Architecture is both an art and a science that involves designing and constructing buildings. It draws from various disciplines including engineering, behavioral science, sociology, and anthropology. Architecture aims to design structures that consider their environment and principles of utility, strength, and beauty. An architect is a professionally and academically qualified person licensed by the Professional Regulation Board of Architecture to advocate for fair and sustainable development through spatial, formal, and historical designs. In addition to designing buildings, architects may work in fields like urban planning, landscape architecture, construction management, teaching, and heritage conservation.
The document discusses various concepts and theories of architectural space, including that architectural space concretizes experiential space. It describes principles of space organization related to function, aesthetics, and materials usage. It outlines different spatial qualities and relationships between spaces, such as spaces within spaces, interlocking spaces, and spaces linked by a common space. Finally, it discusses five ways of organizing space: centralized, linear, radial, clustered, and grid-based.
The document discusses elements of architectural form that define space, including horizontal planes (such as base planes, elevated planes, and depressed planes), vertical planes, overhead planes (such as roof and ceiling planes), and how they are articulated. It provides examples of how different configurations of these planes are used to define interior and exterior spaces, provide enclosure, and visually establish spatial boundaries and fields. Articulation of architectural form involves differentiating adjoining planes through changes in materials, color, texture, or pattern, developing corners as distinct linear elements, and using lighting to create tonal contrasts along edges.
This document discusses concepts of personal space, privacy, territoriality, and their implications for design. It outlines 4 distance zones - intimate, personal, social, public - and defines privacy as an individual's control over interactions. Privacy can include solitude, intimacy, anonymity, and reserve. Crowding can lead to negative behaviors from a lack of control and social overload. Design should account for differing privacy needs based on personality type, stress levels, and culture. Territoriality involves psychological identification with and defense of personal space. Soft architecture allows personalization without permanent changes.
The document outlines several key theories of architecture, including the appearance of a structure being composed of mass, volume, areas and details organized through contrast, scale, balance, proportion, rhythm and unity. It also discusses line-generated circulation through plans, sections and other diagrams, as well as the relationship between forms and images, space and circulation, and different types of spatial linkages.
This document discusses the importance of studying the history of architecture. It states that architects are professionals who must understand the historical context and evolution of their field in order to truly value and participate in it. Studying history allows architects to appreciate major contributions over time, understand how architecture has developed, analyze buildings in their cultural context, and value architecture's role in intellectual environments. It then defines key related terms - history, society, culture, and civilization - to provide context on factors that influence architectural design.
This document provides an outline for lectures on Early Christian and Byzantine architecture. It discusses the historical background including the locations, time periods, social characteristics and beliefs. It also describes the different architectural forms used in Early Christian architecture, including basilica churches and alternative centralized plans. Finally, it introduces Byzantine architecture and previews topics to be covered such as domes, prototypes like Hagia Sophia, and the shift of architectural innovation to the Byzantine Empire.
This document provides an overview of Roman architecture and engineering innovations. It discusses the early influences of the Etruscans, including introducing the Tuscan order. The Romans made significant structural advancements with their widespread use of arches, vaults, and innovative techniques like groin vaults which allowed large interior spaces. They also pioneered concrete, which replaced stone and enabled casting structures in any shape. Overall, the Romans revolutionized construction through mastery of the arch and development of concrete.
Architecture is both an art and a science that involves designing and constructing buildings. It draws from various disciplines including engineering, behavioral science, sociology, and anthropology. Architecture aims to design structures that consider their environment and principles of utility, strength, and beauty. An architect is a professionally and academically qualified person licensed by the Professional Regulation Board of Architecture to advocate for fair and sustainable development through spatial, formal, and historical designs. In addition to designing buildings, architects may work in fields like urban planning, landscape architecture, construction management, teaching, and heritage conservation.
The document discusses various concepts and theories of architectural space, including that architectural space concretizes experiential space. It describes principles of space organization related to function, aesthetics, and materials usage. It outlines different spatial qualities and relationships between spaces, such as spaces within spaces, interlocking spaces, and spaces linked by a common space. Finally, it discusses five ways of organizing space: centralized, linear, radial, clustered, and grid-based.
The document discusses elements of architectural form that define space, including horizontal planes (such as base planes, elevated planes, and depressed planes), vertical planes, overhead planes (such as roof and ceiling planes), and how they are articulated. It provides examples of how different configurations of these planes are used to define interior and exterior spaces, provide enclosure, and visually establish spatial boundaries and fields. Articulation of architectural form involves differentiating adjoining planes through changes in materials, color, texture, or pattern, developing corners as distinct linear elements, and using lighting to create tonal contrasts along edges.
This document discusses concepts of personal space, privacy, territoriality, and their implications for design. It outlines 4 distance zones - intimate, personal, social, public - and defines privacy as an individual's control over interactions. Privacy can include solitude, intimacy, anonymity, and reserve. Crowding can lead to negative behaviors from a lack of control and social overload. Design should account for differing privacy needs based on personality type, stress levels, and culture. Territoriality involves psychological identification with and defense of personal space. Soft architecture allows personalization without permanent changes.
