4. Gone up 20% IN 2 DECADES DEITER HELM DEFRA Since 1970 CO2 emissions + 70 % Largest is Energy +145 % Transport + 120% Industry + 65 % Grams of CO2 per passenger kilometre Air Short haul 148/300 Car 106/150 Bus 95/130 Rail 36/100 options > capacity>double deck/cost Source Hansard/DFT fuel source green?
5. Cities in peril as Andean glaciers melt Ice sheets expected to last centuries could disappear in 25 years, threatening water supplies View from the top ... Two images of the Upsala glacier in Argentina show the retreat of the ice (top: 1928; bottom: 2004). Photograph: Greenpeace/Reuters The Himalayan ice in retreat Further glacial lake collapse such as Bhutan Will lead to terrible loss of life GLACIER RETREAT IN THE HIMALAYAS
6. Larson Ice Sheet Collapses renewable energy comes of age Climate change?
8. renewable energy in the new millennium Global Temperatures and Disasters +1.8 DEG IN 1900’S , +1.2 2020,+2.5 2050,+4.0 2080,+5.8 2100 , NOW +2 DEG, CRITICAL AT +3 DEG THEN IRREVERSIBLE.
9. CLIMATE CHANGE (OR IS IT CLIMATE CHAOS ?) “some ideas on synthetic fuel and why” Ningbo(Nottingham) University HOW WILL WE BE POWERED in 2015 ? Sept 28th China Tony Marmont
10. renewable energy in the new millennium Prof Chris Rapley, hd of Antarctic Survey , BBC 2 161006, 6 mt rise in sea level with Iceland melt , Antarctic a further 60 mt,= + 200ft THIS SHOWS A 6 MT RISE Every 1 cm sea level rise = floods , drought , fire, crops loss = 1 million eco refugees Mohamed Mathir bbc 190608
12. 1 calorie food needs 10 calorie of fossil 1 pint Milk needs 1 pint oil How sustainable are we? OPEC says $200 I say $500 Price $146 @July 08 ASPO the proof AS China has 41 m cars , we have 41m , 1000m / 60 m population
13. Barrels / year Mn barrels / day The world needs to find more oil to cope with this Oil consumption per capita: Japan Korea 15 15 China CHINA Barrels / year 10 10 KOREA 5 5 JAPAN China: Petroleum consumption Petroleum output* 6 6 4 4 Mn barrels / day 2 2 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 *Smoothed Note the changes in ocpc ( oil consumption per capita ) when Japan went “industrial” ‘60 to ‘75 , and then Korea ‘87 to ‘97 , now watch for China still at the bottom of the graph !! Note: US consumes 26 barrels / year per capita Source: BCA Research KLEINWORT BENSON One ton of fossil oil /300 gallons = 12 Mwhr
14. GLOBAL PRODUCTION 85.4 MILLION BARRELS A DAY GLOBAL CONSUMPTION 85.8 “ “ “ “ UK PRODUCTION 1.5 “ “ “ “ UK CONSUMPTION 1.7 “ “ “ “
24. “one acre grassland = 320 Gallons of Bio Ethanol 540% more energy Than used” US Nat Academy Sciences Cost $45 a barrel ! landfill mining
25. Why are AFS hydrocarbons better than other fuels, eg batteries, H2? Energy density Conventional car carries 500KWh Equiv electric car would need 150KWh Battery cost (optimistic) £60K Only fuel for Jet Aviation 747 carries 50,000 Lrs = 500MWh Existing infrastructure Drop in replacement Petrol Deisel Jet-A Methanol Basis for sustainable petreochemicals 25 AFS- Review
26. DENSITY OF ENERGY CARRIERS from Prof Zuttel’s PRESENTATION fusion coal fission hydrides 3 hydrogen storage oil biomass ultimate battery flywheel Li-ion battery hot water Pb-acid battery natural gas mag. coil hydro- power comp. air EDLC hydrogen capacitor 26 AFS- Review Andreas Züttel, Switzerland, 3/22/2011 26
28. From Concept to Realization Questions? Steve Atkins, PE Research Engineer Northern Arizona University P.O. Box 15600 Flagstaff, AZ 86011 Steve.Atkins@nau.edu (928) 523-5875
29. Gussing Biomas FT GTL Either Electricity Or Crude Oil 8 mw input 2 mw electricity 4.5 mw heat Pilot plant Energy efficiencies of 81% biomas to Electricity AND heat Energy efficiencies Of 60% biomass to Oil with reforming
30. SyntheticOil Production (process raw CO2/H2) Grass , Straw, Forestry, (any crop Gasification, FT . GTL) Algae + CO2 CO2 from Air + H2 Nuclear Hydrogen (thermo separation of H20) Renewable Hydrogen (wind + electrolysis) Separation CO2 from air , ( membrane or centrifuge) Ion exchange membranes with air flowing past on one side and low pressure water vapour on the other (water boiled at ambient temperature, partially solar heated or heating by the compressor). CO2 is drawn through to the water vapour side. The steam/CO2 mixture is compressed and cooled until the CO2 is a nearly pure stream.
