08 privacy, territoriality, defensible space
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This document discusses concepts of personal space, privacy, territoriality, and their implications for design. It outlines 4 distance zones - intimate, personal, social, public - and defines privacy as an individual's control over interactions. Privacy can include solitude, intimacy, anonymity, and reserve. Crowding can lead to negative behaviors from a lack of control and social overload. Design should account for differing privacy needs based on personality type, stress levels, and culture. Territoriality involves psychological identification with and defense of personal space. Soft architecture allows personalization without permanent changes.
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FOUR ASPECTS OF THE APPLICATION OF
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This document discusses the concepts of loneliness, connection, privacy and secrecy. It notes that while privacy and confidentiality are important rights, complete secrecy can undermine connection and trust. It also acknowledges that some level of privacy is needed to protect sensitive information and allow people to work through issues privately before sharing them publicly. Overall, the document examines the balance between privacy and openness in relationships and society.
Chapter5
This document outlines many ethical issues that researchers must consider when conducting research, including obtaining informed consent, respecting participants' privacy and anonymity, avoiding deception, balancing costs and benefits, and dealing with dilemmas around harm, betrayal, and sponsored research. It discusses foundations of ethics like deontology, consequentialism, and virtue ethics. It provides guidance on topics like ensuring confidentiality in electronic research, handling ethical dilemmas, and the researcher's responsibilities.
Audience
The document outlines several key uses and gratifications that audiences seek from media consumption, including information seeking to learn about events and gain knowledge, personal identity reinforcement of values and behavior modeling, social interaction such as gaining empathy and a sense of belonging, and entertainment purposes like escape, relaxation, and enjoyment.
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what is architecture.pptx
Architecture is both an art and a science that involves designing and constructing buildings. It draws from various disciplines including engineering, behavioral science, sociology, and anthropology. Architecture aims to design structures that consider their environment and principles of utility, strength, and beauty. An architect is a professionally and academically qualified person licensed by the Professional Regulation Board of Architecture to advocate for fair and sustainable development through spatial, formal, and historical designs. In addition to designing buildings, architects may work in fields like urban planning, landscape architecture, construction management, teaching, and heritage conservation.
07 concept of space
The document discusses various concepts and theories of architectural space, including that architectural space concretizes experiential space. It describes principles of space organization related to function, aesthetics, and materials usage. It outlines different spatial qualities and relationships between spaces, such as spaces within spaces, interlocking spaces, and spaces linked by a common space. Finally, it discusses five ways of organizing space: centralized, linear, radial, clustered, and grid-based.
05 Form
The document discusses elements of architectural form that define space, including horizontal planes (such as base planes, elevated planes, and depressed planes), vertical planes, overhead planes (such as roof and ceiling planes), and how they are articulated. It provides examples of how different configurations of these planes are used to define interior and exterior spaces, provide enclosure, and visually establish spatial boundaries and fields. Articulation of architectural form involves differentiating adjoining planes through changes in materials, color, texture, or pattern, developing corners as distinct linear elements, and using lighting to create tonal contrasts along edges.
06 appearance of the structure
The document outlines several key theories of architecture, including the appearance of a structure being composed of mass, volume, areas and details organized through contrast, scale, balance, proportion, rhythm and unity. It also discusses line-generated circulation through plans, sections and other diagrams, as well as the relationship between forms and images, space and circulation, and different types of spatial linkages.
00 intro history
This document discusses the importance of studying the history of architecture. It states that architects are professionals who must understand the historical context and evolution of their field in order to truly value and participate in it. Studying history allows architects to appreciate major contributions over time, understand how architecture has developed, analyze buildings in their cultural context, and value architecture's role in intellectual environments. It then defines key related terms - history, society, culture, and civilization - to provide context on factors that influence architectural design.
08 09 early christian & byzantine architecture
This document provides an outline for lectures on Early Christian and Byzantine architecture. It discusses the historical background including the locations, time periods, social characteristics and beliefs. It also describes the different architectural forms used in Early Christian architecture, including basilica churches and alternative centralized plans. Finally, it introduces Byzantine architecture and previews topics to be covered such as domes, prototypes like Hagia Sophia, and the shift of architectural innovation to the Byzantine Empire.
07 roman architecture 1 4
This document provides an overview of Roman architecture and engineering innovations. It discusses the early influences of the Etruscans, including introducing the Tuscan order. The Romans made significant structural advancements with their widespread use of arches, vaults, and innovative techniques like groin vaults which allowed large interior spaces. They also pioneered concrete, which replaced stone and enabled casting structures in any shape. Overall, the Romans revolutionized construction through mastery of the arch and development of concrete.
06 greek architectue 3 4
The document discusses Greek city planning and architectural principles and elements. Some key points:
- Greek cities had three main sections - the acropolis (sacred area atop hills), agora (gathering place), and town (residential area). Newer cities followed a grid street plan.
- Architecture was ordered and proportioned using classical columns and entablatures. Temples, theaters, and stoas were common building types.
- Athens' Acropolis contained the Parthenon and other temples, while the Agora was the civic center below. Buildings were carefully sited and designed to be visually appreciated.
05 greek architectue 1 2
Ancient Greek civilization originated in cities on the Greek mainland and islands in the Aegean Sea between 1100 BC and 146 BC. It started with the mingling of two Greek cultures, the Dorian and Ionian, and developed sedentary agricultural and commercial societies organized around independent city-states. Greek architecture began as temples to house the gods and evolved other civic buildings as Greek society developed. Religious belief centered on polytheism and elaborate temples were built to honor the gods, with architecture serving religious functions. Greek achievements extended to early science, arts, literature, and sports.