The document outlines several key theories of architecture, including the appearance of a structure being composed of mass, volume, areas and details organized through contrast, scale, balance, proportion, rhythm and unity. It also discusses line-generated circulation through plans, sections and other diagrams, as well as the relationship between forms and images, space and circulation, and different types of spatial linkages.
This document discusses the importance of studying the history of architecture. It states that architects are professionals who must understand the historical context and evolution of their field in order to truly value and participate in it. Studying history allows architects to appreciate major contributions over time, understand how architecture has developed, analyze buildings in their cultural context, and value architecture's role in intellectual environments. It then defines key related terms - history, society, culture, and civilization - to provide context on factors that influence architectural design.
This document provides an outline for lectures on Early Christian and Byzantine architecture. It discusses the historical background including the locations, time periods, social characteristics and beliefs. It also describes the different architectural forms used in Early Christian architecture, including basilica churches and alternative centralized plans. Finally, it introduces Byzantine architecture and previews topics to be covered such as domes, prototypes like Hagia Sophia, and the shift of architectural innovation to the Byzantine Empire.
This document provides an overview of Roman architecture and engineering innovations. It discusses the early influences of the Etruscans, including introducing the Tuscan order. The Romans made significant structural advancements with their widespread use of arches, vaults, and innovative techniques like groin vaults which allowed large interior spaces. They also pioneered concrete, which replaced stone and enabled casting structures in any shape. Overall, the Romans revolutionized construction through mastery of the arch and development of concrete.
The document discusses Greek city planning and architectural principles and elements. Some key points:
- Greek cities had three main sections - the acropolis (sacred area atop hills), agora (gathering place), and town (residential area). Newer cities followed a grid street plan.
- Architecture was ordered and proportioned using classical columns and entablatures. Temples, theaters, and stoas were common building types.
- Athens' Acropolis contained the Parthenon and other temples, while the Agora was the civic center below. Buildings were carefully sited and designed to be visually appreciated.
Ancient Greek civilization originated in cities on the Greek mainland and islands in the Aegean Sea between 1100 BC and 146 BC. It started with the mingling of two Greek cultures, the Dorian and Ionian, and developed sedentary agricultural and commercial societies organized around independent city-states. Greek architecture began as temples to house the gods and evolved other civic buildings as Greek society developed. Religious belief centered on polytheism and elaborate temples were built to honor the gods, with architecture serving religious functions. Greek achievements extended to early science, arts, literature, and sports.
This document provides an introduction to the theory of architecture. It defines architecture as both an art and a science of designing and constructing buildings. It discusses the artistic and scientific components of architecture. It also defines architectural theory and describes the different forms and types of architectural theory, including descriptive theory, perspective theory, and critical theory. Finally, it discusses architectural systems and orders and how they relate to the organization of space, structure, enclosure, movement, technology, programming, and context.
This document discusses various theories and systems of proportion in architecture. It begins by explaining the importance of material, structural, and manufactured proportions. It then defines key terms like proportion, ratio, eurhythmy, Fibonacci series, and harmonic series. The remainder of the document outlines several specific theories of proportion used in classical architecture, the Renaissance, and modern works, including the golden section, Fibonacci series, classical orders, Renaissance theories, Modulor, ken, anthropometrics, and considerations of scale. Overall, the document provides an overview of proportional systems and theories that architects have used to achieve harmony, order, and appropriate scale in their designs.
The document describes various indigenous structures and settlements across North and South America from prehistoric times to the 15th century CE. It details architectural features of mound-building cultures like the Natchez and Mississippian peoples, pueblos of the Ancestral Puebloans, and earthworks like the Serpent Mound. Mesoamerican structures discussed include temples and ceremonial centers of cultures like the Olmec, Maya, Teotihuacan, Toltec, and Aztec. In South America, it outlines the precise stonework and mountainous settlements of the Inca, including Machu Picchu and Tiwanaku's Gate of the Sun monument.
The document provides historical background on the architecture of the Ancient Near East. It describes the region of Mesopotamia, located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern Iraq. Several cultures arose and flourished in the region over 5000 years, including the Sumerians, Akkadians, Assyrians, Babylonians, and Persians. The document then focuses on Sumerian architecture, describing houses, temples like the White Temple at Uruk and Great Ziggurat at Ur, and the Oval Temple at Khafaje. It also discusses Assyrian architecture including the city of Khorsabad and Palace of Sargon. Finally, it covers Babylonian architecture and the rebuilding of
Neolithic architecture began around 8,000 BCE and saw the rise of monumental structures like Jericho's stone walls and towers. Common architectural styles included post and lintel construction and corbeled vaults, where courses of stone were cantilevered inward. Megalithic sites like Newgrange in Ireland and Hagar Qim in Malta used huge stones and corbelled vaults. Stonehenge featured a circular setting of massive sarsen stones arranged in trilithons, with the sunrise aligned with structural features on solstices. It was built in multiple phases over centuries, possibly as an astronomical observatory or calendar.
