PETROL AND ITS PRODUCTS

2. PETROLEUM
• BY : N.R SAI ARAVIND

3. Outline
Introduction
What is the petroleum
Origin of petroleum
Petroleum Formation
Conclusions
References

4. ▪ The word petroleum comes from the Latin petra, meaning “rock,” and
oleum, meaning “oil.”
▪ Petroleum is the product of natural changes in organic materials over millions of
years ago..
▪ Petroleum is formed by hydrocarbons with the addition other substances, primarily
sulphur.
▪ Originally the primary use of petroleum was as a lighting fuel.

5. it is flammable, yellow-to-black color mixture of gaseous, liquid,
and solid hydrocarbons that happen naturally under the earth's
gas,
surface, can be divided into fractions including
natural gasoline, oil , kerosene, fuel and ,
paraffin wax, and asphalt.

6. 1 • FORMATION OF PETROLEUM
2
• MIGRATION OF PETROLEUM
3
• ACCUMULATION OF PETROLEUM

7. 1
•The Organic theory
2
•The Inorganic theory

8. Organic theory
95% on scientist believe this theory:
crude oil contains chlorophyll (Chlorophyll derivatives) and derivatives(Alhman)
that Chlorophyll is the green pigment found in plants either the (Hemin) is the animal's
blood pigment.
In 1934 he found the world (Treibs) that chlorophyll derivatives more than thirty times the
derivative (Alhman) has therefore been suggested to create a plant-based oil and to the
large number of chlorophyll derivatives in the crudeoil.
In (1962) could the world (Mair) from isolated nuclei and this nucleus are found in living
organisms only, it means that the oil may be out of living organisms came the discovery.

9. There are 2 stages of migration:
Side Migration: is the migration of oil from the rocks of
origin to the storage rocks under the impact of
increased pressure.
Vertical migration: is the oil movement vertically to the
highest possible due to (vertical) and the presence of
cleft.(figure:1)

10. figure:1 :

11. Accumulation of Petroleum
Accumulation and storage happen when the migrating fluids encounter
an impermeable shale or dense layer of rock.(figure 2)&(figure 3)
After accumulation, the fluids tend to stratify according to their
relative densities:
Gas
Oil
Water

12. Figure3:Accumulation of Petroleum
Figure(2) :earth structures

13. There are three basic types of traps
1-Anticlinal traps: result of compressionof strata and are the mostcommon
traps. The largestoil and gas fields of the world are in anticline and dome.
Anticline trap

14. 2-Faults.These traps are formed when rocks subjected to tensile
strength, pressure, and thus crack the rocks and crevasses do this on a non-
permeable layers in the face of oil-bearing layers, which leads to lack of
movement and stored in the trap .
Fault trap

16. 3-Stratigraphictraps: those where impermeable strataseal the permeable
reservoir.It is formedby changes in rock type unconformity, or sedimentaryfeatures such as reefs.
stratigraphictrap,differentwithinthe rock layerthemselves (e.g., a change in the local porosity
and permeability of the reservoirrock, a change in the kinds of rocks laiddown, or a termination
of the reservoir rock)play the importantrole.The stratigraphicvariationsassociatedwith the
reservoirrocksare the main influence on the areal extentof the reservoirs in thesetraps.

17. Refining petroleum
Refining petroleum is the process of converting crude oilinto more useful produce
. Crude oil comes out of the ground with impurities, from sulfur to sand.
These componentshave to be separated. This is done by heating the
crude oil in a distillationtower that hastrays and temperatures
set at different levels. Oil’s hydrocarbons and metals have
different boiling temperatures, and when the oil is heated, vapors from the
different elements rise to different levels of the tower before condensing
back into a liquid on the tiered trays. Propane, kerosene, and
other components condense on different tiers of the tower, and can be individually
collected. They are transported by pipeline, ocean vessels, and trucks to different
locations .

