Describe the nonmembranous organelles of a typical cell with their structure and specific functions.
Summarize the process of protein synthesis.
Presaented by-
Dr. Subarna Das
Resident, Dept. of Anatomy, BSMMU
Guided by-
Dr. Zinnat Ara Yasmin
Asst. Prof, Dept. of Anatomy, BSMMU
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easy explanation of anatomy topic for 1 st year GNM & B.Sc nursing students...
Comment to get explanation on your required topics.....
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Describe the nonmembranous organelles of a typical cell with their structure and specific functions.
Summarize the process of protein synthesis.
Presaented by-
Dr. Subarna Das
Resident, Dept. of Anatomy, BSMMU
Guided by-
Dr. Zinnat Ara Yasmin
Asst. Prof, Dept. of Anatomy, BSMMU
Histology Made Easy: The cell membrane; Semi permeable membrane; fluid Mosaic...DrSaraHistology
The easiest Way to learn the core principles of Cell membrane. Its semi permeable nature; the fluid mosaic model and the Different membrane proteins. How substances are transferred across the membrane. The importance of simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, endocytosis , and exocytosis.
Cells and its components(Anatomy) Easy explanationSwatilekha Das
Cells and its components,discussion on cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus with pictures....
easy explanation of anatomy topic for 1 st year GNM & B.Sc nursing students...
Comment to get explanation on your required topics.....
please like and share and follow.....
Aim : to study cell and it's organelle with help of electron microscope.
Cells are the basic building blocks of living things. The human body is composed of trillions of cells, all with their own specialised function.
Cells are the basic structures of all living organisms.
Cells provide structure for the body, take in nutrients from food and carry out important functions.
Cells group together to form tissues?, which in turn group together to form organs?, such as the heart and brain.
Our cells contain a number of functional structures called organelles?.
These organelles carry out tasks such as making proteins?, processing chemicals and generating energy for the cell.
The nucleus? is based at the centre of the cell and is the ‘control room’ for the cell.
The genome? is found within the nucleus.
Cell: The cell is the ultimate structural and functional unit of the body.
The three principal constituents of the cell are:
1. Cell membrane
2. Cytoplasm and its organelles
3. Nucleus
Introduction
Structure of Plasma Membranes
Functions of Plasma Membranes
Cytoplasm: Cytosol, Organelles
Functions of Cytoplasm
Ribosome, Functions of Ribosomes
2. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
a. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum and its Functions
b. Smooth ER and its Functions
3. Golgi complex and its Functions
4.Lysosomes and its Functions
5. Peroxisomes and its Functions
6. Proteasomes and its Functions
7.Mitochondria and its Functions
8. Cytoskeletal
a. Microfilaments and its Functions
b. Intermediate filaments and its Functions
c. Microtubules and its Functions
9. Centrosome and its Functions
10. Cilia and Flagella and its Functions
11. Nucleus and its Functions
a. Nuclear Membrane and its Functions
b. Nucleoplasm and its Functions
c. Chromosomes and its Functions
d. Nucleolus and its Functions
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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2. Introduction to Histology and
Histological techniques.
● Objectives:
At the end of the lecture you should be able to:
o 1. Know the organization and components of the
human body and the principle tools used to study its
microscopic structures, i.e. the different techniques
for preparation and staining of tissue sections and
different types of microscopes.
o 2. Explain the significance of tissue culture
techniques to the study of live cell systems.
3. THE CELL
● At the end of the lecture you should be able
to:
o 1. Know the structure of the different
components of the cell at both light and electron
microscope levels and give their functional
significance.
o 2. Correlate between the predominance of cell
organelle and the function of the cell.
4. Histology: is the study of the cells and
tissues.
Cytology: is the study of the structure
and function of the cell.
The cell: every cell consists of cytoplasm
surrounded by membrane and contains
nucleus. Suspended within the cytoplasm;
are the organelles and inclusions.
5. The cell is surrounded by a membrane and contains:
(I) Nucleus
(II) Cell organelles
(III) Cell inclusions
Suspended within
the cytoplasm
7. The Nucleus
1. Nucleolus: is the center for the synthesis of
ribosomal RNA
2. Nuclear membrane (envelope):
It surrounds the nucleus & is formed of inner
and outer membranes.
The space between the two layers is named
perinuclear cisterna
The nuclear pores are perforations in the
nuclear envelope.
3. Chromatin: is the genetic material of the cell
(DNA). It is formed of:
Heterochromatin: inactive form
Euchromatin: active form
4. Nucleoplasm (Karoplasm):
It contains macromolecules and nuclear particles
8. (II) Cell organellesoOrganelles are
specialized parts of
living substance
within cells.
oOrganelles are
divided into:
(A) Membranous
(B) Non membranous
9. (A) Membranous organelles:
surrounded by membrane; including:
oPlasma membrane
oMitochondria
oEndoplasmic reticulum
➢Smooth (SER)
➢Rough (RER)
oGolgi apparatus
oPeroxisomes
oLysosomes
oEndosomes
What are the Membranous orgnales and talk
about one of them ??