The document provides an overview of the geographical, geological, climatic, religious, historical and architectural influences on ancient Egyptian civilization from 5000 BC to the 1st century AD. It describes how the Nile River shaped Egypt and allowed agriculture. It outlines the common building materials used, Egyptian religious beliefs and pantheon of gods, and the historical periods and some notable figures. Examples of structures like mastabas, pyramids, temples and their features are also summarized.
The document discusses the primary architectural elements of point, line, plane and volume. It defines each element and provides examples of how they are used in architectural design. A point becomes a line with length and direction. A line extended forms a plane with length, width and surface. A plane extended creates a volume with three dimensions of length, width and depth. The elements are used to define spaces, structures and forms in architecture.
The document discusses Greek city planning and architectural principles and elements. Some key points:
- Greek cities had three main sections - the acropolis (sacred area atop hills), agora (gathering place), and town (residential area). Newer cities followed a grid street plan.
- Architecture was ordered and proportioned using classical columns and entablatures. Temples, theaters, and stoas were common building types.
- Athens' Acropolis contained the Parthenon and other temples, while the Agora was the civic center below. Buildings were carefully sited and designed to be visually appreciated.
Ancient Greek civilization originated in cities on the Greek mainland and islands in the Aegean Sea between 1100 BC and 146 BC. It started with the mingling of two Greek cultures, the Dorian and Ionian, and developed sedentary agricultural and commercial societies organized around independent city-states. Greek architecture began as temples to house the gods and evolved other civic buildings as Greek society developed. Religious belief centered on polytheism and elaborate temples were built to honor the gods, with architecture serving religious functions. Greek achievements extended to early science, arts, literature, and sports.
This document provides an introduction to the theory of architecture. It defines architecture as both an art and a science of designing and constructing buildings. It discusses the artistic and scientific components of architecture. It also defines architectural theory and describes the different forms and types of architectural theory, including descriptive theory, perspective theory, and critical theory. Finally, it discusses architectural systems and orders and how they relate to the organization of space, structure, enclosure, movement, technology, programming, and context.
This document discusses various theories and systems of proportion in architecture. It begins by explaining the importance of material, structural, and manufactured proportions. It then defines key terms like proportion, ratio, eurhythmy, Fibonacci series, and harmonic series. The remainder of the document outlines several specific theories of proportion used in classical architecture, the Renaissance, and modern works, including the golden section, Fibonacci series, classical orders, Renaissance theories, Modulor, ken, anthropometrics, and considerations of scale. Overall, the document provides an overview of proportional systems and theories that architects have used to achieve harmony, order, and appropriate scale in their designs.
The document describes various indigenous structures and settlements across North and South America from prehistoric times to the 15th century CE. It details architectural features of mound-building cultures like the Natchez and Mississippian peoples, pueblos of the Ancestral Puebloans, and earthworks like the Serpent Mound. Mesoamerican structures discussed include temples and ceremonial centers of cultures like the Olmec, Maya, Teotihuacan, Toltec, and Aztec. In South America, it outlines the precise stonework and mountainous settlements of the Inca, including Machu Picchu and Tiwanaku's Gate of the Sun monument.
The document provides historical background on the architecture of the Ancient Near East. It describes the region of Mesopotamia, located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern Iraq. Several cultures arose and flourished in the region over 5000 years, including the Sumerians, Akkadians, Assyrians, Babylonians, and Persians. The document then focuses on Sumerian architecture, describing houses, temples like the White Temple at Uruk and Great Ziggurat at Ur, and the Oval Temple at Khafaje. It also discusses Assyrian architecture including the city of Khorsabad and Palace of Sargon. Finally, it covers Babylonian architecture and the rebuilding of
Neolithic architecture began around 8,000 BCE and saw the rise of monumental structures like Jericho's stone walls and towers. Common architectural styles included post and lintel construction and corbeled vaults, where courses of stone were cantilevered inward. Megalithic sites like Newgrange in Ireland and Hagar Qim in Malta used huge stones and corbelled vaults. Stonehenge featured a circular setting of massive sarsen stones arranged in trilithons, with the sunrise aligned with structural features on solstices. It was built in multiple phases over centuries, possibly as an astronomical observatory or calendar.
The document provides an overview of the geographical, geological, climatic, religious, historical and architectural influences on ancient Egyptian civilization from 5000 BC to the 1st century AD. It describes how the Nile River shaped Egypt and allowed agriculture. It outlines the common building materials used, Egyptian religious beliefs and pantheon of gods, and the historical periods and some notable figures. Examples of structures like mastabas, pyramids, temples and their features are also summarized.
The document discusses the primary architectural elements of point, line, plane and volume. It defines each element and provides examples of how they are used in architectural design. A point becomes a line with length and direction. A line extended forms a plane with length, width and surface. A plane extended creates a volume with three dimensions of length, width and depth. The elements are used to define spaces, structures and forms in architecture.