This patient is a 30-year-old female who presented with vaginal spotting during her first trimester of pregnancy. An ultrasound was ordered which did not show an intrauterine or ectopic pregnancy. The patient's beta-hCG level was measured at 1056. At follow-up two days later, the patient's symptoms had resolved but her beta-hCG had risen to 1465. A repeat ultrasound now showed a right tubal ectopic pregnancy, so the patient underwent a laparoscopic right salpingectomy to remove the ectopic pregnancy from her fallopian tube.
Ectopic Pregnancy has certain risks associated with it. Dr Manavita Mahajan explains the risks, diagnosis and management of Ectopic Pregnancy. She is a renowned Gynaecologist and is known all over the world for her professionalism and experience.
Ectopic Pregnancy has certain risks associated with it. Dr Manavita Mahajan explains the risks, diagnosis and management of Ectopic Pregnancy. She is a renowned Gynaecologist and is known all over the world for her professionalism and experience.
Ectopic pregnancy refers to the pregnancy occurring outside the uterine cavity, predominantly i.e. 90% of them in the fallopian tube. Ectopic pregnancy affects 11 in 1000 pregnancies and is a significant cause of morbidity and at times mortality in the first trimester of pregnancy. In a 20-year longitudinal study on ectopic pregnancy in a defined
population of women aged 15e39 years the rate of ectopic pregnancy per 1000 diagnosed conceptions increased
from 5.8 during 1960e4 to 11.1 during 1975e9. The mean annual incidence of ectopic pregnancy per 1000 women
increased from 0.6 to 1.2 during the same period. The numbers of ectopic pregnancies per 1000 diagnosed
conceptions increased with increasing age of the women and were 4.1 in the teenage group, 6.9 in women aged
20e29 years, and 12.9 in women aged 30e39.
Introduction
Lead to tubal rupture;
massive intra-abdominal hemorrhage —> death;
Tubal damage —> poor reproductive outcome;
It is the leading pregnancy-related cause of death in the first trimester.
With reliable serum pregnancy tests and vaginal ultrasound, early detection and treatment of an ectopic pregnancy is possible.
Ectopic pregnancy refers to the pregnancy occurring outside the uterine cavity, predominantly i.e. 90% of them in the fallopian tube. Ectopic pregnancy affects 11 in 1000 pregnancies and is a significant cause of morbidity and at times mortality in the first trimester of pregnancy. In a 20-year longitudinal study on ectopic pregnancy in a defined
population of women aged 15e39 years the rate of ectopic pregnancy per 1000 diagnosed conceptions increased
from 5.8 during 1960e4 to 11.1 during 1975e9. The mean annual incidence of ectopic pregnancy per 1000 women
increased from 0.6 to 1.2 during the same period. The numbers of ectopic pregnancies per 1000 diagnosed
conceptions increased with increasing age of the women and were 4.1 in the teenage group, 6.9 in women aged
20e29 years, and 12.9 in women aged 30e39.
Introduction
Lead to tubal rupture;
massive intra-abdominal hemorrhage —> death;
Tubal damage —> poor reproductive outcome;
It is the leading pregnancy-related cause of death in the first trimester.
With reliable serum pregnancy tests and vaginal ultrasound, early detection and treatment of an ectopic pregnancy is possible.
Panel Discussion on Post Menopausal Bleeding Lifecare Centre
Panel Discussion on Post Menopausal Bleeding
Moderator
Dr Jyoti Agarwal
Dr Meenakshi Sharma
Panelists
Dr Uma Rai
Dr Raj Bokaria
Dr Ila Gupta
Dr Vandana Gupta
Dr Renu Chawla
Dr Manju Barik
Dr Krishna Gopa
Dr Sharda Jain
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
The POPPY STUDY (Preconception to post-partum cardiovascular function in prim...
Ectopic pregnancy
1. CASE
This patient is a 30 year old F who is coming in for:
#Vaginal Spotting
= Patient was seen by her PCP and confirmed to be pregnant and referred out
to see a OBGYN due to a history of cancer in her left arm (synovial carcinoma).
LMP: 6 weeks ago
= Pt came to clinic complaining of some spotting, brownish, has some pelvic
pain and lower back pain that was intermittent, rate 3-4/10
= No urinary frequency, dysuria currently, no fevers, chills, nausea or vomiting.
= Had one previous pregnancy and did not have issues during that pregnancy.
= Speculum exam does not yield any findings of miscarriage and no lesion seen
to explain bleeding.
2.
3. A/P
# Vaginal spotting during 1st trimester pregnancy
= STAT transvaginal US for r/o miscarriage versus ectopic.
= Qnt beta HCG stat sent to lab.
=F/u in Super clinic in 48 hours
4. ……..48hrs later -
• Pt presents to follow up appointment.
• Denies vaginal spotting, no cramps, no abdominal pain, no
vomiting, no fever, no urinary symptoms.
= U/s shows: no intrauterine pregnancy, no ectopic pregnancy.