31. Exciting recent developments in CO2 separation from air (process CO2 + H2 = liquid fuels) Global Research Technologies LLC. http://www.grtaircapture.com/ Klaus Lackner, Wally Broecker Prof Keith and Richard Monkhouse Air Fuel Synthesis Ltd Developed a low-energy CO2 capture method Uses caustic soda spray tower in air, NaOH + CO2= NaCO3 strip CO2 for combining with H2, return NaOH to spray tower = Creation of a continuous process and low cost CO2 removal rates
38. AFS atmospheric fuel synthesis HYDROGEN CARRIER Output designer liquid fuels diesel, petrol ,Jet A1, open patent . and given free raw materials it is carbon neutral, any country can make
42. Air humidity maintainedCalgary 2008 Prof David Keith, Calgary 2005 Rotary electrostatic atomiser for paint Rotary atomiser For small scale, absorber can be in tower Air processing rate: 25 litre per day plant requires 1m3 per sec 100 Ton per day plant requires 5000m3/sec Cheap Large absorber building 34 AFS- Review
43. Pletcher cell recovery of CO2 from Na2CO3 CO3-- + 2H+ -> H2O + CO2 Prof Derek Pletcher Southampton Uni Chlor-Alkali plant 35 AFS- Review
52. Fuel synthesis from CO2 and H2 Common chemist’s misconception: Carbon dioxide is an un-reactive gas and won’t react with hydrogen “At Castrol Research labs in Pangbourne in the 1970’s, a Fischer-Tropch plant using a feedstock of CO and H2 went wrong. The CO feed scrubber broke and started feeding CO2 into the process – to our amazement the reaction went forward many times faster” The late Prof Reginald Mann 37 AFS- Review
53. Fuel synthesis from CO2 and H2 Option 1 Stage 1 - Methanol CO2 + 3H2 -> CH3OH + 2H2O (exothermic) Stage 2 – Methanol to Hydrocarbon – ‘Mobil Process’ CO2 + 3H2 -> CH3OH + 2H2O Option 2 Stage 1 – Reverse water gas shift reaction CO2 + H2 -> CO + H2O (slightly endothermic) Stage 2 – Carbon monoxide to hydrocarbon – ‘Fischer Tropch Process’ n(CO) + (2n+2)H2 -> CH3-(n-2)CH2-CH3 + n(H2O) Typical operating temp <200C Operating pressure ~50bar Special catalysts are required Better catalysts can make 10x smaller plant, and lower temp/pressure 38 AFS- Review
54. Energy Analysis NB 1 PCU = energy fom 1Lr petrol = 9.7KWh Possible reduction with process improvements 39 AFS- Review
55. Financial Analysis SHORT SUMMARY of AFS financial analysis Mk 5 This shows the broad predictions derived from the AFS-5.xls financial model for a 100Ton per day fuel synthesis plant. Input values used: Cost of land per hectare (=100mx100m) 1£M Capital depreciation per year (inc service) 10% Interest cost 5% Electrolyser cost per kW 300£ ROCs,LECs,carbon credits 55£/MWh Cost of site buildings 1000£/m2 Wind turbine build cost 0.95£/W rp Capacity factor of wind turbines 28% Capital cost £641M of this, £431M is for the wind farm, £210M for process plant. Summary for a 100 Ton per day (a typical petrol tanker holds 31 Tons or about 40000 litres) Total capital cost 641£M Capital dep' +staff+interest pa 97£M Less grant aid - ROCs etc 36£M Yearly output 44M litres Daily output 121K litres Factory outlet cost per litre 82p /litre With slightly improved input figures, cost can be 12p /litre 40 AFS- Review
56. Air Capture 0.44 kwhr/l CO2 release from Na2CO3 4.6 kwhr/l Electrolysis 14.6 kwhr/l Gas Compression 0.74 kwhr/l Fuel Synthesis exothermic Electronics and start up heat 1.0 kwhr/l Total energy per litre fuel 21.38 kwhr/l Energy content of Petrol is 9.7 kwhr/l Energy in/ energy out ratio is 21,38/9.7 = 2.2
57. AFS (Atmospheric Fuel Synthesis) World first carbon neutral drop Petrol, diesel, Jet A1 Oxyegn Air CO2 CO2 Filter Diesel reactor Diesel Hydrogen Energy Hydrogen manufacture Energy Water
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63. UK needs 140,000 tons per day of OIL ( 1.7m Mwhrs ! ) If we made 200,000 tons per day we could put 60 tpd back down the empty oil wells in the North Sea. One advantage is we can sequester CO2 securely without chance of escape. This would allow us to reduce CO2 ppm to a DESIRED LEVEL say 300 ppm , and maintain at the level we wished !! And so maintain the Earth Temperature at the optimum level. This would also create strategic reserves and energy security in a massive way