10. B) Non membranous organelles:
oCytoskeleton of the cell:
➢Microtubules
➢Filaments
oCentrioles
oRibosomes
For example: myosin and actin in muscles
Has relationship in cell division
11. Cell Membrane
• LM: Not visible
• EM: It has trilaminar
appearance = it appears
as 2 electron dense
lines and a clear space
in between.
• Molecular structure:
Light microscope
Electron microscope
Cell membrane 2 layers and clean space in between
But in Electron microscope (EM) looks like it has 3 layers
12. Cell Membrane Molecular Structure
● The cell membrane consists mainly of lipid and protein and
other molecules.
1. lipid is mainly phospholipid (bimolecular) lipids
present in the central part of the cell membrane. Each
lipid layer is formed of:
Hydrophilic head: attached to water.
Hydrophobic tail: no affinity to water.
2. Protein molecules: constitute about 60-70% of
membrane mass.
a. Peripheral proteins attached to the
heads.
b. Integral proteins throughout the
phospholipid.
3.Other molecules:
A. Cholesterol
B. Carbohydrate: glycoprotein and glycolipid which form
the cell coat (glycocalyx)
Carbohydrates chain
calls glycoliped
13. Cell Membrane Function
● Function:
➢ Exchange of materials.
➢ Receptor function.
➢ Conduct impulses.
➢ Protection and cell recognition
What are the function of membrane ??
14. Mitochondria
● It is the main source of energy
in the cell.
● They can divide by binary
division.
● The inner membrane is highly
folded (cristae) and the outer
membrane is smooth.
● The mitochondrial lumen is filled
with matrix, which contains
mitochondrial granules.
● Function:
● It is the powerhouse of the cell.
● It contains enzymes of the Kreb’s
cycle.
15. Endoplasmic Reticulum
RER and SER
● It is formed of anastomotic network of
tubules and vesicles.
There are two types:
1. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
(SER)
● Its lumen is continued with the lumen
of RER.
Function:
● Steroid and lipid synthesis
● Detoxification of drugs.
● It may be involved in glycogen
synthesis.
● Form sarcoplasmic reticulum in
skeletal muscle.
SER
RER
SE
R
16. Endoplasmic Reticulum
RER
2. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
(RER)
● The outer membranes of
these saccules are richly
studied with ribosomes.
● The cells rich in (RER) stains
deeply with basic dye
(basophilia) i.e. blue color.
Function:
● Protein synthesis and
modification
RER
RE
R
17. Golgi Apparatus
It is formed of a stack of parallel
flattened cisternae or sacs, each
cisternae has 2 faces:
● Cis Golgi or forming face
(convex) towards nucleus.
● Trans Golgi or mature face
(concave)towards
plasmalemma.
• Transport vesicle.
• Condensing vacuoles.
• Secretory vesicle.
Golgi Apparatus
Contents of Golgi Apparatus:
18. Golgi Apparatus Function
● Function:
➢ It is concerned with secretory
activity of the cell.
➢ Modification and sorting of proteins
manufactured on RER.
➢ Has a role in membrane
biosynthesis.
21. Lysosomes• They have different sizes and shapes.
• They have hydrolytic enzymes.
• Function:
Digestion of macromolecules, microorganisms, cellular
debris and excessive organelles
• Types:
1- Primary lysosomes recently formed and don`t contain digested
material.
2- Secondary lysosomes:
● phagosome
● auto phagic vacuole
● pinocytotic vesicle
3- Residual body lysosome that digested materials.
23. Peroxisomes
Perixosomes: (Microbodies = spherical bodies)
• They contain oxidative enzymes that are responsible
for break down of H2O2 (Hydrogen peroxide), which
is a toxic substance.
Endosomes
•They are system of tubules and vesicles
•Prepare contents for the destruction by lysosomes
It’s an example
of Free radicals
25. (B) Non- Membranous organelles:
1. Cytoskeleton:
•They maintain the shape of the cell.
•They include:
a.Microtubules formed of tubulin
b.Filaments = microfilaments.
-Thick filaments (Myosin)
-Intermediate filaments (Tonofilament)
- Thin filament (Actin)
• Function:
-Shape and movement of the cell, cilia, flagella
-Transport of vesicles and chromosomes
27. 2- Centriole: is involved in cell division.
3. Ribosomes:
•They are granules consist of 2 subunits: large and small.
•They are attached to (RER) by their large subunit.
•There are two types of ribosomes:
Attached ribosomes:
•Are attached to RER by their large subunits.
Free ribosomes:
•They circulate freely in the cytoplasm.
•Polysomes: are ribosomes forming circled strings
•Functions:
-Attached ribosomes are responsible for protein secretion to outside the
cells (proteins for export).
-Free ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis inside the cells.
29. (III) Cell Inclusions
● These are the non- living structures of the cell:
● Pigments:
● Melanin
● Lipofuscin
● Haemosidrin
● Lipid = Fat droplets.
● Glycogen : stored in liver cell and muscle.