This document discusses ectopic pregnancy, beginning with definitions and epidemiology. It describes risk factors, common sites of ectopic implantation, and the natural history if untreated. Clinical presentation is outlined, including symptoms, signs on examination and differential diagnosis. Investigations including ultrasound findings are covered. Management options of methotrexate or surgery are presented for unruptured ectopics, as well as surgical treatment for ruptured cases. Post-treatment follow up with hCG monitoring is also summarized.
Preterm labor is the labor that starts before the 37th completed week. In this presentation, we will discover causes, pathogenesis, diagnosis, clinical features, and management principles for preterm labor along with the most recent evidence.
Preterm labor is the labor that starts before the 37th completed week. In this presentation, we will discover causes, pathogenesis, diagnosis, clinical features, and management principles for preterm labor along with the most recent evidence.
This presentation describes approach to a patient presenting with early pregnancy bleeding. It also includes a brief outline about the management of miscarriage, molar pregnancy and ectopic pregnancy.
This presentation describes approach to a patient presenting with early pregnancy bleeding. It also includes a brief outline about the management of miscarriage, molar pregnancy and ectopic pregnancy.
In ectopic pregnancy, implantation occupies at a site other than the endometrium. Ectopic pregnancies are responsible for approximately 10 percent of all maternal mortality. The prognosis for future reproduction is poor. Only one half of women having an ectopic pregnancy are eventually delivered of a liveborn infant. Various factors contribute to ectopic pregnancies, the most common being infection. Unlike intrauterine spontaneous abortions, genetic factors are not paramount in the etiology of ectopic pregnancy.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
2. Objectives
• Discuss the epidemiology, aetiology and
deferential diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy.
• Describe the clinical picture and examination of a
patient with ectopic pregnancy.
• Discuss the investigations and the management
options of an ectopic pregnancy.
3. Definition
• Ectopic pregnancy is defined as implantation of a
conceptus outside the normal uterine cavity.
• Heterotopic pregnancy is simultaneous
development of a conceptus within and outside
the uterine cavity.
4. Epidemiology
• The incidence of ectopic pregnancy in the UK is
11.1/1000 pregnancies.
• Approximately 11 000 cases of ectopic
pregnancies are diagnosed each year in the UK.
5. Risk Factors
• Tubal Disease Due To Previous Pelvic Infection
Commonly with chlamydial infection.
• Previous Ectopic Pregnancy.
• Previous Tubal Surgery.
• Subfertility.
• Use Of Assisted Reproductive Techniques.
• Use Of IUCD.
6. Common Sites of Ectopic Pregnancy
Fallopian tubes (95 percent).
ovaries (3 per cent).
peritoneal cavity (1 percent).
In the Fallopian tubes:
• ampulla (74 per cent).
• isthmus(12 per cent).
• fimbrial end of the tube (12 per cent).
• interstitium (2 per cent).
7.
8. Natural history of untreated Ectopic
• Tubal rupture.
• Pregnancy resorption.
• Tubal abortion into the peritoneal cavity.
9. Clinical presentation
• Sub acute abdominal pain and vaginal
bleeding in early pregnancy.
• Vaginal bleeding is usually dark red.
• The abdominal/pelvic pain may be localized to
the iliac fossa.
• shoulder tip pain
10. Symptoms and signs
Can resemble the symptoms and signs of other
conditions.
Pregnancy tests should be available to all women
in reproductive age
11. Symptoms and signs…CONT.
common symptoms:
• abdominal pain.
• Amenorrhoea.
• vaginal bleeding.
other symptoms:
• breast tenderness
• gastrointestinal symptoms
• dizziness, fainting or syncope
• shoulder tip pain
12. Symptoms and signs…CONT.
urinary symptoms.
passage of tissue.
rectal pressure or pain on defecation.
Common signs of ectopic pregnancy:
• pelvic tenderness
• adnexal tenderness
• abdominal tenderness
14. Pelvic examination
Bimanual examination:
• tenderness in the fornixes.
• cervical excitation,
• in ruptured ectopic there are signs of
hypovolaemic shock and acute abdomen.
15. Differential diagnosis ectopic pregnancy
Gynecologic problems:
• Threatened or incomplete miscarriage
• Ruptured corpus luteum
• Acute PID
• Adnexal torsion
• Red degeneration of fibroid
18. Investigations..CONT.
• Identification of an intrauterine pregnancy
excludes the possibility of an ectopic pregnancy
in most patients.
• In IVF incidence of heterotopic pregnancy is high
(1 per cent)
19. Investigations
Transvaginal ultrasonography should be the
initial investigation
Ultrasonographic features:
• extra uterine sac with a live embryo.
• adnexal mass
• empty uterus.
• pseudo sac .
• free fluid in the pelvis
21. Important
• All women of reproductive age are pregnant until
proved otherwise and it is ectopic until clearly
demonstrated to be intra uterine.