19. petroleum contain many elements the key compounds are carbon (83% – 87%),
hydrogen (10% - 14%), nitrogen (0.1% - 2%), oxygen (01.% - 1.5%) and sulphur
(0.5% - 6%) with a few metals making up a very small percentage of the
petroleum composition.
Refrences 4:Standard handbook of petroleum natural gas engineering ,Elsevier ,second edition,USA,2005

20. Petroleum-composition
The exact molecular composition varies widely from formation to
formation but the proportion of chemical elements vary over fairly
narrow limits as follows:
Composition by weight
Element Percent range
Carbon 83 to 87%
Hydrogen 10 to 14%
Nitrogen 0.1 to 2%
Oxygen 0.1 to 1.5%
Sulfur 0.06 – 2%
Metals 0.1%
Refrences:4 :Standard handbook of petroleum natural gas engineering ,Elsevier ,second edition,USA,2005

21. High Energy Density oil has one of the highest energy
densities which means that a small amount of oil can produce
a large amount of energy.
Constant Power Source and Reliability - Unlike solar and
wind energy, oil can produce power 24/7 and is highly
reliable. Oil engines are a mature technology and highly
reliable to work with.
We use petroleum in different industry (Dyes - Pharmacy-
Agriculture)ect…

22. Disadvantages of petroleum :
Pollution of Water and Earth :Oil Spills have caused massive pollution of water bodies
as huge oil supertankers lead oil. This leads to the death of thousands of animals and
fishes every year beside damage the local ecology..(figure4)
Greenhouse Gas Emissions : One of the biggest Disadvantages of Oil is that it emission
Carbon Dioxide.(figure5)
Figure 4 : Pollution of Water and Earth Figure 5 : Greenhouse Gas Emissions

23. Growth in Terrorism and Violence due to the desire of powerful countries to obtain
more oil and control the largest oil reservoirs in the world.
Emission of Harmful Substances like Sulfur Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide,Acid
Rain such as Sulfur Dioxide which cause health danger among the population
(figure 6) Emission of Harmful Substances

24. Transportation of petroleum
Pipelines
Oil pipelines are made from steel. They usually have an inner diameter of about
10 to 120 cm (about 4 to 48 inches) and can run for hundreds or thousands of
kilometers.Advances in technology are constantly improving the size and
strength of these pipelines.

25. Transportation of petroleum by Pipelines

26. Roads and railway
Oil products are also transported from storage
centres to distribution areas on specialized
railway tankers and trucks. These are large,
long and have special storage units to protect
against accidents.

27. Transportation of petroleum by Roads and railway

28. Ocean tankers
Oil tankers are large, specialized ocean going ? ships specifically built to carry unrefined?
Crude oil from one part of the world to another. They ? usually carry oil from where it is
produced to ? where it is refined and consumed? Oil tankers are? classified by their size,
which can ? range from small coastal tankers to ultra large ? crude carrier The largest ?
tankers often travel from the Gulf region and West ?Africa to Japan and other Asian
countries. Other ? tankers travel to the northeastern United ? States and to countries across
the ? Mediterranean region.

29. Transportation of petroleum by Ocean tankers

30. Conclusions
Petroleumis one of the most important natural sources of different industry and sources economy
Crude oils are complex mixtures containing many different hydrocarbon compounds that vary in
appearance and composition from one oil field to another
petroleum and gas accumulation are found between the surface and depth levels of about 6000 to
7000 meters and deeper.
petroleum and gas must move through pores saturated with water at fluid pressures ranging
between 100 bar and 1400 bar and at temperatures from about 50 C to about 250 C .
a trap is geological feature which enables migration petroleum to accumulate and be preserved for
a certain time interval . a traps occur in fundamentally different forms.
the petroleum is the source of non-renewable,we consume can not be compensated quickly,need to
configure a period of time ranging from 5 to 100 million years old,so you must economize in
consumption so as not to lose it