= Qnt beta HCG : 1056
6. “Any pregnancy where the fertilised ovum gets implanted &
develops in a site other than normal uterine cavity”.
First-trimester bleeding or abdominal pain consider ectopic
pregnancy as a possible cause.
7.
8.
9. Bouyer J, Coste J, Shojaei T, et al. Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy: a comprehensive analysis based on a large case-
control, population-based study in France. Am J Epidemiol. 2003;157(3):185–194.
11. Diagnosis
• The most common symptoms of an unruptured ectopic
pregnancy are first-trimester bleeding and abdominal pain.
• Pregnancy dating.
• Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy.
• Severity of symptoms hemodynamic.
12. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
• Peritoneal signs.
• Hemoperitoneum.
• Inspection of the cervical os for bleeding and evidence of products of
conception.
13. When a woman presents with an early
pregnancy + symptoms
• Ask yourself two questions…
Where is this pregnancy?
Is it viable?
14. IMAGING
• Transvaginal ultrasonography.
• By 6 weeks' gestation, an intrauterine pregnancy should be identifiable.
• If TV us visualizes a gestational sac or embryonic pole in an ectopic
location, treatment for the ectopic pregnancy should be initiated.
The diagnostic challenge occurs when ultrasonography
does not identify a pregnancy as intrauterine!!
Levine D. Ectopic pregnancy. Radiology. 2007;245(2):385–397.
16. β-hCG discriminatory value (or zone)
• It is the lower limit of hCG at which an examiner can
reliably visualize pregnancy on ultrasound.
• It is 1,500 to 2,000 IU/L with vaginal ultrasound and
5000-6000 IU/L with abdominal ultrasound.
17. Doubling sign:
• Most viable first-trimester intrauterine pregnancies (99%) have β-hCG
values that increase by about 50% -66% in 48 hours.
Failure to increase at this rate suggests an
ectopic pregnancy or a nonviable intrauterine
pregnancy.
18. Blood Type and Rh Status.
• A blood type and screen should be obtained on all women with
suspected ectopic pregnancy to determine Rh status.
• Women with Rh-negative results who experience bleeding should
receive RhO(D) immune globulin (RhoGam), regardless of the final
outcome of the pregnancy, to protect against development of Rh
alloimmunization
19. LAPAROSCOPY
• If the diagnosis is still uncertain, diagnostic laparoscopy should be
considered.
20.
21. Treatment
1. Methotrexate therapy
2. Open or laparoscopic surgery
3. Expectant management.
For patients who are medically unstable or
experiencing life-threatening hemorrhage, immediate
surgical treatment is indicated.
22. Laparoscopic salpingostomy vs medical
treatment
• A 2007 Cochrane review found no difference in success rates between
laparoscopic salpingostomy and medical treatment with
methotrexate, as well as no differences in tubal patency and
subsequent fertility rates.
23. MEDICAL TREATMENT
• Patient selection is important in the medical management of ectopic pregnancy.
• The lower the beta-hCG levels at initiation of treatment, the higher the success
rate of methotrexate therapy
25. Regimens.
Single-dose regimen is preferred because it has a lower rate of
adverse effects, does not require folic acid rescue, involves less
frequent monitoring, and is cost-effective.
Hajenius PJ, Mol F, Mol BW, Bossuyt PM, Ankum WM, van der Veen F. Interventions for tubal ectopic
pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007;(1):CD000324.
26. Follow-up.
• β-hCG level should decrease by at least 15% from day 4 to day 7 after
injection.
• However, could be a plateau or increase before it begins to decrease.
• After the 15% decrease occurs, β-hCG levels should be monitored weekly
until they reach zero. (5-7 weeks)
• If the β-hCG level does not decrease by at least 15 % additional
methotrexate administration or surgical intervention is required.
27. EXPECTANT MANAGEMENT
• Patients with low and decreasing β-hCG levels, no evidence of an
ectopic mass visualized by transvaginal ultrasonography, and minimal
symptoms
• Expectant management is between 47 and 82 percent effective in
managing ectopic pregnancy.
28. Surgical management:
Surgical options include salpingectomy or salpingostomy.
Performed by laparoscopy or laparotomy.
Laparotomy is reserved for patients with extensive intraperitoneal
bleeding, intravascular compromise, or poor visualization of the
pelvis at the time of laparoscopy
29. Salpingostomy / Salpingotomy is only indicated
when:
1. The patient desires to conserve her fertility
2. Patient is haemodynamically stable
3. Tubal pregnancy is accessible
4. Unruptured and < 4Cm. In size
5. Contralateral tube is absent
or damaged
32. FUTURE FERTILITY AND RISK OF RECURRENCE
• Approx 30 percent of women treated for ectopic pregnancy later have
difficulty conceiving.
• Recurrent ectopic pregnancy are between 5 - 20 %
• Risk increases >30% in women who have had two consecutive ectopic
pregnancies