01 introduction & definition
This document provides an introduction to the theory of architecture. It defines architecture as both an art and a science of designing and constructing buildings. It discusses the artistic and scientific components of architecture. It also defines architectural theory and describes the different forms and types of architectural theory, including descriptive theory, perspective theory, and critical theory. Finally, it discusses architectural systems and orders and how they relate to the organization of space, structure, enclosure, movement, technology, programming, and context.
02 theories of proportion
This document discusses various theories and systems of proportion in architecture. It begins by explaining the importance of material, structural, and manufactured proportions. It then defines key terms like proportion, ratio, eurhythmy, Fibonacci series, and harmonic series. The remainder of the document outlines several specific theories of proportion used in classical architecture, the Renaissance, and modern works, including the golden section, Fibonacci series, classical orders, Renaissance theories, Modulor, ken, anthropometrics, and considerations of scale. Overall, the document provides an overview of proportional systems and theories that architects have used to achieve harmony, order, and appropriate scale in their designs.
03 architecture of the ancient america
The document describes various indigenous structures and settlements across North and South America from prehistoric times to the 15th century CE. It details architectural features of mound-building cultures like the Natchez and Mississippian peoples, pueblos of the Ancestral Puebloans, and earthworks like the Serpent Mound. Mesoamerican structures discussed include temples and ceremonial centers of cultures like the Olmec, Maya, Teotihuacan, Toltec, and Aztec. In South America, it outlines the precise stonework and mountainous settlements of the Inca, including Machu Picchu and Tiwanaku's Gate of the Sun monument.
02 ARCHITECTURE OF ANE
The document provides historical background on the architecture of the Ancient Near East. It describes the region of Mesopotamia, located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern Iraq. Several cultures arose and flourished in the region over 5000 years, including the Sumerians, Akkadians, Assyrians, Babylonians, and Persians. The document then focuses on Sumerian architecture, describing houses, temples like the White Temple at Uruk and Great Ziggurat at Ur, and the Oval Temple at Khafaje. It also discusses Assyrian architecture including the city of Khorsabad and Palace of Sargon. Finally, it covers Babylonian architecture and the rebuilding of
01 prehistoric architecture
Neolithic architecture began around 8,000 BCE and saw the rise of monumental structures like Jericho's stone walls and towers. Common architectural styles included post and lintel construction and corbeled vaults, where courses of stone were cantilevered inward. Megalithic sites like Newgrange in Ireland and Hagar Qim in Malta used huge stones and corbelled vaults. Stonehenge featured a circular setting of massive sarsen stones arranged in trilithons, with the sunrise aligned with structural features on solstices. It was built in multiple phases over centuries, possibly as an astronomical observatory or calendar.
04 EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
The document provides an overview of the geographical, geological, climatic, religious, historical and architectural influences on ancient Egyptian civilization from 5000 BC to the 1st century AD. It describes how the Nile River shaped Egypt and allowed agriculture. It outlines the common building materials used, Egyptian religious beliefs and pantheon of gods, and the historical periods and some notable figures. Examples of structures like mastabas, pyramids, temples and their features are also summarized.
03 architectural principles & elements
The document discusses the primary architectural elements of point, line, plane and volume. It defines each element and provides examples of how they are used in architectural design. A point becomes a line with length and direction. A line extended forms a plane with length, width and surface. A plane extended creates a volume with three dimensions of length, width and depth. The elements are used to define spaces, structures and forms in architecture.
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08 privacy, territoriality, defensible space
- 2. PERSONAL SPACE • invisible boundary surrounding the person’s body into which intruders may not come
- 3. 4 DISTANCE ZONES • Intimate Distance • Personal Distance • Social Distance • Public Distance
- 5. PRIVACY • the ability of an individual or groups of individuals to control their visual, auditory, olfactory interactions with others • the ability to have options and to achieve desired level of interactions
- 6. KINDS OF PRIVACY Solitude: state of being free from observation by others Intimacy: state of being with another person but free from the outside world Anonymity: state of being unknown even in a crowd Reserve: state in which a person employs psychological barriers to control unwanted intrusions
- 8. CROWDING • associated with a feeling of lack of control over the environment • leads to negative behavior because they are related to social overload • results from overmanning of behavior settings
- 9. DESIGN IMPLICATIONS • need for privacy greater for introverts than for extroverts • extroverts like contrast with the environment • introverts like courtyards
- 12. DESIGN IMPLICATIONS •extroverts like strong central plans • introverts like complex internal relationships and clear territorial patterns • people under stress need more privacy for workplaces
- 14. LEVELS OF PRIVACY AND CULTURE • traditional Islamic dwelling vs.traditional American dwelling • the delineation of spaces in the traditional bahay kubo, the bahay the bato
- 15. LEVELS OF PRIVACY AND CLIMATE • trade-offs between privacy and comfort • physiological comfort vs. cultural requirements
- 16. PERSONALIZATION • staking claims to places • manifestation of desire for control and expression of aesthetic tastes • effort to make an environment fit activity better • done for psychological security
- 18. TERRITORIALITY • a delimited space that a person or a group uses and defends as an exclusive preserve • involves psychological identification with a place
- 21. BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF TERRITORIES • ownership of and rights to a place • personalization of marking of an area • defense against intrusions • serve functions ranging from physiological to self-actualization
- 22. SYSTEM OF HUMAN TERRITORIES Defensible Space: a space that affords easy recognition and control of activities Levels: • visual access • adjacency • monitored by computers or cameras
- 26. TERRITORIAL VARIATION as a factor of: • social class • civil status • religion
- 27. SOFT ARCHITECTURE • the building or environment can be personalized without damage to them or without difficult surgery