represent a shorted rotor. This results in the final "approximate equivalent circuit" with resistances and reactances that can be used to analyze the machine and make predictions about its performance.
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This document discusses various methods for controlling the speed of induction machines. It begins by explaining that induction machines are inherently constant speed machines when operating from the mains. However, they can be used for variable speed applications if the speed can be controlled. The document then discusses several methods for varying the speed, including: 1) changing the applied voltage, 2) controlling the rotor resistance, and 3) changing the stator frequency using an inverter. It provides examples of how each method varies the speed-torque characteristics. Pole changing schemes and cascade control are also summarized as additional speed control techniques.
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This document discusses the speed-torque characteristic of induction machines derived from the equivalent circuit model. It explains:
1) How to derive the torque-slip characteristic equation from the equivalent circuit, showing that torque is proportional to slip.
2) The complete torque-speed characteristic curve spans motoring, generating, and braking modes of operation depending on slip.
3) The stable operating point occurs between maximum torque (stalling slip) and synchronous speed (zero slip) where disturbances do not cause runaway.
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1. To determine the circuit parameters of an induction machine, no-load and blocked rotor tests are conducted.
2. In a no-load test, the magnetizing branch impedance is high, so the current drawn is small. This test is used to calculate the resistance and inductance of the magnetizing branch.
3. In a blocked rotor test, the rotor is prevented from rotating at full slip. This test calculates the combined stator and rotor resistances and leakages from measurements of current, voltage, and power.
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1) Torque is produced in an induction motor due to the interaction between the rotating stator flux and currents induced in the rotor coils.
2) As the stator flux rotates, it induces sinusoidally varying voltages in three rotor coils placed 120 degrees apart, causing currents to flow in the coils.
3) The currents interact with the rotating stator flux to produce a torque that tends to rotate the rotor in the same direction as the stator flux.
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The document discusses the construction of induction machines. It describes how the stator contains three-phase windings distributed over multiple slots that can be connected in star or delta configurations. The rotor can also contain three-phase windings connected to slip rings, making the machine a slip ring induction machine. Alternatively, the rotor can contain copper or aluminum bars embedded in slots and shorted by end rings, creating a squirrel cage rotor. Squirrel cage rotors are robust, require no slip rings, and make induction machines suitable for hazardous environments. The document includes diagrams and photographs to illustrate the different winding configurations.
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The document discusses how a rotating magnetic field is generated in three-phase induction machines. Three sinusoidal voltages that are 120 degrees out of phase produce three sinusoidal currents in the three phases. These currents generate magnetic fields that are also 120 degrees out of phase spatially. The superposition of these three spatially-displaced pulsating magnetic fields results in a constant amplitude travelling magnetic wave that rotates around the air gap of the machine. This travelling magnetic field is what produces the torque on the rotor of an induction machine.
Transformer wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The document summarizes key aspects of transformers:
1. Transformers transfer energy through inductive coupling between winding circuits, with a varying current in the primary winding creating a varying magnetic flux that induces a voltage in the secondary winding.
2. Transformers range in size from small units in microphones to large units connecting power grids. They are essential for transmission, distribution and use of electrical energy.
3. An ideal transformer induces a secondary voltage proportionate to the primary voltage and winding turn ratios, with no losses. Real transformers have additional factors like core losses, winding impedances and leakage flux.
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This document contains two practice tests with multiple choice questions about p-block elements for a Class 12 chemistry exam. The first test has 21 questions covering topics like nitrogen's oxidation states and reactions of ammonia, phosphine, and pentahalides. The second test also has 21 questions, focusing on trends in reactivity, nitrogen and ammonia production, and properties of Group 15 elements. Both tests ask students to complete several chemical reactions involving nitrogen compounds and halogens.
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This document contains questions for a chemistry exam. It states that questions 1-10 are worth 1 mark each, questions 11-20 are worth 2 marks each, and question 21 is worth 5 marks. The questions cover various topics in chemistry including acids and bases, oxidation and reduction reactions, properties of elements and compounds, and preparation of chemicals.
Single phase power systems
- A single-phase power system uses a single AC voltage source to power loads. A split-phase system uses two in-phase AC sources in series to provide power at more than one voltage, reducing conductor needs.
- A three-phase power system uses three AC voltage sources phase-shifted 120 degrees from each other to power loads. This allows the same power to be delivered using the same conductor currents as a split-phase system, while further reducing system voltage for safety. Three-phase systems can deliver more power without adding conductors.
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This document contains notes on Group 17 (halogen) elements from a Class 12 chemistry class. It discusses various properties and reactions of halogens like fluorine and chlorine. Key points include: halogens are strong oxidizing agents due to their high electronegativity and ability to readily accept electrons; fluorine forms only one oxoacid (HOF) due to the absence of d-orbitals; oxygen can form hydrogen bonds due to its smaller size compared to chlorine; and fluorine is a stronger oxidizing agent than chlorine despite having a less negative electron gain enthalpy, due to its lower bond dissociation energy and higher hydration enthalpy.
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This document contains a 20 question chemistry test covering topics in units 1 and 2 on basic chemistry concepts and atomic structure. Unit 1 questions cover chemical formulas, molar mass, important scientists, the number of molecules in a gas, and concentration calculations. Unit 2 questions cover electronic configurations, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, quantum numbers, de Broglie wavelength, Pauli's exclusion principle, and radiation energy relationships. The test contains multiple choice, short answer, and calculation questions evaluating fundamental chemistry understandings.
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1. Synchronous generators produce alternating current (AC) voltage of constant frequency by electromagnetic induction as conductors cut magnetic flux lines in the air gap.
2. As the conductors rotate in the magnetic field, an electromotive force (emf) is induced based on Faraday's law of induction. The magnitude and direction of the induced emf depends on the rate of change of flux linkage between the conductors and magnetic field.
3. In a synchronous generator, the magnetic field is typically produced by a stationary field winding and the conductors are housed in slots in the rotating armature. The relative motion of the conductors and magnetic field results in the production of AC voltage.
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- 1. Electrical Machines II Prof. Krishna Vasudevan, Prof. G. Sridhara Rao, Prof. P. Sasidhara Rao Indian Institute of Technology Madras Induction Machines 1 Introduction The induction machine was invented by NIKOLA TESLA in 1888. Right from its incep- tion its ease of manufacture and its robustness have made it a very strong candidate for electromechanical energy conversion. It is available from fractional horsepower ratings to megawatt levels. It finds very wide usage in all various application areas. The induction machine is an AC electromechanical energy conversion device. The machine interfaces with the external world through two connections (ports) one mechanical and one electrical. The mechanical port is in the form of a rotating shaft and the electrical port is in the form of terminals where AC supply is connected. There are machines available to operate from three phase or single phase electrical input. In this module we will be discussing the three phase induction machine. Single phase machines are restricted to small power levels. 1