22. BhCG Discriminatory zone
• Visualization of an intrauterine gestation sac
above that βhCG level.
• βhCG level greater than 1500 IU (TVS).
• It depends on the user-and machine.
23. Acutely ruptured ectopic pregnancy
Severe abdominal pain and dizziness due to
haemoperitoneal .
Ipsilateral shoulder tip pain.
Hemodynamic instability.
• tachycardia
• hypotension
• shock.
• Distended abdomen.
• Tenderness.
24. Acutely ruptured ectopic pregnancy
• Guarding.
• rebound tenderness.
• cervical motion tenderness.
• Mass.
• free fluids.
• Diagnosis is by urine for pregnancy test.
• Ultrasound although is not necessary would
reveal significant fluids in the cul-de-sac
25. Acutely ruptured ectopic pregnancy
Management:
• It is surgical emergency .
• Two wide bore intravenous lines.
• Resuscitation by IV fluids.
• Blood transfusion but should not delay surgery
• Surgery is by Laparotomy, although
laparoscopy may be appropriate if
hemdynamically stable.
26. Management Of Ectopic Pregnancy
Systemic methotrexate when:
• Able to return for follow-up.
• No significant pain
• Unruptured ectopic pregnancy.
• Adnexal mass smaller than 35 mm.
• No visible heartbeat.
• hCG level less than 1500 IU/litre
• No intrauterine pregnancy.
27. Management …CONT.
surgical treatment if:
• methotrexate is not acceptable.
• significant pain
• adnexal mass of 35 mm or larger.
• fetal heartbeat.
• hCG level of 5000 IU/litre or more.
28. Management …CONT.
• Methotrexate or surgery if:
• hCG level at 1500 IU/litre to 5000 IU/litre.
• able to return for follow-up.
• no significant pain
• unruptured ectopic.
• adnexal mass smaller than 35 mm.
• No visible heartbeat
• no intrauterine pregnancy
30. surgical treatment
Laparoscopic surgery should be done whenever
possible.
Take into account:
• Condition of the woman.
• Competency of the Surgeon.
• complexity of the surgical procedure
31. Laparoscopic surgery
Advantages:
• Shorter hospital stay with quicker post-op
recovery.
• Lower blood loss .
• Lower analgesic requirement.
• Lower cost.
• Lower risk of adhesion formation.
32. Laparoscopic surgery…CONT.
Disadvantages:
risk of visceral injury
• requires specialised equipment.
• additional surgical expertise
• Patient should be haemodnamically stable.
• Cornual ectopics may not be suitable for
laparoscopic treatment
33. Salpingectomy and salpingotomy
salpingectomy if no other risk factors for infertility.
salpingotomy if contralateral tube damage.
After salpingotomy women may need further
treatment like:
• methotrexate.
• salpingectomy.
34. Salpingectomy and salpingotomy
• After salpingotomy measture hCG after 7 days
and weekly until a negative result is obtained.
• Urine pregnancy test after 3 weeks.
• further assessment if the test is positive.
35. hCG measurements in pregnancy of unknown
location (PUK)
• Take 2 serum hCG measurement 48 hours apart.
• Developing intrauterine pregnancy if HCG
increase greater than 63%.
Offer her a transvaginal ultrasound scan between
7 and 14 days later.
36. hCG measurements in PUK
• pregnancy is unlikely to continue if hCG decrease
greater than 50%.
• Do urine pregnancy test after 14 days
• hCG between a 50% decline and 63% rise.
• refer her for clinical review and further
assessment .
• serum progesterone should not be used to to
diagnose either viable intrauterine pregnancy or
ectopic pregnancy.
37. HCG measurements in PUL
• Pregnancy of unknown location (PUL) can be an
ectopic pregnancy.
• Do not use serum hCG measurements to
determine the location of the pregnancy.
• Clinical symptoms more important than serum
hCG results.
• Use serum hCG measurements only for
assessing trophoblastic proliferation to.
38. Anti-D rhesus prophylaxis
Offer anti-D to all rhesus negative after surgical
management of ectopic pregnancy.
Do not offer anti-D to:
• medical management only.
• threatened miscarriage
• complete miscarriage
• pregnancy of unknown location.
39. conclusion
• Management based on the clinical presentation,
bHCG and ultrasound findings
• By TVS An intrauterine gestational sac seen at 4-
5 weeks if bHCG at 1500 mIU/mL.
• intrauterine pregnancy excludes an ectopic
pregnancy except in those with rare heterotopic
pregnancy.
40. Conclusion…CONT.
• Methotrexate for haemodynamically stable and
compliant.
• Surgical treatment will remain the mainstay
treatment modality for ectopic pregnancy in most
units.
41. Further reading
• Ten Teachers Gynaecology 19 editions.
• Essential of obstetrics and gynaecology.
Hacker & Moore, Fifth Edition.
• NICE clinical guideline 154. Ectopic pregnancy
and miscarriage December 2012.
• http://www.uptodate.com.