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65. Does the technology exist? AFS uses existing technologies that will be brought together for the purpose of making fuel. That means we can build AFS plants right now. Do you remember the Apollo mission to land man on the moon? That used existing technologies and reached its goal in a decade. What are the energetics? Petrol, and similar fuels contain a lot of energy, that is why they are useful for transport. One litre of petrol, when burnt in air releases 10kWh of heat, or the energy of twenty fully charged car batteries.Our energy analysis, taking into account practical losses, shows that one unit of fuel requires approximately 22 kWh of electricity for its manufacture. This is a 45% efficiency of energy out versus energy in, and is higher than that of a coal power station. What are the economics? Our financial analysis of a medium scale AFS plant (100 ton per day output), shows the factory gate fuel price to be between 12p to 50p pence litre($1.20 GALL )depending on the design and location of the energy farm and continued fiscal support. Where to now? We are to build a small-scale plant to demonstrate the practicality of the concept. This will make a gallon of fuel per day. We intend to build this into a mini container so that it can be demonstrated all over the country. We are looking for support to fund this proof of concept Peter.Harrison@airfuelsynthesis.com. Tony.Marmont@airfuelsynthesis.com
66. H TOKAMAK 3 He M O O N DEUTERIUM AND TRITIUM FUSION FUSION AS IN THE SUN “D + T = He + neutron + energy “
68. The Fourth Revolution The First Revolution was the change from Hunter /Gatherer to Farming and Land Management. The Second Revolution was the Industrial Revolution., and was10,000 years later in the change from individual manufacture to mass production techniques The Third Revolution was the dot comm. Revolution 200 years later in the Computer / Internet revolution , the large corporations did not want to know it at first, now you cant find a company without a web site. The Fourth Revolution The Green Revolution is now under way, only 20 years later, at first the large corporations did not want to know or be associated with it, now you can’t find a company not rightly or wrongly proclaiming its green products. It is unstoppable now. Tony Marmont June ‘08
69. IT STARTED MILLIONS OF YEARS AGO……….. …BY 1930 WHEN I WAS BORN, THERE WERE 2.2 BILLION…. BEFORE I DIE THERE WILL BE 7.7 BILLION OF US
70. AND NOW………. OUR BIOMASS IS IOO TIMES HEAVIER THAN ANY ANIMAL THAT HAS EVER EXISTED…..!!!
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73. air water Global water and air volume. Conceptual computer artwork of the total volume of water on Earth (above) and of air in the Earth's atmosphere (below) shown as spheres (blue and pink). The spheres show how finite water and air supplies are. The water sphere measures 1390 kilometers across and has a volume of 1.4 billion cubic kilometers. This includes all the water in the oceans, seas, ice caps, lakes and rivers as well as ground water, and that in the atmosphere. The air sphere measures 1999 kilometers across and weighs 5140 trillion tonnes. As the atmosphere extends from Earth it becomes less dense. Half of the air lies within the first 5 kilometers of the atmosphere Global water and air volume. Conceptual computer artwork of the total volume of water on Earth (above) and of air in the Earth's atmosphere (below) shown as spheres (blue and pink). The spheres show how finite water and air supplies are. The water sphere measures 1390 kilometers across and has a volume of 1.4 billion cubic kilometers. This includes all the water in the oceans, seas, ice caps, lakes and rivers as well as ground water, and that in the atmosphere. The air sphere measures 1999 kilometers across and weighs 5140 trillion tonnes. As the atmosphere extends from Earth it becomes less dense. Half of the air lies within the first 5 kilometers of the atmosphere.
74. If we are wrong and CC is not due to mans activities:- If we are right :- We will have created a whole new industry and cleaned up the pollution in the Atmosphere We will permit the continuation of our species on the planet. IT IS A NO BRAINER !!, EVEN FOR THE FLAT EARTH SOCIETY
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76. ‘Treat the earth well It was not given to us By our parents, It was loaned to us By our children’ - Proverb
77. MAKE A CHANGE BUY GREEN ELECTRICITY AT HOME AND AT WORK Merced, Boulder-Colorado, British Columbia, Loughborough, Leicester dmu Nottingham Universities, Natural History & Science Museums London, Environment Agency UK.
78. SOLAR POWER in half an hour THE EARTH receives enough energy TO POWER all the activities of mankind FOR A WHOLE YEAR
